chore: update quality badges

- Coverage: 83%
- Core coverage: 94%

[skip ci]

.coveragerc

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 [run]
 branch = True
 source = .
+# Store paths relative to the project root so .coverage.* files produced on
+# different runners (ubuntu-latest vs self-hosted KVM) can be combined by the
+# coverage job without a [paths] remapping section.
+relative_files = True
 
 [report]
 # Coverage policy: see docs/decisions/0004-coverage-policy.md.

.gitea/workflows/canaries.yml

@@ -22,10 +22,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Set up Python
+      # No actions/setup-python: canaries are stdlib unittest on the image's
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      # system Python 3.12 (older act_runner mishandles setup-python's PATH).
-        with:
-          python-version: "3.12"
-
       - name: Run canaries
         run: python3 -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/canaries -v

.gitea/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -13,20 +13,30 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
-      - name: Set up Python
+      # No actions/setup-python: the runner image already ships Python 3.12,
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      # and older act_runner engines mishandle setup-python's PATH. Install
-        with:
+      # into the ephemeral job container's system Python — the pylint/pyright
-          python-version: "3.12"
+      # console scripts land on /usr/local/bin (on PATH) so the steps below
-
+      # still resolve. --break-system-packages is safe: the container is
+      # disposable.
       - name: Install dev dependencies
-        run: |
+        run: python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages -r requirements-dev.txt
-          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-          pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
 
       - name: Run pylint
         run: |
-          # Run pylint on all Python files in the repo
+          # Pylint's normal exit code is nonzero for any emitted finding,
-          find . -name '*.py' -not -path './.venv/*' -not -path './.git/*' | xargs pylint --fail-under=8.0
+          # regardless of --fail-under. Preserve the full report but enforce
+          # the aggregate score this workflow promises.
+          set +e
+          find . -name '*.py' -not -path './.venv/*' -not -path './.git/*' \
+            | xargs pylint --fail-under=8.0 \
+            | tee /tmp/pylint-output.txt
+          set -e
+          SCORE=$(sed -n \
+            's/^Your code has been rated at \([-0-9.]*\)\/10.*/\1/p' \
+            /tmp/pylint-output.txt | tail -1)
+          test -n "$SCORE"
+          awk -v score="$SCORE" 'BEGIN { exit !(score >= 8.0) }'
 
       - name: Run pyright
         run: |

.gitea/workflows/prd-number.yml

@@ -37,11 +37,8 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
           token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
-      - name: Set up Python
+      # No actions/setup-python: the inline script is stdlib-only on the
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      # image's system Python 3.12 (older act_runner mishandles its PATH).
-        with:
-          python-version: "3.12"
-
       - name: Configure git
         run: |
           git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"

.gitea/workflows/test.yml

@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
-# Run the project's test suite on every PR push and on push to main.
+# Run the project's test suite when package or runtime inputs change on a PR
+# or on push to main.
 #
 # The suite uses stdlib `unittest` discovery — no external Python
 # dependencies are required to execute it. Tests are split by directory:
 #
 #   tests/unit/         — pure unit tests; always run
-#   tests/integration/  — need a reachable Docker daemon; skip cleanly
+#   tests/integration/  — need a reachable backend; skip cleanly when
-#                         (via tests/_docker.py:skip_unless_docker) when
+#                         the backend isn't available on the runner
-#                         Docker isn't available on the runner
 #   tests/canaries/     — upstream regression canaries; run on a separate
 #                         schedule (see canaries.yml), not here
 #
-# This workflow assumes the Gitea Actions runner exposes the host Docker
+# Each test job runs once under coverage and uploads a small .coverage.*
-# socket to the job container so `docker` commands inside the job can
+# artifact. The `coverage` job combines them — no test reruns, no KVM
-# reach the daemon. If that's not yet configured on the runner the
+# dependency on that job. For main-branch pushes only, the tested rootfs
-# integration tests will skip rather than fail.
+# and matching dropbear are uploaded so `publish-infra` can publish the
+# byte-identical artifact that was tested. PRs avoid the ~194 MB rootfs
+# transfer entirely.
 
 name: test
 
@@ -22,10 +24,35 @@ on:
     branches:
       - main
     paths:
-      - '**.py'
+      - 'bot_bottle/**'
+      - 'tests/**/*.py'
+      - 'cli.py'
+      - 'scripts/coverage.sh'
+      - 'scripts/critical-modules.txt'
+      - 'scripts/diff_coverage.py'
+      - 'scripts/tracker_policy.py'
+      - 'scripts/firecracker-netpool.sh'
+      - 'Dockerfile*'
+      - 'pyproject.toml'
+      - 'requirements-dev.txt'
+      - '.coveragerc'
+      - '.dockerignore'
   pull_request:
     paths:
-      - '**.py'
+      - 'bot_bottle/**'
+      - 'tests/**/*.py'
+      - 'cli.py'
+      - 'scripts/coverage.sh'
+      - 'scripts/critical-modules.txt'
+      - 'scripts/diff_coverage.py'
+      - 'scripts/tracker_policy.py'
+      - 'scripts/firecracker-netpool.sh'
+      - 'Dockerfile*'
+      - 'pyproject.toml'
+      - 'requirements-dev.txt'
+      - '.coveragerc'
+      - '.dockerignore'
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
   unit:
@@ -34,67 +61,246 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Set up Python
+      # No actions/setup-python: the runner image already ships Python 3.12,
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      # and older act_runner engines mishandle setup-python's PATH (coverage
-        with:
+      # lands in one interpreter, `python3` resolves to another). Install
-          python-version: "3.12"
+      # straight into the ephemeral job container's system Python —
-
+      # --break-system-packages is safe because the container is disposable.
       - name: Install dev requirements
-        run: python3 -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        run: python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages -r requirements-dev.txt
 
-      - name: Run unit tests
+      - name: Run unit tests with coverage
+        env:
+          COVERAGE_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/.coverage.unit
         run: python3 -m coverage run -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/unit -v
 
       - name: Report unit coverage
+        env:
+          COVERAGE_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/.coverage.unit
         run: python3 -m coverage report -m
 
-  integration:
+      # upload-artifact@v3's glob skips dotfiles, so a bare `.coverage.unit`
+      # silently uploads nothing ("No files were found"). Stage it under a
+      # non-dot name; the coverage job renames it back before `coverage
+      # combine`. `cp` also fails loudly if coverage never wrote the file.
+      - name: Stage unit coverage for upload
+        run: cp .coverage.unit coverage-unit.dat
+
+      - name: Upload unit coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-unit
+          path: coverage-unit.dat
+
+  integration-docker:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Set up Python
+      # No actions/setup-python (see the note in the `unit` job); the
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      # container's system Python 3.12 runs the stdlib test suite directly.
-        with:
+      - name: Install coverage
-          python-version: "3.12"
+        run: python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages coverage
 
-      - name: Show environment
+      # Fail loudly if the backend this job promises isn't actually usable,
+      # rather than letting every test silently `unittest.skip` and the job
+      # go green on zero coverage. `backend status` prints a clear per-check
+      # summary (docker on PATH, daemon reachable) and exits non-zero when a
+      # prerequisite is missing — the same readiness check the skip guards
+      # gate on via `has_backend`.
+      - name: Preflight — Docker backend is ready
         run: |
           python3 --version
-          if command -v docker >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+          python3 cli.py backend status --backend=docker
-            docker version || true
-          else
-            echo "docker not on PATH — integration tests will skip"
-          fi
 
-      - name: Run integration tests
+      - name: Run integration tests (docker) with coverage
-        run: python3 -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/integration -v
+        env:
+          BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND: docker
+          COVERAGE_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/.coverage.docker
+        run: python3 -m coverage run -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/integration -v
 
-  # Combined unit+integration coverage report (informational). See
+      # Non-dot name so upload-artifact's dotfile-skipping glob picks it up.
-  # docs/decisions/0004-coverage-policy.md.
+      - name: Stage docker coverage for upload
+        run: cp .coverage.docker coverage-docker.dat
+
+      - name: Upload docker coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-docker
+          path: coverage-docker.dat
+
+  # Integration tests against the Firecracker backend. Runs on a self-hosted
+  # KVM runner (label `kvm`) where /dev/kvm and the TAP/nft pool are available.
   #
-  # The hard diff-coverage gate (changed lines >= 90%) is DEFERRED: the
+  # Restricted to same-repo PRs, push to main, and workflow_dispatch — fork
-  # Firecracker backend's VM/SSH orchestration is covered by the integration
+  # PRs don't execute untrusted code on the privileged runner.
-  # suite, which needs /dev/kvm + the provisioned TAP/nft pool — a
+  #
-  # container-based runner skips it and those lines read uncovered, so the
+  # Runner prerequisites (provision once; see README "Firecracker on Linux"):
-  # gate can't pass here. Re-enabling it on a self-hosted KVM runner is
+  # `firecracker` on PATH, `/dev/kvm` accessible, cached kernel +
-  # tracked separately (see PRD 0069 / #348 and the ci-runner branch).
+  # static dropbear at /var/cache/bot-bottle-fc/dropbear, and the pool as a
+  # persistent systemd unit.
+  #
+  # The infra candidate is built here directly (no artifact download) to
+  # eliminate the ~70 s ubuntu-latest upload + ~83 s combined download that
+  # the old build-infra → integration-firecracker + coverage chain incurred.
+  # For main-branch pushes the tested rootfs and matching dropbear are
+  # uploaded so publish-infra can publish the byte-identical artifact; PRs
+  # skip those uploads entirely.
+  integration-firecracker:
+    runs-on: [self-hosted, kvm]
+    if: >-
+      github.event_name == 'push' ||
+      github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request' &&
+       github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository)
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Preflight — Firecracker host is ready
+        run: |
+          command -v firecracker >/dev/null || {
+            echo "firecracker not on PATH — provision the runner (README: Firecracker on Linux)"; exit 1; }
+          test -e /dev/kvm || { echo "/dev/kvm missing — KVM not available on this runner"; exit 1; }
+          # `backend status` exits non-zero unless the TAP pool is up + no
+          # range overlap; it prints the exact `backend setup` fix.
+          python3 cli.py backend status --backend=firecracker
+
+      - name: Build infra candidate from this checkout
+        env:
+          BOT_BOTTLE_FC_DROPBEAR: /var/cache/bot-bottle-fc/dropbear
+        run: python3 -m bot_bottle.backend.firecracker.publish_infra --output infra-candidate --reuse-published
+
+      - name: Replace the persistent infra VM with the candidate
+        run: python3 -c 'from bot_bottle.backend.firecracker import infra_vm; infra_vm.stop()'
+
+      # No dev-requirements install: `coverage` is already provided by the
+      # self-hosted runner's Nix python env, and that env has no `pip`
+      # module to install into anyway.
+      - name: Run integration tests (firecracker) with coverage
+        env:
+          BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND: firecracker
+          BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_ARTIFACT_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/infra-candidate
+          COVERAGE_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/.coverage.firecracker
+        run: python3 -m coverage run -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/integration -v
+
+      # Non-dot name so upload-artifact's dotfile-skipping glob picks it up.
+      - name: Stage firecracker coverage for upload
+        run: cp .coverage.firecracker coverage-firecracker.dat
+
+      - name: Upload firecracker coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-firecracker
+          path: coverage-firecracker.dat
+
+      # Only upload the large rootfs artifact on main-branch pushes;
+      # PRs avoid the ~194 MB transfer. publish-infra only runs on main
+      # and downloads these to publish the byte-identical tested rootfs.
+      - name: Upload tested rootfs (main branch only)
+        if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: infra-candidate
+          path: infra-candidate/
+
+      - name: Upload dropbear for publish verification (main branch only)
+        if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: firecracker-inputs
+          path: /var/cache/bot-bottle-fc/dropbear
+
+  # Combined coverage gate: aggregates .coverage.* artifacts uploaded by each
+  # test job, then runs the diff-coverage gate (new/changed lines >= 90%).
+  #
+  # Runs on ubuntu-latest — no KVM needed, no test reruns. Coverage files use
+  # relative_files = True (.coveragerc) so they combine cleanly across runners.
+  # Each test job sets COVERAGE_FILE to an absolute path so coverage.py writes
+  # to a known location that upload-artifact can find regardless of runner env.
+  #
+  # Restricted to the same events as integration-firecracker: it depends on
+  # that job's coverage artifact and skips for fork PRs alongside it.
   coverage:
+    needs: [unit, integration-docker, integration-firecracker]
+    timeout-minutes: 15
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: >-
+      github.event_name == 'push' ||
+      github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request' &&
+       github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository)
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
-      - name: Set up Python
+      - name: Install coverage
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        run: python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages coverage
+
+      - name: Download unit coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
         with:
-          python-version: "3.12"
+          name: coverage-unit
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
 
-      - name: Install dev requirements
+      - name: Download docker coverage artifact
-        run: python3 -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-docker
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
 
-      - name: Combined coverage report (unit + integration)
+      - name: Download firecracker coverage artifact
-        run: PYTHON=python3 bash scripts/coverage.sh critical
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-firecracker
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
+
+      # Rename the non-dot upload names back to the .coverage.* files that
+      # `coverage combine` discovers (see the staging steps in each test job).
+      - name: Reassemble coverage data files
+        run: |
+          mv coverage-unit.dat .coverage.unit
+          mv coverage-docker.dat .coverage.docker
+          mv coverage-firecracker.dat .coverage.firecracker
+
+      - name: Combined coverage (unit + integration, incl. firecracker)
+        run: PYTHON=python3 bash scripts/coverage.sh aggregate critical
+
+      - name: Diff-coverage gate (changed lines >= 90%)
+        run: |
+          git fetch --no-tags origin main:refs/remotes/origin/main
+          python3 scripts/diff_coverage.py --base origin/main --min 90
+
+  publish-infra:
+    needs: [unit, integration-docker, integration-firecracker, coverage]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout the tested revision
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Download the tested rootfs
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: infra-candidate
+          path: infra-candidate
+
+      # publish_infra re-derives the version from the checkout to confirm the
+      # bundle matches before uploading, and the version hashes the dropbear
+      # bytes. Download the SAME dropbear integration-firecracker used, or
+      # the recheck computes a "<missing>"-dropbear version and rejects the
+      # candidate.
+      - name: Download the staged dropbear (matches build's version)
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: firecracker-inputs
+          path: firecracker-inputs
+
+      - name: Publish the tested candidate
+        env:
+          BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_ARTIFACT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_ARTIFACT_TOKEN }}
+          BOT_BOTTLE_FC_DROPBEAR: ${{ github.workspace }}/firecracker-inputs/dropbear
+        run: python3 -m bot_bottle.backend.firecracker.publish_infra --publish-dir infra-candidate

.gitea/workflows/tracker-policy-issues.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+name: tracker-policy-issues
+
+on:
+  issues:
+    types: [opened, unlabeled]
+
+jobs:
+  label-issue:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Ensure the issue has a label
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: python3 scripts/tracker_policy.py label-issue

.gitea/workflows/tracker-policy-pr.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: tracker-policy-pr
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, edited, reopened, synchronize, labeled, unlabeled]
+
+jobs:
+  check-pr:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      issues: read
+      pull-requests: read
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Require an unlabeled PR linked to an issue
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: python3 scripts/tracker_policy.py check-pr

.gitea/workflows/update-badges.yml

@@ -14,27 +14,27 @@ on:
 jobs:
   update-badges:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.BADGE_PUSH_TOKEN }}
-
-      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.12'
 
+      # No actions/setup-python: the runner image ships Python 3.12 and older
+      # act_runner engines mishandle setup-python's PATH. Install into the
+      # ephemeral job container's system Python (--break-system-packages is
+      # safe because the container is disposable).
       - name: Install dev dependencies
-        run: |
+        run: python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages -r requirements-dev.txt
-          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-          pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
 
       - name: Run coverage and extract percentage
         id: coverage
         run: |
-          python -m coverage run -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/unit > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
+          python3 -m coverage run -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/unit > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
-          PERCENT=$(python -m coverage report 2>/dev/null | grep '^TOTAL' | grep -oP '\d+(?=%)' | tail -1)
+          PERCENT=$(python3 -m coverage report 2>/dev/null | grep '^TOTAL' | grep -oP '\d+(?=%)' | tail -1)
           echo "percent=$PERCENT" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo "Coverage: $PERCENT%"
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
           # the single source of truth in scripts/critical-modules.txt; every
           # core module is unit-tested, so the unit-only run is accurate for it.
           INCLUDE=$(grep -vE '^[[:space:]]*(#|$)' scripts/critical-modules.txt | paste -sd, -)
-          PERCENT=$(python -m coverage report --include="$INCLUDE" 2>/dev/null | grep '^TOTAL' | grep -oP '\d+(?=%)' | tail -1)
+          PERCENT=$(python3 -m coverage report --include="$INCLUDE" 2>/dev/null | grep '^TOTAL' | grep -oP '\d+(?=%)' | tail -1)
           echo "percent=$PERCENT" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo "Core coverage: $PERCENT%"
 

AGENTS.md

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ backend remains available with `BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND=docker` or
 - `.bot-bottle/` — per-repo agent and bottle manifests (YAML markdown format).
 - `examples/` — example bottles and agents showing the manifest format.
 - `docs/README.md` — docs overview; when to write which document.
+- `docs/glossary.md` — canonical term definitions (Agent Provider, Bottle, Sealed Bottle, etc.).
 - `docs/prds/` — product requirement docs (see `docs/prds/README.md` for format).
 - `docs/research/` — research notes (see `docs/research/README.md`).
 - `docs/decisions/` — decision records (ADR-lite).

Dockerfile.gateway

@@ -8,24 +8,27 @@
 # this image's mitmproxy / git / gitleaks payload.
 #
 # Collapses the prior per-daemon images (egress, git-gate,
-# supervise) into one. A small stdlib-Python init supervisor at
+# supervise) into one. A small stdlib-Python init supervisor
-# /app/gateway_init.py spawns all daemons, forwards SIGTERM, and
+# (`bot_bottle.gateway.bootstrap`) spawns all daemons, forwards SIGTERM, and
 # propagates per-daemon stdout/stderr to the container log with a
 # `[name]` prefix. See PRD 0024 for the rationale.
 #
 # Layout:
 #
 #   /usr/bin/gitleaks                    gitleaks binary
-#   /app/egress_addon.py + siblings      mitmproxy addon (egress)
+#   /app/egress_addon.py                 mitmproxy addon entry point
 #   /app/egress-entrypoint.sh            mitmdump launcher
-#   /app/supervise_server.py + .py       supervise MCP server
+#   /usr/local/lib/python*/bot_bottle/   installed package (all daemons + shared modules)
-#   /app/gateway_init.py                 PID 1 supervisor
+#   /app/egress_addon.py                 one-line shim: re-exports addons from package
+#                                        (mitmdump -s requires a file path, not a module)
+#   /etc/egress/routes.yaml              bind-mounted at run time
 #   /etc/git-gate/pre-receive            docker-cp'd at start time
 #   /git-gate-entrypoint.sh              docker-cp'd at start time
 #   /git-gate/creds/*                    docker-cp'd at start time
 #   /git/*                               bare repos, populated at runtime
-#   /run/supervise/bot-bottle.db         bind-mounted at run time
 #   /home/mitmproxy/.mitmproxy/          mitmproxy CA dir
+# (No bot-bottle.db mount: the data plane reaches the supervise queue over the
+#  control-plane RPC and never opens the DB — PRD 0070 / issue #469.)
 #
 # Exposed ports inside the container:
 #   9099  egress (mitmproxy, agent-facing HTTPS proxy)
@@ -34,12 +37,9 @@
 #   9100  supervise (MCP HTTP)
 
 # Based on `python:3.12-slim` (Debian trixie) rather than the
-# `mitmproxy/mitmproxy` image (Debian bookworm) so the whole stack —
+# `mitmproxy/mitmproxy` image (Debian bookworm), matching the trixie base the
-# gateway here, and the firecracker infra image that builds FROM this —
+# orchestrator image needs for buildah (Dockerfile.orchestrator.fc). mitmproxy
-# lands on trixie, whose buildah (1.39) can build agent Dockerfiles that
+# is pip-installed to the same effect as the upstream image.
-# use heredocs. mitmproxy is pip-installed to the same effect as the
-# upstream image. (bookworm's buildah is 1.28, which can't parse
-# `RUN ... <<EOF`; see the infra image + PR discussion.)
 FROM python:3.12-slim
 
 # Runtime system deps:
@@ -87,28 +87,20 @@ RUN arch="${TARGETARCH:-$(dpkg --print-architecture)}" \
  && tar -xzf /tmp/gitleaks.tar.gz -C /usr/bin gitleaks \
  && rm /tmp/gitleaks.tar.gz
 
-# Project Python: addon + server modules + the init supervisor.
+# Install bot_bottle as a proper package so entry-point scripts can use
-# Kept flat under /app/ so mitmdump's loader resolves them as
+# `from bot_bottle.X import Y` absolute imports. A rename or a missing
-# top-level siblings (absolute imports), matching the prior
+# module is caught at pip-install time — not at container runtime.
-# Dockerfile.egress / Dockerfile.supervise layout.
+COPY pyproject.toml /src/
-COPY bot_bottle/egress_addon_core.py /app/egress_addon_core.py
+COPY bot_bottle/    /src/bot_bottle/
-COPY bot_bottle/egress_dlp_config.py /app/egress_dlp_config.py
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir /src/
-COPY bot_bottle/egress_addon.py      /app/egress_addon.py
+
-COPY bot_bottle/policy_resolver.py   /app/policy_resolver.py
+# mitmdump -s requires a file path, not a module. Write a one-line shim that
-COPY bot_bottle/dlp_detectors.py     /app/dlp_detectors.py
+# re-exports `addons` from the installed package; mitmdump finds it there.
-COPY bot_bottle/yaml_subset.py       /app/yaml_subset.py
+# WORKDIR here also creates /app so the shim + COPYs below can write into it
-COPY bot_bottle/paths.py             /app/paths.py
+# (nothing created /app before this point).
-COPY bot_bottle/migrations.py        /app/migrations.py
+WORKDIR /app
-COPY bot_bottle/db_store.py          /app/db_store.py
+RUN printf 'from bot_bottle.gateway.egress.addon import addons\n' > /app/egress_addon.py
-COPY bot_bottle/supervise_types.py   /app/supervise_types.py
+COPY bot_bottle/gateway/egress/entrypoint.sh /app/egress-entrypoint.sh
-COPY bot_bottle/queue_store.py       /app/queue_store.py
-COPY bot_bottle/audit_store.py       /app/audit_store.py
-COPY bot_bottle/store_manager.py     /app/store_manager.py
-COPY bot_bottle/supervise.py         /app/supervise.py
-COPY bot_bottle/supervise_server.py  /app/supervise_server.py
-COPY bot_bottle/gateway_init.py      /app/gateway_init.py
-COPY bot_bottle/git_http_backend.py  /app/git_http_backend.py
-COPY bot_bottle/egress_entrypoint.sh /app/egress-entrypoint.sh
 RUN chmod +x /app/egress-entrypoint.sh
 
 # Pre-create runtime directories the compose renderer + start
@@ -126,10 +118,6 @@ RUN mkdir -p \
 # subset the bottle uses.
 EXPOSE 8888 9099 9418 9420 9100
 
-# WORKDIR matches Dockerfile.supervise's prior layout so the
-# in-app same-dir import in supervise_server.py stays deterministic.
-WORKDIR /app
-
 # PID 1 is the supervisor. It owns signal handling and exit-code
 # propagation; no `exec` chain in the entrypoint itself.
-ENTRYPOINT ["python3", "/app/gateway_init.py"]
+ENTRYPOINT ["python3", "-m", "bot_bottle.gateway.bootstrap"]

Dockerfile.infra

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-# Firecracker single infra-VM image (PRD 0070 Stage B).
-#
-# The per-host infra VM runs the orchestrator control plane, the gateway
-# data plane, AND builds agent images (buildah) — all in one microVM (see
-# backend/firecracker/infra_vm.py). It composes:
-#   * FROM the gateway image (mitmproxy / git / gitleaks / supervise + the
-#     flat daemon modules) — now trixie-based, so buildah 1.39 is available;
-#   * `COPY --from` the orchestrator image's content (the single definition
-#     of the control-plane payload — see Dockerfile.orchestrator), so this
-#     VM and the docker backend share one orchestrator definition; and
-#   * buildah, installed HERE only (the docker orchestrator/gateway images
-#     never carry it).
-#
-# multi-`FROM` can't union two bases (that's multi-stage, not multiple
-# inheritance), so the orchestrator content is pulled in via `COPY --from`
-# rather than a second base. Both images share the trixie `python:3.12-slim`
-# base, so the copy is clean (same python; future installed deps copy too).
-#
-# The docker backend keeps orchestrator + gateway as separate images; this
-# combined image exists only for the Firecracker single-VM cut. Splitting a
-# service back into its own VM later is a routing change, not a repackaging
-# (PRD 0070's "secret concentration"; a disposable builder can boot from
-# this same image on its own TAP).
-FROM bot-bottle-gateway:latest
-
-# --- in-VM agent-image builder (PRD 0069 Stage 3) -------------------
-# The Firecracker backend builds users' agent Dockerfiles *inside this VM*
-# with buildah (rootless, daemonless) instead of on the host — no host
-# Docker daemon, no root-equivalent `docker` group. `crun` is the OCI
-# runtime; `netavark` + `aardvark-dns` are the network backend for `FROM`
-# pulls + `RUN` egress. Requires the trixie base (buildah 1.39: bookworm's
-# 1.28 can't parse Dockerfile heredocs that agent images use).
-RUN apt-get update \
- && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-      buildah crun netavark aardvark-dns \
- && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-# vfs + chroot: buildah works as root in the bare microVM (no
-# fuse-overlayfs / overlay module / subuid maps). Matches image_builder.
-ENV STORAGE_DRIVER=vfs \
-    BUILDAH_ISOLATION=chroot
-
-# The orchestrator content, pulled from its single definition. The gateway
-# image already has the flat daemon modules under /app; this adds the full
-# `bot_bottle` package so `python3 -m bot_bottle.orchestrator` resolves.
-COPY --from=bot-bottle-orchestrator:latest /app/bot_bottle /app/bot_bottle

Dockerfile.orchestrator

@@ -4,21 +4,19 @@
 # `bot_bottle` package baked onto a Python runtime — referenced by BOTH:
 #   * the docker backend, which runs this image directly as the lean
 #     control-plane container; and
-#   * the firecracker infra image (Dockerfile.infra), which `COPY --from`s
+#   * the firecracker orchestrator VM image (Dockerfile.orchestrator.fc),
-#     this image's `/app/bot_bottle` so the single infra VM runs the same
+#     which is `FROM` this image and adds buildah for in-VM agent builds.
-#     control plane. Keeping it in one place means future orchestrator deps
+#     Keeping the content in one place means future orchestrator deps (e.g.
-#     (e.g. iroh) are added here once, not duplicated per backend.
+#     iroh) are added here once, not duplicated per backend.
 #
 # It stays deliberately lean: the control plane is **stdlib-only** today, so
 # no third-party payload — none of the gateway's mitmproxy/git/gitleaks
 # (that's Dockerfile.gateway) and no buildah (that's the firecracker
-# builder, and lives only in Dockerfile.infra). Keeping the secret-dense
+# builder, and lives only in Dockerfile.orchestrator.fc). Keeping the
-# control plane on a minimal dependency surface is the point (PRD 0070's
+# secret-dense control plane on a minimal dependency surface is the point
-# "secret concentration").
+# (PRD 0070's "secret concentration").
 #
-# Shares the trixie `python:3.12-slim` base with the gateway image, so when
+# Shares the trixie `python:3.12-slim` base with the gateway image.
-# the orchestrator grows real deps they can be `COPY --from`'d into the
-# infra image cleanly (same base/python — installed packages copy safely).
 
 FROM python:3.12-slim
 

Dockerfile.orchestrator.fc

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Firecracker orchestrator-VM image (PRD 0070).
+#
+# The control-plane rootfs the orchestrator microVM boots: the lean orchestrator
+# image + the in-VM agent-image builder. The Firecracker backend builds users'
+# agent Dockerfiles *inside this VM* with buildah (rootless, daemonless) instead
+# of on the host — no host Docker daemon, no root-equivalent `docker` group. The
+# gateway VM boots a *separate*, slimmer rootfs (bot-bottle-gateway:latest) that
+# carries none of this build tooling — the exposed data plane stays minimal.
+#
+# `crun` is the OCI runtime; `netavark` + `aardvark-dns` are the network backend
+# for `FROM` pulls + `RUN` egress. `vfs` + `chroot`: buildah works as root in the
+# bare microVM (no fuse-overlayfs / overlay module / subuid maps). The trixie
+# base (from Dockerfile.orchestrator's python:3.12-slim) carries buildah 1.39,
+# which parses the Dockerfile heredocs agent images use (bookworm's 1.28 can't).
+# Matches image_builder.
+FROM bot-bottle-orchestrator:latest
+
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+      buildah crun netavark aardvark-dns \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+ENV STORAGE_DRIVER=vfs \
+    BUILDAH_ISOLATION=chroot

README.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 # bot-bottle
 
 [![test](https://gitea.dideric.is/didericis/bot-bottle/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg?branch=main)](https://gitea.dideric.is/didericis/bot-bottle/actions?workflow=test.yml)
-[![coverage](https://img.shields.io/badge/coverage-82%25-brightgreen)](https://coverage.readthedocs.io/)
+[![coverage](https://img.shields.io/badge/coverage-83%25-brightgreen)](https://coverage.readthedocs.io/)
-[![core coverage](https://img.shields.io/badge/core%20coverage-95%25-brightgreen)](https://gitea.dideric.is/didericis/bot-bottle/src/branch/main/docs/decisions/0004-coverage-policy.md)
+[![core coverage](https://img.shields.io/badge/core%20coverage-94%25-brightgreen)](https://gitea.dideric.is/didericis/bot-bottle/src/branch/main/docs/decisions/0004-coverage-policy.md)
 
 **Problem:** Developer wants to run a coding agent without supervision, but they don't want a prompt injected or misbehaving agent wrecking their environment or exfiltrating sensitive data.
 
@@ -75,6 +75,88 @@ On compatible macOS hosts, the default backend requires Apple's `container` CLI
 
 Use `BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND=docker ./cli.py start <agent>` on hosts where neither Apple Container nor KVM is available and Docker is the desired backend.
 
+### Containers inside a bottle
+
+A bottle may set `nested_containers: true`. On the macOS backend this starts a
+guest-local, rootless **podman** service after the bottle is registered and
+exposes its Docker-compatible API socket, so the agent still runs `docker` and
+`docker compose`. Nothing is mounted from the host: Docker Desktop's socket
+stays out of the bottle and the guest gains no outer VM capabilities. Backends
+that cannot do this (`docker`, `firecracker`) reject the flag rather than
+silently ignore it.
+
+Rootless Docker was tried first and does not work here at all: Apple
+Container's capability bounding set omits `CAP_SYS_ADMIN`, which the kernel
+requires to write a multi-range `uid_map`. See
+[`docs/research/rootless-docker-in-apple-container-spike.md`](docs/research/rootless-docker-in-apple-container-spike.md).
+
+The tradeoff to understand before enabling it: podman avoids that requirement
+by falling back to a single-UID mapping, so nested containers provide **no
+isolation from the agent itself** — `root` inside a nested container is the
+agent user outside it. Nested containers are a build/test convenience, not a
+security boundary. The bottle remains the boundary.
+
+Pulling images goes through the bottle's egress proxy like every other
+request, so each registry needs a route — **and so does the CDN it redirects
+layer blobs to**, which is a different host. Without the CDN route the pull
+authenticates, fetches the manifest, then 403s partway through.
+
+Docker Hub and GHCR additionally need `preserve_auth: true`: their token dance
+uses a client-fetched per-scope bearer token that the proxy would otherwise
+strip. Turn DLP off on every registry and CDN route — the bodies are
+compressed layer blobs that no detector can read, and buffering them is what
+triggers the shared-proxy OOM in #455.
+
+```yaml
+nested_containers: true
+egress:
+  routes:
+    # Docker Hub: registry, token endpoint, blob CDN.
+    - host: registry-1.docker.io
+      preserve_auth: true
+      dlp: { outbound_detectors: false, inbound_detectors: false }
+    - host: auth.docker.io
+      preserve_auth: true
+      dlp: { outbound_detectors: false, inbound_detectors: false }
+    - host: production.cloudfront.docker.com
+      dlp: { outbound_detectors: false, inbound_detectors: false }
+    # GHCR: registry + blob CDN.
+    - host: ghcr.io
+      preserve_auth: true
+      dlp: { outbound_detectors: false, inbound_detectors: false }
+    - host: pkg-containers.githubusercontent.com
+      dlp: { outbound_detectors: false, inbound_detectors: false }
+    # quay.io: registry + blob CDNs. No preserve_auth needed for public pulls.
+    - host: quay.io
+      dlp: { outbound_detectors: false, inbound_detectors: false }
+    - host: cdn01.quay.io
+      dlp: { outbound_detectors: false, inbound_detectors: false }
+    - host: cdn02.quay.io
+      dlp: { outbound_detectors: false, inbound_detectors: false }
+    - host: cdn03.quay.io
+      dlp: { outbound_detectors: false, inbound_detectors: false }
+```
+
+`mcr.microsoft.com` and `registry.k8s.io` follow the same shape and also
+redirect blobs elsewhere (`*.data.mcr.microsoft.com` and
+`us-*-docker.pkg.dev` respectively); route whichever host the 403 names.
+
+Inside a nested container the same allowlist applies: an allowlisted host
+returns 200 and anything else gets a 403 straight from the proxy. The
+gateway's CA bundle and proxy settings are wired in automatically, so
+`docker run … curl https://…` works with no extra flags — no `--add-host`,
+`-e`, or `-v`.
+
+Two things worth knowing when testing that:
+
+- Public DNS inside a nested container fails **by design**. Everything
+  egresses through the proxy, so `nslookup` failing is expected and is not
+  evidence of a problem.
+- Alpine's BusyBox `wget` drops the connection after the proxy's TLS
+  interception and reports `error getting response`, even though the proxy
+  logs the decrypted request and returns a response. Use `curl` to test
+  egress; BusyBox `wget` will lie to you.
+
 ### Firecracker on Linux
 
 On Linux, a KVM-capable host defaults to the Firecracker backend. It needs:
@@ -90,6 +172,8 @@ BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND=firecracker ./cli.py start <agent>
 
 > **NixOS:** enable `virtualisation.docker`, ensure the KVM module is loaded (`boot.kernelModules = [ "kvm-intel" ];` or `kvm-amd`), and add your user to the `kvm` and `docker` groups. For the network pool, consume the flake module — `imports = [ inputs.bot-bottle.nixosModules.firecracker-netpool ]; services.bot-bottle-firecracker = { enable = true; owner = "you"; };` — then `nixos-rebuild switch` (imperative nft/TAP rules don't survive a rebuild; channel users can `imports = [ <bot-bottle>/nix/firecracker-netpool.nix ]`). `firecracker` isn't in nixpkgs by default as a user binary — install the release binary (pin the version) and put it on `PATH`.
 
+> **CI:** the coverage gate (`.gitea/workflows/test.yml` → `coverage` job) runs on a self-hosted runner labelled `kvm`, because the Firecracker backend's VM/SSH orchestration is exercised only by the integration suite, which needs `/dev/kvm` + the provisioned pool (a container runner would skip it and read as uncovered). Provision that runner exactly like a normal Firecracker host — `firecracker` on `PATH`, `/dev/kvm`, the cached guest kernel + static dropbear, and the pool installed as the persistent systemd unit — then register it with the `kvm` label. A Docker-capable hosted job builds the candidate once; KVM tests boot those exact bytes, and a successful main run publishes them. The unit/lint jobs still run on `ubuntu-latest`.
+
 ```sh
 ./cli.py start <agent>   # builds the image on first run, drops you into claude
 ```
@@ -121,6 +205,7 @@ git:
 egress:
   routes:
     - host: gitea.dideric.is
+      inspect:
         auth:
           scheme: token        # Bearer | token
           token_ref: BOT_BOTTLE_GITEA_TOKEN
@@ -128,7 +213,6 @@ egress:
           - paths:
               - {type: prefix, value: /api/v1/}
             methods: [GET, POST, PATCH, DELETE]
-      dlp:                   # optional — per-route detector overrides (default: all on)
         outbound_detectors: [token_patterns, known_secrets]
         inbound_detectors: false   # disable response scanning for this host
 ---
@@ -171,6 +255,15 @@ When an outbound DLP detector matches a token, the route's `dlp.outbound_on_matc
 
 More examples in `examples/`. Full design lives under `docs/prds/`; the trust-boundary rationale is in `docs/prds/0011-per-file-md-manifest.md`.
 
+## Tracker policy
+
+Issues are the canonical work items and own all tracker labels; every issue
+must have at least one. Pull requests stay unlabeled and deliberately reference
+an issue with `Closes #…`, `Part of #…`, or another form defined in
+[`ADR 0005`](docs/decisions/0005-issues-own-tracker-metadata.md). Gitea Actions
+enforces the convention for new work from 2026-07-18 onward. Earlier closed
+PRs are grandfathered rather than given artificial retrospective issues.
+
 ## Trademarks
 
 bot-bottle is an independent project and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Anthropic, PBC. "Claude" and "Claude Code" are trademarks of Anthropic, PBC; the project name uses "claude" descriptively to indicate that the tool runs Claude Code inside a sandbox.

bot_bottle/agent_provider.py

@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ PROVIDER_TEMPLATES = frozenset({PROVIDER_CLAUDE, PROVIDER_CODEX, PROVIDER_PI})
 # forward_host_credentials is enabled. Pipelock must pass these through
 # (no TLS MITM) or its header DLP blocks the injected JWT.
 CODEX_HOST_CREDENTIAL_HOSTS = ("api.openai.com", "chatgpt.com")
+
+# Host that egress injects the host Claude bearer on when Claude
+# forward_host_credentials is enabled.
+CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_HOSTS = ("api.anthropic.com",)
 PromptMode = Literal[
     "append_file",
     "read_prompt_file",
@@ -257,7 +261,28 @@ class AgentProvider(ABC):
         Default: Debian/node — writes the git-gate insteadOf gitconfig
         and sets user.name/email as node. Workspace copy runs through
         BottleBackend.provision_workspace against the running bottle."""
-        from .log import info
+        from .log import die, info
+
+        # Firecracker exports image rootfs files through an unprivileged host
+        # tar extraction, so image-time ownership of XDG directories is not
+        # preserved.  Git consults ~/.config/git even when the actual config
+        # is ~/.gitconfig; an unreadable directory there can prevent the
+        # git-gate insteadOf rules below from taking effect.  Repair this at
+        # runtime, after every backend's copy/export path has completed.
+        git_xdg_dir = f"{plan.guest_home}/.config/git"
+        repair = bottle.exec(
+            f"chown node:node {shlex.quote(plan.guest_home)} && "
+            f"chmod 755 {shlex.quote(plan.guest_home)} && "
+            f"mkdir -p {shlex.quote(git_xdg_dir)} && "
+            f"chown -R node:node {shlex.quote(f'{plan.guest_home}/.config')} && "
+            f"chmod -R u+rwX,go+rX {shlex.quote(f'{plan.guest_home}/.config')}",
+            user="root",
+        )
+        if repair.returncode != 0:
+            die(
+                "git provisioning: could not make the runtime Git config "
+                f"directory readable: {(repair.stderr or repair.stdout).strip()}"
+            )
 
         manifest_bottle = plan.manifest.bottle
         if manifest_bottle.git:
@@ -280,11 +305,27 @@ class AgentProvider(ABC):
                 f"{len(manifest_bottle.git)} insteadOf rule(s)"
             )
             bottle.cp_in(str(config_file), guest_gitconfig)
-            bottle.exec(
+            permissions = bottle.exec(
                 f"chown node:node {shlex.quote(guest_gitconfig)} && "
                 f"chmod 644 {shlex.quote(guest_gitconfig)}",
                 user="root",
             )
+            if permissions.returncode != 0:
+                die(
+                    "git provisioning: could not set ownership on "
+                    f"{guest_gitconfig}: "
+                    f"{(permissions.stderr or permissions.stdout).strip()}"
+                )
+            configured = bottle.exec(
+                "git config --global --get-regexp '^url\\..*\\.insteadof$'",
+                user="node",
+            )
+            if configured.returncode != 0:
+                die(
+                    "git provisioning: the runtime user cannot read the "
+                    f"git-gate insteadOf rules from {guest_gitconfig}: "
+                    f"{(configured.stderr or configured.stdout).strip()}"
+                )
 
         gu = manifest_bottle.git_user
         if not gu.is_empty():

bot_bottle/backend/__init__.py

@@ -1,701 +1,115 @@
-"""Per-backend bottle factories.
+"""The bottle-backend package: abstract contract + backend selection.
 
-A bottle is a running, isolated environment with claude inside. Each
+Thin by design — nothing framework-heavy is imported at package init, so
-backend exposes five methods:
+importing any `backend.*` submodule (e.g. `backend.docker.util`) doesn't drag
+the manifest / egress / git-gate framework into memory. The public names are
+re-exported lazily:
 
-  prepare(spec, stage_dir=...) -> BottlePlan
+  * the abstract contract (`BottleBackend`, `BottleSpec`, `Bottle`, …) lives in
-      Resolves names, validates host-side prerequisites, and writes
+    `backend.base`;
-      scratch files. No remote/runtime resources are created yet.
+  * backend selection / enumeration (`get_bottle_backend`,
-      Safe to call before the y/N preflight.
+    `enumerate_active_agents`, …) in `backend.selection`;
+  * the concrete backends and the freeze helpers in their own submodules.
 
-  launch(plan) -> ContextManager[Bottle]
+`from bot_bottle.backend import X` resolves X on first access via `__getattr__`
-      Brings up the container (or VM, or remote machine), provisions
+and caches it at package level, so existing call-sites (and
-      it, yields a Bottle handle, and tears everything down on exit.
+`patch.object(backend_mod, X, …)`) keep working.
-
-  prepare_cleanup() -> BottleCleanupPlan
-      Enumerates orphaned resources left behind by previous bottles
-      (containers, networks, ...). Idempotent; no side effects.
-
-  cleanup(plan) -> None
-      Actually removes everything described by the cleanup plan.
-
-  enumerate_active() -> Sequence[ActiveAgent]
-      Return every currently-running bottle on this backend, with
-      enough metadata for callers (CLI `list active`, dashboard
-      agents pane) to render a row.
-
-Selection is driven by `--backend` on `start` or BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND
-(env var). When neither is set, compatible macOS hosts default to
-`macos-container`; Linux hosts with KVM default to `firecracker`;
-otherwise `docker`. Per PRD 0003 the manifest does not carry a
-backend field; the host picks.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import os
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
-import shlex
-import sys
-from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Generic, Sequence, TypeVar
 
-from ..agent_provider import AgentProvisionPlan, get_provider, build_agent_provision_plan
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
-from ..egress import EgressPlan
+    from .base import (
-from ..git_gate import GitGatePlan
+        ActiveAgent,
-from ..log import die, info
+        BackendStatus,
-from ..manifest import Manifest, ManifestIndex
+        Bottle,
-from ..supervise import SupervisePlan
+        BottleBackend,
-from ..util import expand_tilde
+        BottleCleanupPlan,
-from ..env import resolve_env, ResolvedEnv
+        BottleImages,
-from ..workspace import WorkspacePlan, workspace_plan
+        BottlePlan,
-from .print_util import print_multi, visible_agent_env_names
+        BottleSpec,
-from .util import host_skill_dir
+        ExecResult,
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class BottleSpec:
-    """CLI-supplied intent. Backend-agnostic — each backend's prepare
-    step consumes it and produces its own backend-specific plan.
-    Resolved values (image names, container name, scratch paths, runsc
-    availability) live on the plan, not the spec."""
-
-    manifest: ManifestIndex
-    agent_name: str
-    copy_cwd: bool
-    user_cwd: str
-    # PRD 0016 follow-up: when set, the backend's prepare step uses
-    # this identity instead of minting a fresh one — the resume path
-    # (`cli.py resume <identity>`) sets this to continue an existing
-    # bottle's state. Empty string for a fresh `start`.
-    identity: str = ""
-    label: str = ""
-    color: str = ""
-    # Ordered bottle names selected at launch (issue #269). When non-empty
-    # they are merged in order and replace the agent's `bottle:` field.
-    bottle_names: tuple[str, ...] = ()
-    # True when launched via --headless (no TTY, no interactive prompts).
-    # The git-gate host-key preflight uses this to error rather than prompt.
-    headless: bool = False
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class BottlePlan(ABC):
-    """Base output of a backend's prepare step. Concrete subclasses
-    (e.g. DockerBottlePlan) add backend-specific resolved fields."""
-
-    spec: BottleSpec
-    manifest: Manifest
-    stage_dir: Path
-    git_gate_plan: GitGatePlan
-
-    @property
-    def guest_home(self) -> str:
-        return self.agent_provision.guest_home
-
-    @property
-    def git_gate_insteadof_host(self) -> str:
-        """Host (and optional port) used in git-gate insteadOf URLs.
-        Docker uses the compose-network DNS alias; VM backends may
-        override with an IP:port when the guest has no DNS."""
-        return "git-gate"
-
-    @property
-    def git_gate_insteadof_scheme(self) -> str:
-        """URL scheme for git-gate insteadOf rewrites. 'git' for
-        Docker (git daemon); VM backends may override (e.g. 'http'
-        over a published host port)."""
-        return "git"
-    egress_plan: EgressPlan
-    supervise_plan: SupervisePlan | None
-    agent_provision: AgentProvisionPlan
-
-    @property
-    def workspace_plan(self) -> WorkspacePlan:
-        return workspace_plan(self.spec, guest_home=self.guest_home)
-
-    def print(self) -> None:
-        """Render the y/N preflight summary to stderr."""
-        spec = self.spec
-        manifest = self.manifest
-        agent = manifest.agent
-        bottle = manifest.bottle
-
-        env_names = visible_agent_env_names(
-            sorted(
-                set(bottle.env.keys())
-                | set(self.agent_provision.guest_env.keys())
-            ),
-            hidden_env_names=self.agent_provision.hidden_env_names,
     )
-
+    from .selection import (
-        print(file=sys.stderr)
+        enumerate_active_agents,
-        info(f"agent           : {spec.agent_name}")
+        get_bottle_backend,
-        info(f"provider        : {self.agent_provision.template}")
+        has_backend,
-        print_multi("env             ", env_names)
+        is_backend_available,
-        print_multi("skills          ", list(agent.skills))
+        is_backend_ready,
-        effective_bottles = (
+        known_backend_names,
-            list(spec.bottle_names) if spec.bottle_names
-            else ([agent.bottle] if agent.bottle else [])
     )
-        print_multi("bottle          ", effective_bottles)
+    from .docker import DockerBottleBackend
-
+    from .firecracker import FirecrackerBottleBackend
-        identity = manifest.git_identity_summary()
+    from .macos_container import MacosContainerBottleBackend
-        if identity:
+    from .freeze import CommitCancelled, Freezer, get_freezer
-            info(f"  git identity  : {identity}")
+
-
+
-        git_lines = [
+# Public name -> submodule that defines it. Contract types resolve from `base`,
-            f"{u.name} → {u.upstream_host}:{u.upstream_port}"
+# selection/enumeration from `selection`, the concrete backends + freeze helpers
-            for u in self.git_gate_plan.upstreams
+# from their own subpackages.
-        ]
+_LAZY_MODULES: dict[str, str] = {
-        if git_lines:
+    "BottleSpec": "base",
-            print_multi("  git gate      ", git_lines)
+    "BottlePlan": "base",
-
+    "BottleCleanupPlan": "base",
-        if self.egress_plan.routes:
+    "ExecResult": "base",
-            egress_lines = []
+    "ActiveAgent": "base",
-            for r in self.egress_plan.routes:
+    "Bottle": "base",
-                auth = f" [auth:{r.auth_scheme}]" if r.auth_scheme else ""
+    "BottleImages": "base",
-                egress_lines.append(f"{r.host}{auth}")
+    "BottleBackend": "base",
-            print_multi("  egress        ", egress_lines)
+    "BackendStatus": "base",
-        print(file=sys.stderr)
+    "get_bottle_backend": "selection",
-
+    "known_backend_names": "selection",
-
+    "has_backend": "selection",
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+    "is_backend_available": "selection",
-class BottleCleanupPlan(ABC):
+    "is_backend_ready": "selection",
-    """Base output of a backend's prepare_cleanup step. Concrete
+    "enumerate_active_agents": "selection",
-    subclasses (e.g. DockerBottleCleanupPlan) carry backend-specific
+    "_print_vm_install_instructions": "selection",
-    lists of resources to be removed and implement `print` + `empty`."""
+    "DockerBottleBackend": "docker",
-
+    "FirecrackerBottleBackend": "firecracker",
-    @abstractmethod
+    "MacosContainerBottleBackend": "macos_container",
-    def print(self) -> None:
+    "CommitCancelled": "freeze",
-        """Render the cleanup y/N summary to stderr."""
+    "Freezer": "freeze",
-
+    "get_freezer": "freeze",
-    @property
-    @abstractmethod
-    def empty(self) -> bool:
-        """True iff there is nothing to clean up; the CLI uses this to
-        short-circuit before showing the y/N."""
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class ExecResult:
-    """Captured result of `Bottle.exec`. Backend-neutral: the Docker
-    impl populates it from a `subprocess.CompletedProcess`, but a
-    VM backend could populate it from any source that produces a
-    returncode + captured streams."""
-
-    returncode: int
-    stdout: str
-    stderr: str
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class ActiveAgent:
-    """One currently-running agent, as the CLI `list active` and
-    dashboard agents pane render it. ("Agent" is the project's
-    consistent name for the thing running inside a bottle — the
-    bottle is the container, the agent is what runs in it.)
-
-    Fields are deliberately backend-neutral. `services` is the set
-    of gateway daemons currently up for this bottle (`egress`,
-    `git-gate`, `supervise`); the dashboard uses it to
-    gate edit verbs. `backend_name` is the matching key in
-    `_BACKENDS` (`docker` / `firecracker` / `macos-container`) — used by the active-
-    list rendering to disambiguate and by the dashboard's
-    re-attach path."""
-
-    backend_name: str
-    slug: str
-    agent_name: str       # from metadata.json; "?" if missing
-    started_at: str       # ISO 8601 from metadata.json; "" if missing
-    services: tuple[str, ...]  # alphabetical
-    label: str = ""
-    color: str = ""
-
-
-class Bottle(ABC):
-    """Handle to a running bottle. Yielded by a backend's launch step.
-
-    `exec_agent` runs the selected agent CLI inside the bottle and
-    blocks until the session ends. `exec` runs a POSIX shell script inside the bottle
-    and returns the captured result. `cp_in` copies a host path into
-    the bottle. `close` is an idempotent alias for context-manager
-    teardown.
-    """
-
-    name: str
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def agent_argv(
-        self, argv: list[str], *, tty: bool = True,
-    ) -> list[str]:
-        """Return the host-side argv that runs the selected agent
-        inside the bottle. Used by `exec_agent` for foreground
-        handoffs and by the dashboard's tmux `respawn-pane` flow,
-        which needs the argv up front (it spawns claude in a tmux
-        pane rather than as a child of the current process).
-
-        Implementations transparently inject
-        `--append-system-prompt-file` when the bottle was launched
-        with a provisioned prompt path."""
-        ...
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def exec_agent(self, argv: list[str], *, tty: bool = True) -> int: ...
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def exec(self, script: str, *, user: str = "node") -> ExecResult:
-        """Run `script` as a POSIX shell script inside the bottle as
-        `user` (default `node`, matching the agent image's USER
-        directive) and return the captured stdout/stderr/returncode.
-        The bottle's environment (including HTTPS_PROXY pointing at
-        the egress daemon) is inherited by the child. Non-zero
-        exit does not raise — callers inspect `returncode`
-        themselves.
-
-        Pass `user="root"` for shell-outs that need privileged file
-        writes / package install — provisioning calls that need root
-        bypass `Bottle.exec` and use the backend-specific raw
-        machine-exec helper, but the tests have a legitimate use
-        case for arbitrary-user runs."""
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def cp_in(self, host_path: str, container_path: str) -> None: ...
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def close(self) -> None: ...
-
-
-
-
-PlanT = TypeVar("PlanT", bound=BottlePlan)
-CleanupT = TypeVar("CleanupT", bound=BottleCleanupPlan)
-
-
-class BottleBackend(ABC, Generic[PlanT, CleanupT]):
-    """Abstract base for selectable bottle backends. Concrete subclasses
-    (e.g. DockerBottleBackend) own their own prepare/launch impls.
-    Parameterized over the backend's concrete plan + cleanup-plan types
-    so subclass methods get the narrow type without isinstance
-    boilerplate."""
-
-    name: str
-
-    def prepare(self, spec: BottleSpec, stage_dir: Path) -> PlanT:
-        """Template method: run cross-backend host-side validation, then
-        delegate to the subclass's `_resolve_plan` for the
-        backend-specific resolution (names, scratch files, etc.). The
-        validation step is enforced here so a future backend cannot
-        accidentally skip it. No remote/runtime resources are created."""
-        from .resolve_common import (
-            merge_provision_env_vars,
-            mint_slug,
-            prepare_agent_state_dir,
-            prepare_egress,
-            prepare_git_gate,
-            prepare_supervise,
-            resolve_manifest_dockerfile,
-            write_launch_metadata,
-        )
-
-        manifest = self._validate(spec)
-
-        self._preflight()
-
-        from ..git_gate_host_key import preflight_host_keys
-        manifest = preflight_host_keys(
-            manifest,
-            headless=spec.headless,
-            home_md=spec.manifest.home_md,
-        )
-
-        manifest_bottle = manifest.bottle
-        manifest_agent_provider = manifest_bottle.agent_provider
-        agent_provider = get_provider(manifest_agent_provider.template)
-        resolved_env = resolve_env(manifest)
-        workspace = workspace_plan(spec, guest_home=agent_provider.guest_home)
-
-        slug = mint_slug(spec)
-        write_launch_metadata(slug, spec, compose_project="", backend=self.name)
-
-        # Manifest may override the Dockerfile per-bottle; otherwise fall
-        # back to the provider plugin's bundled Dockerfile (next to its
-        # agent_provider.py module).
-        if manifest_agent_provider.dockerfile:
-            agent_dockerfile_path = resolve_manifest_dockerfile(
-                manifest_agent_provider.dockerfile, spec,
-            )
-        else:
-            agent_dockerfile_path = str(agent_provider.dockerfile)
-
-        agent_dir, prompt_file = prepare_agent_state_dir(slug, manifest)
-
-        agent_provision_plan = build_agent_provision_plan(
-            template=manifest_agent_provider.template,
-            dockerfile=agent_dockerfile_path,
-            state_dir=agent_dir,
-            instance_name=f"bot-bottle-{slug}",
-            prompt_file=prompt_file,
-            guest_env=self._build_guest_env(resolved_env),
-            forward_host_credentials=manifest_agent_provider.forward_host_credentials,
-            auth_token=manifest_agent_provider.auth_token,
-            host_env=dict(os.environ),
-            trusted_project_path=workspace.workdir,
-            label=spec.label,
-            color=spec.color,
-            provider_settings=manifest_agent_provider.settings,
-        )
-        agent_provision_plan = merge_provision_env_vars(agent_provision_plan)
-        egress_plan = prepare_egress(manifest_bottle, slug, agent_provision_plan)
-        supervise_plan = prepare_supervise(manifest_bottle, slug)
-        git_gate_plan = prepare_git_gate(manifest_bottle, slug)
-
-        return self._resolve_plan(
-            spec,
-            manifest=manifest,
-            slug=slug,
-            resolved_env=resolved_env,
-            agent_provision_plan=agent_provision_plan,
-            egress_plan=egress_plan,
-            supervise_plan=supervise_plan,
-            git_gate_plan=git_gate_plan,
-            stage_dir=stage_dir,
-        )
-
-    def _build_guest_env(self, resolved_env: ResolvedEnv) -> dict[str, str]:
-        return {}
-
-    def _preflight(self) -> None:
-        """
-        tasks to do before resolving a plan
-        """
-        pass
-
-    def _validate(self, spec: BottleSpec) -> Manifest:
-        """Cross-backend pre-launch checks. Parses the selected agent and
-        its bottle (raising ManifestError on invalid content), confirms
-        skills are present on the host, and every git IdentityFile resolves.
-
-        Returns the loaded Manifest for the selected agent. Subclasses with
-        additional preconditions should override and call
-        `super()._validate(spec)` first."""
-        manifest = spec.manifest.load_for_agent(spec.agent_name, spec.bottle_names)
-        self._validate_skills(manifest.agent.skills)
-        self._validate_agent_provider_dockerfile(spec, manifest)
-        return manifest
-
-    def _validate_skills(self, skills: Sequence[str]) -> None:
-        """Each named skill must be a directory under the host's
-        `~/.claude/skills/`. The check is purely host-side, so the
-        default impl covers every backend."""
-        for name in skills:
-            path = host_skill_dir(name)
-            if not os.path.isdir(path):
-                die(
-                    f"skill '{name}' not found on host at {path}. "
-                    f"Create it under ~/.claude/skills/, then re-run."
-                )
-
-    def _validate_agent_provider_dockerfile(self, spec: BottleSpec, manifest: Manifest) -> None:
-        bottle = manifest.bottle
-        dockerfile = bottle.agent_provider.dockerfile
-        if not dockerfile:
-            return
-        path = Path(expand_tilde(dockerfile))
-        if not path.is_absolute():
-            path = Path(spec.user_cwd) / path
-        if not path.is_file():
-            effective = (
-                ", ".join(spec.bottle_names) if spec.bottle_names else manifest.agent.bottle
-            )
-            die(
-                f"agent_provider.dockerfile for bottle "
-                f"'{effective}' not found: {path}"
-            )
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def _resolve_plan(self,
-                      spec: BottleSpec,
-                      *,
-                      manifest: Manifest,
-                      slug: str,
-                      resolved_env: ResolvedEnv,
-                      agent_provision_plan: AgentProvisionPlan,
-                      egress_plan: EgressPlan,
-                      git_gate_plan: GitGatePlan,
-                      supervise_plan: SupervisePlan | None,
-                      stage_dir: Path) -> PlanT:
-        """Backend-specific plan resolution: image/container names,
-        env-file, prompt-file, proxy plan, runtime detection. Called by
-        `prepare` after `_validate` succeeds. Instance name, image,
-        prompt file, Dockerfile path, and guest home all live on
-        `agent_provision_plan` — the source of truth."""
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def launch(self, plan: PlanT) -> AbstractContextManager[Bottle]:
-        """Build/run the bottle and yield a handle; tear down on exit."""
-
-    def provision(self, plan: PlanT, bottle: "Bottle") -> str | None:
-        """Copy host-side files (CA cert, prompt, skills, .git) into
-        the running bottle. Called from `launch` after the container
-        / machine is up. Returns the in-container prompt path if a
-        prompt was provisioned, else None — the Bottle handle uses it
-        to decide whether to add provider-specific prompt args to the
-        agent's argv.
-
-        Default orchestration: ca → prompt → provider apply → skills
-        → workspace → git → supervise-mcp. CA install runs first so
-        the agent's trust store is rebuilt before anything inside the
-        agent makes a TLS call.
-
-        Per PRD 0050 the per-provider steps (prompt, skills,
-        declarative provision-plan apply, supervise MCP registration)
-        live on the `AgentProvider` plugin. The backend only owns the
-        steps that are about backend infrastructure (CA, workspace,
-        git) and surfaces the supervise daemon URL its launch step
-        knows about via `supervise_mcp_url`.
-
-        PRD 0017: cred-proxy's agent-side dotfile rewrites (~/.npmrc,
-        ~/.gitconfig insteadOf, tea config) are gone. Egress-proxy is
-        on the agent's HTTP_PROXY path so every tool that respects
-        HTTPS_PROXY (claude-code, git over HTTPS, npm, curl) is
-        intercepted without per-tool reconfiguration."""
-        provider = get_provider(plan.agent_provision.template)
-        provider.provision_ca(bottle, plan)
-        prompt_path = provider.provision_prompt(plan, bottle)
-        provider.provision(plan, bottle)
-        provider.provision_skills(plan, bottle)
-        self.provision_workspace(plan, bottle)
-        provider.provision_git(bottle, plan)
-        provider.provision_supervise_mcp(
-            plan, bottle, self.supervise_mcp_url(plan),
-        )
-        return prompt_path
-
-    def provision_workspace(self, plan: PlanT, bottle: "Bottle") -> None:
-        """Copy the operator workspace into the running bottle.
-
-        This is the only supported workspace-provisioning path: Docker
-        does not build a derived image containing the current
-        workspace."""
-        workspace = plan.workspace_plan
-        if not (workspace.enabled and workspace.copy_contents):
-            return
-
-        guest_parent = workspace.guest_path.rsplit("/", 1)[0] or "/"
-        guest_path = shlex.quote(workspace.guest_path)
-        guest_parent = shlex.quote(guest_parent)
-        owner = shlex.quote(workspace.owner)
-        mode = shlex.quote(workspace.mode)
-        info(f"copying {workspace.host_path} -> {bottle.name}:{workspace.guest_path}")
-        bottle.exec(
-            f"rm -rf {guest_path} && mkdir -p {guest_parent}",
-            user="root",
-        )
-        bottle.cp_in(str(workspace.host_path), workspace.guest_path)
-        bottle.exec(
-            f"chown -R {owner} {guest_path} && chmod {mode} {guest_path}",
-            user="root",
-        )
-
-    def supervise_mcp_url(self, plan: PlanT) -> str:
-        """Return the agent-side URL of the per-bottle supervise
-        gateway, or "" when this bottle has no gateway. The provider
-        plugin's `provision_supervise_mcp` uses it to register the
-        MCP entry inside the guest.
-
-        Default returns "" so backends without supervise support
-        don't have to implement it. Docker and firecracker override."""
-        del plan
-        return ""
-
-    def ensure_orchestrator(self) -> str:
-        """Bring up this backend's per-host orchestrator + shared gateway
-        (idempotent) and return the host-reachable control-plane URL.
-
-        This is the backend-agnostic bring-up entry point: `launch` calls
-        it as part of starting a bottle, and operator tools (`supervise`)
-        call it to start the control plane on demand when none is running
-        yet. Docker starts the orchestrator + gateway containers;
-        firecracker boots the infra VM. Backends with no orchestrator
-        (macos-container) die with a pointer — the default here."""
-        die(f"backend {self.name!r} has no orchestrator control plane")
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def prepare_cleanup(self) -> CleanupT:
-        """Enumerate orphaned resources from previous bottles. No side
-        effects; safe to call before the y/N."""
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def cleanup(self, plan: CleanupT) -> None:
-        """Remove everything described by the cleanup plan."""
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def enumerate_active(self) -> Sequence[ActiveAgent]:
-        """Return every currently-running agent on this backend.
-        Empty when none. Backend-specific: docker queries `docker
-        compose ls`; firecracker cross-references its running gateway
-        containers against per-bottle metadata."""
-
-    @classmethod
-    @abstractmethod
-    def is_available(cls) -> bool:
-        """Whether this backend's runtime prerequisites are satisfied
-        on the current host. Docker → `docker` on PATH; firecracker →
-        Linux + KVM. Used by the cross-backend
-        `enumerate_active_agents` / `cmd_cleanup` to skip backends
-        the operator hasn't installed, so a docker-only host
-        doesn't fail when `cli.py list active` walks past
-        firecracker."""
-
-    @classmethod
-    @abstractmethod
-    def setup(cls) -> int:
-        """Emit this backend's one-time host setup — privileged network
-        pool, daemon bring-up, install pointers, etc. — as
-        host-appropriate config or commands. Prints to stdout/stderr and
-        returns a shell exit code (0 = nothing to report / success). A
-        backend that needs no host setup prints a short note and returns
-        0. Invoked generically by `./cli.py backend setup [--backend=…]`
-        so operators can provision any backend without a
-        backend-specific command. Classmethod (like `is_available`) —
-        it's a host query, not per-bottle state."""
-
-    @classmethod
-    @abstractmethod
-    def status(cls) -> int:
-        """Report whether this backend's prerequisites are satisfied on
-        the host — binaries, daemon reachability, network pool, range
-        conflicts, etc. Prints a human-readable summary; returns 0 when
-        the backend is ready to launch and non-zero when something is
-        missing. Invoked by `./cli.py backend status [--backend=…]`."""
-
-    @classmethod
-    @abstractmethod
-    def teardown(cls) -> int:
-        """Undo `setup()` — the inverse operation, surfaced as
-        `./cli.py backend teardown [--backend=…]` (uninstall). Symmetric
-        with setup: where setup is advisory (prints the privileged
-        commands / declarative config to apply), teardown prints the
-        commands / config change to remove the host prerequisites. A
-        backend with no host setup prints a short note and returns 0.
-        Not called by the launch path or the test suite."""
-
-
-# Import concrete backend classes AFTER the base types are defined, so
-# each backend module can pull BottleSpec / BottlePlan / BottleBackend
-# via `from . import ...` without hitting a partially-initialized module.
-from .docker import DockerBottleBackend  # noqa: E402  # pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-from .firecracker import FirecrackerBottleBackend  # noqa: E402  # pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-from .macos_container import MacosContainerBottleBackend  # noqa: E402  # pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-
-# Freezer is imported after the backend classes for the same reason:
-# Freezer.commit_slug constructs ActiveAgent, which must be fully
-# defined first.
-from .freeze import CommitCancelled, Freezer, get_freezer  # noqa: E402  # pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-
-
-# The dict is heterogeneous: each value is a BottleBackend specialized
-# over its own plan type. Concrete plan types are erased here because
-# the registry is selected at runtime and the CLI only needs the
-# unparameterized methods (prepare → plan → launch(plan), cleanup, etc.).
-_BACKENDS: dict[str, BottleBackend[Any, Any]] = {
-    "docker": DockerBottleBackend(),
-    "firecracker": FirecrackerBottleBackend(),
-    "macos-container": MacosContainerBottleBackend(),
 }
 
 
-def get_bottle_backend(
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
-    name: str | None = None,
+    """Lazily surface the package's public names from their submodules and
-) -> BottleBackend[Any, Any]:
+    cache them at package level — so `from bot_bottle.backend import X` and
-    """Resolve the bottle backend.
+    `patch.object(backend_mod, X, …)` keep working without importing the
+    framework (or every backend) at package-init time."""
+    mod = _LAZY_MODULES.get(name)
+    if mod is None:
+        raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
+    from importlib import import_module
 
-    `name` precedence:
+    value = getattr(import_module(f"{__name__}.{mod}"), name)
-      1. explicit arg (CLI `--backend=<name>` passes through here)
+    globals()[name] = value
-      2. BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND env var
+    return value
-      3. `macos-container` on compatible macOS hosts
-      4. `firecracker` on KVM-capable Linux hosts
-      5. default `docker`
-
-    Dies with a pointer at the known backends if the chosen name
-    isn't implemented."""
-    resolved = name or os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND") or _default_backend_name()
-    if resolved not in _BACKENDS:
-        known = ", ".join(sorted(_BACKENDS))
-        die(f"unknown backend {resolved!r}; known backends: {known}")
-    return _BACKENDS[resolved]
-
-
-def _default_backend_name() -> str:
-    if has_backend("macos-container"):
-        return "macos-container"
-    # A KVM-capable Linux host defaults to firecracker even when the
-    # `firecracker` binary isn't installed yet: selecting it here routes
-    # start through firecracker's preflight, which prints an install
-    # pointer, instead of silently falling back to docker.
-    if FirecrackerBottleBackend.is_host_capable():
-        return "firecracker"
-    return "docker"
-
-
-def known_backend_names() -> tuple[str, ...]:
-    """Sorted tuple of all backend keys in `_BACKENDS`. Used by
-    argparse (`--backend` choices) and the dashboard's backend
-    picker."""
-    return tuple(sorted(_BACKENDS))
-
-
-def has_backend(name: str) -> bool:
-    """Whether the named backend's runtime prerequisites are
-    available on the current host. Cross-backend callers (list,
-    cleanup) skip unavailable backends so a docker-only host
-    doesn't fail when the firecracker backend isn't usable,
-    and vice versa.
-
-    Returns False for unknown names so callers can pass
-    arbitrary input without separate validation."""
-    if name not in _BACKENDS:
-        return False
-    return _BACKENDS[name].is_available()
-
-
-def enumerate_active_agents() -> list[ActiveAgent]:
-    """All currently-running agents, across every available
-    backend. Used by CLI `list active` and the dashboard's agents
-    pane so neither has to know which backends exist. Skips
-    backends whose `is_available()` reports False.
-
-    Sorted by `(started_at, slug)` so the list is stable across
-    dashboard refresh ticks — agents don't shift position while
-    the operator navigates with arrow keys. ISO 8601 timestamps
-    sort lexicographically in chronological order; `slug` is the
-    deterministic tiebreaker. Agents with missing metadata
-    (`started_at == ""`) sort first."""
-    out: list[ActiveAgent] = []
-    for name in known_backend_names():
-        if not has_backend(name):
-            continue
-        out.extend(_BACKENDS[name].enumerate_active())
-    out.sort(key=lambda a: (a.started_at, a.slug))
-    return out
 
 
 __all__ = [
     "ActiveAgent",
+    "BackendStatus",
     "Bottle",
     "BottleBackend",
     "BottleCleanupPlan",
+    "BottleImages",
     "BottlePlan",
     "BottleSpec",
-    "CommitCancelled",
     "ExecResult",
+    "CommitCancelled",
     "Freezer",
+    "get_freezer",
+    "DockerBottleBackend",
+    "FirecrackerBottleBackend",
+    "MacosContainerBottleBackend",
     "enumerate_active_agents",
     "get_bottle_backend",
-    "get_freezer",
     "has_backend",
+    "is_backend_available",
+    "is_backend_ready",
     "known_backend_names",
 ]

bot_bottle/backend/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+"""The abstract backend contract (PRD 0018 / 0070).
+
+The backend-neutral types every bottle backend implements: the launch
+`BottleSpec`, the `BottlePlan` / `BottleCleanupPlan` ABCs, the running-`Bottle`
++ `ExecResult` shapes, `BottleImages`, and the `BottleBackend` ABC itself.
+
+This carries the framework imports (manifest, egress, git-gate, env, workspace,
+agent-provider) the contract's signatures and helpers need — which is why it
+lives here rather than in `backend/__init__.py`: touching an unrelated
+`backend.*` module then doesn't drag the whole framework into memory. The
+thin package `__init__` re-exports these names lazily.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import os
+import shlex
+import sys
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from contextlib import AbstractContextManager, contextmanager
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Generator, Generic, Sequence, TypeVar
+
+from ..agent_provider import AgentProvisionPlan, get_provider, build_agent_provision_plan
+from ..egress import EgressPlan
+from ..git_gate import GitGatePlan
+from ..log import die, info
+from ..util import expand_tilde
+from ..manifest import Manifest, ManifestIndex
+from ..supervisor.plan import SupervisePlan
+from ..env import resolve_env, ResolvedEnv
+from ..workspace import WorkspacePlan, workspace_plan
+from .print_util import print_multi, visible_agent_env_names
+from .util import host_skill_dir
+
+
+class BackendStatus(enum.IntEnum):
+    """Return codes for BottleBackend.status(). READY == 0 so callsites
+    can compare against 0 or the named constant interchangeably."""
+    READY = 0
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BottleSpec:
+    """CLI-supplied intent. Backend-agnostic — each backend's prepare
+    step consumes it and produces its own backend-specific plan.
+    Resolved values (image names, container name, scratch paths, runsc
+    availability) live on the plan, not the spec."""
+
+    manifest: ManifestIndex
+    agent_name: str
+    copy_cwd: bool
+    user_cwd: str
+    # PRD 0016 follow-up: when set, the backend's prepare step uses
+    # this identity instead of minting a fresh one — the resume path
+    # (`cli.py resume <identity>`) sets this to continue an existing
+    # bottle's state. Empty string for a fresh `start`.
+    identity: str = ""
+    label: str = ""
+    color: str = ""
+    # Ordered bottle names selected at launch (issue #269). When non-empty
+    # they are merged in order and replace the agent's `bottle:` field.
+    bottle_names: tuple[str, ...] = ()
+    # True when launched via --headless (no TTY, no interactive prompts).
+    # The git-gate host-key preflight uses this to error rather than prompt.
+    headless: bool = False
+    # Image startup policy. "fresh" preserves the normal build path;
+    # "cached" reuses the current local image/artifact without rebuilding.
+    image_policy: str = "fresh"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BottlePlan(ABC):
+    """Base output of a backend's prepare step. Concrete subclasses
+    (e.g. DockerBottlePlan) add backend-specific resolved fields."""
+
+    spec: BottleSpec
+    manifest: Manifest
+    stage_dir: Path
+    git_gate_plan: GitGatePlan
+
+    @property
+    def guest_home(self) -> str:
+        return self.agent_provision.guest_home
+
+    @property
+    def git_gate_insteadof_host(self) -> str:
+        """Host (and optional port) used in git-gate insteadOf URLs.
+        Docker uses the compose-network DNS alias; VM backends may
+        override with an IP:port when the guest has no DNS."""
+        return "git-gate"
+
+    @property
+    def git_gate_insteadof_scheme(self) -> str:
+        """URL scheme for git-gate insteadOf rewrites. 'git' for
+        Docker (git daemon); VM backends may override (e.g. 'http'
+        over a published host port)."""
+        return "git"
+    egress_plan: EgressPlan
+    supervise_plan: SupervisePlan | None
+    agent_provision: AgentProvisionPlan
+
+    @property
+    def workspace_plan(self) -> WorkspacePlan:
+        return workspace_plan(self.spec, guest_home=self.guest_home)
+
+    def print(self) -> None:
+        """Render the y/N preflight summary to stderr."""
+        spec = self.spec
+        manifest = self.manifest
+        agent = manifest.agent
+        bottle = manifest.bottle
+
+        env_names = visible_agent_env_names(
+            sorted(
+                set(bottle.env.keys())
+                | set(self.agent_provision.guest_env.keys())
+            ),
+            hidden_env_names=self.agent_provision.hidden_env_names,
+        )
+
+        print(file=sys.stderr)
+        info(f"agent           : {spec.agent_name}")
+        info(f"provider        : {self.agent_provision.template}")
+        print_multi("env             ", env_names)
+        print_multi("skills          ", list(agent.skills))
+        effective_bottles = (
+            list(spec.bottle_names) if spec.bottle_names
+            else ([agent.bottle] if agent.bottle else [])
+        )
+        print_multi("bottle          ", effective_bottles)
+
+        identity = manifest.git_identity_summary()
+        if identity:
+            info(f"  git identity  : {identity}")
+
+        git_lines = [
+            f"{u.name} → {u.upstream_host}:{u.upstream_port}"
+            for u in self.git_gate_plan.upstreams
+        ]
+        if git_lines:
+            print_multi("  git gate      ", git_lines)
+
+        if self.egress_plan.routes:
+            egress_lines = []
+            for r in self.egress_plan.routes:
+                auth = f" [auth:{r.auth_scheme}]" if r.auth_scheme else ""
+                egress_lines.append(f"{r.host}{auth}")
+            print_multi("  egress        ", egress_lines)
+        print(file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BottleCleanupPlan(ABC):
+    """Base output of a backend's prepare_cleanup step. Concrete
+    subclasses (e.g. DockerBottleCleanupPlan) carry backend-specific
+    lists of resources to be removed and implement `print` + `empty`."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def print(self) -> None:
+        """Render the cleanup y/N summary to stderr."""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        """True iff there is nothing to clean up; the CLI uses this to
+        short-circuit before showing the y/N."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ExecResult:
+    """Captured result of `Bottle.exec`. Backend-neutral: the Docker
+    impl populates it from a `subprocess.CompletedProcess`, but a
+    VM backend could populate it from any source that produces a
+    returncode + captured streams."""
+
+    returncode: int
+    stdout: str
+    stderr: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ActiveAgent:
+    """One currently-running agent, as the CLI `active` and
+    dashboard agents pane render it. ("Agent" is the project's
+    consistent name for the thing running inside a bottle — the
+    bottle is the container, the agent is what runs in it.)
+
+    Fields are deliberately backend-neutral. `services` is the set
+    of gateway daemons currently up for this bottle (`egress`,
+    `git-gate`, `supervise`); the dashboard uses it to
+    gate edit verbs. `backend_name` is the matching key in
+    `_BACKENDS` (`docker` / `firecracker` / `macos-container`) — used by the active-
+    list rendering to disambiguate and by the dashboard's
+    re-attach path."""
+
+    backend_name: str
+    slug: str
+    agent_name: str       # from metadata.json; "?" if missing
+    started_at: str       # ISO 8601 from metadata.json; "" if missing
+    services: tuple[str, ...]  # alphabetical
+    label: str = ""
+    color: str = ""
+
+
+class Bottle(ABC):
+    """Handle to a running bottle. Yielded by a backend's launch step.
+
+    `exec_agent` runs the selected agent CLI inside the bottle and
+    blocks until the session ends. `exec` runs a POSIX shell script inside the bottle
+    and returns the captured result. `cp_in` copies a host path into
+    the bottle. `close` is an idempotent alias for context-manager
+    teardown.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def agent_argv(
+        self, argv: list[str], *, tty: bool = True,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the host-side argv that runs the selected agent
+        inside the bottle. Used by `exec_agent` for foreground
+        handoffs and by the dashboard's tmux `respawn-pane` flow,
+        which needs the argv up front (it spawns claude in a tmux
+        pane rather than as a child of the current process).
+
+        Implementations transparently inject
+        `--append-system-prompt-file` when the bottle was launched
+        with a provisioned prompt path."""
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def exec_agent(self, argv: list[str], *, tty: bool = True) -> int: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def exec(self, script: str, *, user: str = "node") -> ExecResult:
+        """Run `script` as a POSIX shell script inside the bottle as
+        `user` (default `node`, matching the agent image's USER
+        directive) and return the captured stdout/stderr/returncode.
+        The bottle's environment (including HTTPS_PROXY pointing at
+        the egress daemon) is inherited by the child. Non-zero
+        exit does not raise — callers inspect `returncode`
+        themselves.
+
+        Pass `user="root"` for shell-outs that need privileged file
+        writes / package install — provisioning calls that need root
+        bypass `Bottle.exec` and use the backend-specific raw
+        machine-exec helper, but the tests have a legitimate use
+        case for arbitrary-user runs."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def cp_in(self, host_path: str, container_path: str) -> None: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def close(self) -> None: ...
+
+
+
+
+PlanT = TypeVar("PlanT", bound=BottlePlan)
+CleanupT = TypeVar("CleanupT", bound=BottleCleanupPlan)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BottleImages:
+    """Resolved image references (or artifact paths) for a bottle launch.
+
+    For Docker/macOS-container backends, `agent` and `sidecar` are string
+    image refs. For the smolmachines backend they are Path objects pointing
+    to pre-built `.smolmachine` artifacts."""
+
+    agent: str | Path
+    sidecar: str | Path = ""
+
+
+class BottleBackend(ABC, Generic[PlanT, CleanupT]):
+    """Abstract base for selectable bottle backends. Concrete subclasses
+    (e.g. DockerBottleBackend) own their own prepare/launch impls.
+    Parameterized over the backend's concrete plan + cleanup-plan types
+    so subclass methods get the narrow type without isinstance
+    boilerplate."""
+
+    name: str
+
+    # Whether this backend can run a container engine *inside* the bottle.
+    # Backends that cannot must reject `nested_containers: true` rather than
+    # reach for a host daemon socket (issue #392).
+    supports_nested_containers: bool = False
+
+    def prepare(self, spec: BottleSpec, stage_dir: Path) -> PlanT:
+        """Template method: run cross-backend host-side validation, then
+        delegate to the subclass's `_resolve_plan` for the
+        backend-specific resolution (names, scratch files, etc.). The
+        validation step is enforced here so a future backend cannot
+        accidentally skip it. No remote/runtime resources are created."""
+        from .resolve_common import (
+            merge_provision_env_vars,
+            mint_slug,
+            prepare_agent_state_dir,
+            prepare_egress,
+            prepare_git_gate,
+            prepare_supervise,
+            reject_nested_containers,
+            resolve_manifest_dockerfile,
+            write_launch_metadata,
+        )
+
+        manifest = self._validate(spec)
+
+        if not self.supports_nested_containers:
+            reject_nested_containers(self.name, manifest)
+
+        self._preflight()
+
+        from ..git_gate import GitGate
+        manifest = GitGate().preflight_host_keys(
+            manifest,
+            headless=spec.headless,
+            home_md=spec.manifest.home_md,
+        )
+
+        manifest_bottle = manifest.bottle
+        manifest_agent_provider = manifest_bottle.agent_provider
+        agent_provider = get_provider(manifest_agent_provider.template)
+        resolved_env = resolve_env(manifest)
+        workspace = workspace_plan(spec, guest_home=agent_provider.guest_home)
+
+        slug = mint_slug(spec)
+        write_launch_metadata(slug, spec, compose_project="", backend=self.name)
+
+        # Manifest may override the Dockerfile per-bottle; otherwise fall
+        # back to the provider plugin's bundled Dockerfile (next to its
+        # agent_provider.py module).
+        if manifest_agent_provider.dockerfile:
+            agent_dockerfile_path = resolve_manifest_dockerfile(
+                manifest_agent_provider.dockerfile, spec,
+            )
+        else:
+            agent_dockerfile_path = str(agent_provider.dockerfile)
+
+        agent_dir, prompt_file = prepare_agent_state_dir(slug, manifest)
+
+        agent_provision_plan = build_agent_provision_plan(
+            template=manifest_agent_provider.template,
+            dockerfile=agent_dockerfile_path,
+            state_dir=agent_dir,
+            instance_name=f"bot-bottle-{slug}",
+            prompt_file=prompt_file,
+            guest_env=self._build_guest_env(resolved_env),
+            forward_host_credentials=manifest_agent_provider.forward_host_credentials,
+            auth_token=manifest_agent_provider.auth_token,
+            host_env=dict(os.environ),
+            trusted_project_path=workspace.workdir,
+            label=spec.label,
+            color=spec.color,
+            provider_settings=manifest_agent_provider.settings,
+        )
+        agent_provision_plan = merge_provision_env_vars(agent_provision_plan)
+        egress_plan = prepare_egress(manifest_bottle, slug, agent_provision_plan)
+        supervise_plan = prepare_supervise(manifest_bottle, slug)
+        git_gate_plan = prepare_git_gate(manifest_bottle, slug)
+
+        return self._resolve_plan(
+            spec,
+            manifest=manifest,
+            slug=slug,
+            resolved_env=resolved_env,
+            agent_provision_plan=agent_provision_plan,
+            egress_plan=egress_plan,
+            supervise_plan=supervise_plan,
+            git_gate_plan=git_gate_plan,
+            stage_dir=stage_dir,
+        )
+
+    def _build_guest_env(self, resolved_env: ResolvedEnv) -> dict[str, str]:
+        return {}
+
+    def _preflight(self) -> None:
+        """
+        tasks to do before resolving a plan
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _validate(self, spec: BottleSpec) -> Manifest:
+        """Cross-backend pre-launch checks. Parses the selected agent and
+        its bottle (raising ManifestError on invalid content), confirms
+        skills are present on the host, and every git IdentityFile resolves.
+
+        Returns the loaded Manifest for the selected agent. Subclasses with
+        additional preconditions should override and call
+        `super()._validate(spec)` first."""
+        manifest = spec.manifest.load_for_agent(spec.agent_name, spec.bottle_names)
+        self._validate_skills(manifest.agent.skills)
+        self._validate_agent_provider_dockerfile(spec, manifest)
+        return manifest
+
+    def _validate_skills(self, skills: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Each named skill must be a directory under the host's
+        `~/.claude/skills/`. The check is purely host-side, so the
+        default impl covers every backend."""
+        for name in skills:
+            path = host_skill_dir(name)
+            if not os.path.isdir(path):
+                die(
+                    f"skill '{name}' not found on host at {path}. "
+                    f"Create it under ~/.claude/skills/, then re-run."
+                )
+
+    def _validate_agent_provider_dockerfile(self, spec: BottleSpec, manifest: Manifest) -> None:
+        bottle = manifest.bottle
+        dockerfile = bottle.agent_provider.dockerfile
+        if not dockerfile:
+            return
+        path = Path(expand_tilde(dockerfile))
+        if not path.is_absolute():
+            path = Path(spec.user_cwd) / path
+        if not path.is_file():
+            effective = (
+                ", ".join(spec.bottle_names) if spec.bottle_names else manifest.agent.bottle
+            )
+            die(
+                f"agent_provider.dockerfile for bottle "
+                f"'{effective}' not found: {path}"
+            )
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _resolve_plan(self,
+                      spec: BottleSpec,
+                      *,
+                      manifest: Manifest,
+                      slug: str,
+                      resolved_env: ResolvedEnv,
+                      agent_provision_plan: AgentProvisionPlan,
+                      egress_plan: EgressPlan,
+                      git_gate_plan: GitGatePlan,
+                      supervise_plan: SupervisePlan | None,
+                      stage_dir: Path) -> PlanT:
+        """Backend-specific plan resolution: image/container names,
+        env-file, prompt-file, proxy plan, runtime detection. Called by
+        `prepare` after `_validate` succeeds. Instance name, image,
+        prompt file, Dockerfile path, and guest home all live on
+        `agent_provision_plan` — the source of truth."""
+
+    def prelaunch_checks(self, plan: PlanT) -> None:
+        """Raise StaleImageError if any cached image used by this plan is stale.
+        No-op default; backends override to call the shared check_stale*
+        helpers on their image/artifact timestamps. Called by the CLI before
+        launch so the operator can be prompted outside the launch context."""
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def launch(self, plan: PlanT) -> Generator[Bottle, None, None]:
+        """Template: build or load images, then delegate to _launch_impl."""
+        images = self._build_or_load_images(plan)
+        with self._launch_impl(plan, images) as bottle:
+            yield bottle
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _build_or_load_images(self, plan: PlanT) -> BottleImages:
+        """Return the agent and sidecar image references (or artifact paths)
+        for this plan, building fresh images when the policy requires it."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _launch_impl(self, plan: PlanT, images: BottleImages) -> AbstractContextManager[Bottle]:
+        """Bring up the bottle using pre-resolved images; yield a handle; tear down on exit."""
+
+    def provision(self, plan: PlanT, bottle: "Bottle") -> str | None:
+        """Copy host-side files (CA cert, prompt, skills, .git) into
+        the running bottle. Called from `launch` after the container
+        / machine is up. Returns the in-container prompt path if a
+        prompt was provisioned, else None — the Bottle handle uses it
+        to decide whether to add provider-specific prompt args to the
+        agent's argv.
+
+        Default orchestration: ca → prompt → provider apply → skills
+        → workspace → git → supervise-mcp. CA install runs first so
+        the agent's trust store is rebuilt before anything inside the
+        agent makes a TLS call.
+
+        Per PRD 0050 the per-provider steps (prompt, skills,
+        declarative provision-plan apply, supervise MCP registration)
+        live on the `AgentProvider` plugin. The backend only owns the
+        steps that are about backend infrastructure (CA, workspace,
+        git) and surfaces the supervise daemon URL its launch step
+        knows about via `supervise_mcp_url`.
+
+        PRD 0017: cred-proxy's agent-side dotfile rewrites (~/.npmrc,
+        ~/.gitconfig insteadOf, tea config) are gone. Egress-proxy is
+        on the agent's HTTP_PROXY path so every tool that respects
+        HTTPS_PROXY (claude-code, git over HTTPS, npm, curl) is
+        intercepted without per-tool reconfiguration."""
+        provider = get_provider(plan.agent_provision.template)
+        provider.provision_ca(bottle, plan)
+        prompt_path = provider.provision_prompt(plan, bottle)
+        provider.provision(plan, bottle)
+        provider.provision_skills(plan, bottle)
+        self.provision_workspace(plan, bottle)
+        provider.provision_git(bottle, plan)
+        provider.provision_supervise_mcp(
+            plan, bottle, self.supervise_mcp_url(plan),
+        )
+        return prompt_path
+
+    def provision_workspace(self, plan: PlanT, bottle: "Bottle") -> None:
+        """Copy the operator workspace into the running bottle.
+
+        This is the only supported workspace-provisioning path: Docker
+        does not build a derived image containing the current
+        workspace."""
+        workspace = plan.workspace_plan
+        if not (workspace.enabled and workspace.copy_contents):
+            return
+
+        guest_parent = workspace.guest_path.rsplit("/", 1)[0] or "/"
+        guest_path = shlex.quote(workspace.guest_path)
+        guest_parent = shlex.quote(guest_parent)
+        owner = shlex.quote(workspace.owner)
+        mode = shlex.quote(workspace.mode)
+        info(f"copying {workspace.host_path} -> {bottle.name}:{workspace.guest_path}")
+        bottle.exec(
+            f"rm -rf {guest_path} && mkdir -p {guest_parent}",
+            user="root",
+        )
+        bottle.cp_in(str(workspace.host_path), workspace.guest_path)
+        bottle.exec(
+            f"chown -R {owner} {guest_path} && chmod {mode} {guest_path}",
+            user="root",
+        )
+
+    def supervise_mcp_url(self, plan: PlanT) -> str:
+        """Return the agent-side URL of the per-bottle supervise
+        gateway, or "" when this bottle has no gateway. The provider
+        plugin's `provision_supervise_mcp` uses it to register the
+        MCP entry inside the guest.
+
+        Default returns "" so backends without supervise support
+        don't have to implement it. Docker and firecracker override."""
+        del plan
+        return ""
+
+    def ensure_orchestrator(self) -> str:
+        """Bring up this backend's per-host orchestrator + shared gateway
+        (idempotent) and return the host-reachable control-plane URL.
+
+        This is the backend-agnostic bring-up entry point: `launch` calls
+        it as part of starting a bottle, and operator tools (`supervise`)
+        call it to start the control plane on demand when none is running
+        yet. Docker starts the orchestrator + gateway containers;
+        firecracker boots the infra VM. Backends with no orchestrator
+        (macos-container) die with a pointer — the default here."""
+        die(f"backend {self.name!r} has no orchestrator control plane")
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def prepare_cleanup(self) -> CleanupT:
+        """Enumerate orphaned resources from previous bottles. No side
+        effects; safe to call before the y/N."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def cleanup(self, plan: CleanupT) -> None:
+        """Remove everything described by the cleanup plan."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def enumerate_active(self) -> Sequence[ActiveAgent]:
+        """Return every currently-running agent on this backend.
+        Empty when none. Backend-specific: docker queries `docker
+        compose ls`; firecracker cross-references its running gateway
+        containers against per-bottle metadata."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_available(cls) -> bool:
+        """Whether this backend's runtime prerequisites are satisfied
+        on the current host. Docker → `docker` on PATH; firecracker →
+        Linux + KVM. Used by the cross-backend
+        `enumerate_active_agents` / `cmd_cleanup` to skip backends
+        the operator hasn't installed, so a docker-only host
+        doesn't fail when `cli.py active` walks past
+        firecracker."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def setup(cls) -> int:
+        """Emit this backend's one-time host setup — privileged network
+        pool, daemon bring-up, install pointers, etc. — as
+        host-appropriate config or commands. Prints to stdout/stderr and
+        returns a shell exit code (0 = nothing to report / success). A
+        backend that needs no host setup prints a short note and returns
+        0. Invoked generically by `./cli.py backend setup [--backend=…]`
+        so operators can provision any backend without a
+        backend-specific command. Classmethod (like `is_available`) —
+        it's a host query, not per-bottle state."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def status(cls, *, quiet: bool = False) -> int:
+        """Report whether this backend's prerequisites are satisfied on
+        the host — binaries, daemon reachability, network pool, range
+        conflicts, etc. Returns BackendStatus.READY (0) when the backend
+        is ready to launch and non-zero when something is missing.
+
+        When quiet=False (default) prints a human-readable summary to
+        stderr. When quiet=True returns the status code silently —
+        useful for cheap programmatic checks.
+
+        Invoked by `./cli.py backend status [--backend=…]` (quiet=False)
+        and by is_backend_ready() (caller-controlled)."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def teardown(cls) -> int:
+        """Undo `setup()` — the inverse operation, surfaced as
+        `./cli.py backend teardown [--backend=…]` (uninstall). Symmetric
+        with setup: where setup is advisory (prints the privileged
+        commands / declarative config to apply), teardown prints the
+        commands / config change to remove the host prerequisites. A
+        backend with no host setup prints a short note and returns 0.
+        Not called by the launch path or the test suite."""

bot_bottle/backend/docker/__init__.py

@@ -11,19 +11,43 @@ The bulk of the implementation lives in sibling modules:
   - launch:               bring-up + teardown context manager
   - cleanup:              orphan enumeration, removal, active listing
   - backend:              DockerBottleBackend façade wiring the above
+  - infra:                DockerInfraService (the per-host orchestrator + gateway pair)
 
-This file only re-exports the public names so
+Thin by design: the public names are re-exported lazily via `__getattr__`, so
-`from bot_bottle.backend.docker import DockerBottleBackend` keeps
+importing a leaf like `backend.docker.util` doesn't drag `DockerBottleBackend`
-working.
+(and the whole framework it pulls) into memory.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .backend import DockerBottleBackend
     from .bottle import DockerBottle
     from .bottle_cleanup_plan import DockerBottleCleanupPlan
     from .bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
 
+
+_LAZY_MODULES: dict[str, str] = {
+    "DockerBottleBackend": "backend",
+    "DockerBottle": "bottle",
+    "DockerBottleCleanupPlan": "bottle_cleanup_plan",
+    "DockerBottlePlan": "bottle_plan",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    mod = _LAZY_MODULES.get(name)
+    if mod is None:
+        raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
+    from importlib import import_module
+
+    value = getattr(import_module(f"{__name__}.{mod}"), name)
+    globals()[name] = value
+    return value
+
+
 __all__ = [
     "DockerBottle",
     "DockerBottleBackend",

bot_bottle/backend/docker/backend.py

@@ -20,18 +20,19 @@ infrastructure: CA install and git copy-in.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import shutil
-from contextlib import contextmanager
+import io
+from contextlib import contextmanager, redirect_stderr
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Generator, Sequence
 
-from ...supervise import SUPERVISE_HOSTNAME, SUPERVISE_PORT
+from ...supervisor.types import SUPERVISE_HOSTNAME, SUPERVISE_PORT
 from ...agent_provider import AgentProvisionPlan
 from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...env import ResolvedEnv
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
-from ...supervise import SupervisePlan
+from ...supervisor.plan import SupervisePlan
 from ...manifest import Manifest
-from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleSpec
+from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleImages, BottleSpec
 from . import cleanup as _cleanup
 from . import enumerate as _enumerate
 from . import launch as _launch
@@ -60,8 +61,11 @@ class DockerBottleBackend(BottleBackend["DockerBottlePlan", "DockerBottleCleanup
         return _setup.setup()
 
     @classmethod
-    def status(cls) -> int:
+    def status(cls, *, quiet: bool = False) -> int:
         from . import setup as _setup
+        if quiet:
+            with redirect_stderr(io.StringIO()):
+                return _setup.status()
         return _setup.status()
 
     @classmethod
@@ -100,14 +104,20 @@ class DockerBottleBackend(BottleBackend["DockerBottlePlan", "DockerBottleCleanup
             stage_dir=stage_dir,
         )
 
+    def prelaunch_checks(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> None:
+        _launch.stale_checks(plan)
+
+    def _build_or_load_images(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+        return _launch.build_or_load_images(plan)
+
     @contextmanager
-    def launch(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> Generator[DockerBottle, None, None]:
+    def _launch_impl(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan, images: BottleImages) -> Generator[DockerBottle, None, None]:
-        with _launch.launch(plan, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
+        with _launch.launch(plan, images, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
             yield bottle
 
     def ensure_orchestrator(self) -> str:
-        from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import OrchestratorService
+        from .infra import DockerInfraService
-        return OrchestratorService().ensure_running()
+        return DockerInfraService().ensure_running()
 
     def supervise_mcp_url(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> str:
         """Docker bottles reach the supervise daemon via the

bot_bottle/backend/docker/bottle_plan.py

@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ class DockerBottlePlan(BottlePlan):
     # (egress proxy credentials, git-gate/supervise headers); set by launch
     # from the orchestrator registration. Empty pre-registration.
     identity_token: str = ""
+    # Encryption key for the agent's stored egress secrets; injected into the
+    # agent container as ENV_VAR_SECRET via the compose subprocess env (bare
+    # name — value never written to the compose file). Empty pre-registration.
+    env_var_secret: str = ""
 
     @property
     def container_name(self) -> str:

bot_bottle/backend/docker/consolidated_compose.py

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any
 
-from ...egress import egress_agent_env_entries
+from ...egress import Egress
+from ...orchestrator.store.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME
 from ..util import AGENT_CA_BUNDLE, AGENT_CA_PATH
 from .bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
 from .egress import EGRESS_PORT
@@ -58,7 +59,11 @@ def consolidated_agent_compose(
     # the secret value never lands on argv or in the compose file.
     for name in sorted(plan.forwarded_env.keys()):
         env.append(name)
-    env.extend(egress_agent_env_entries(plan.egress_plan))
+    # ENV_VAR_SECRET: bare name so the value comes from the compose subprocess
+    # env (set in launch.py) and is never written to the compose file on disk.
+    if getattr(plan, "env_var_secret", ""):
+        env.append(ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME)
+    env.extend(Egress().agent_env_entries(plan.egress_plan))
 
     service: dict[str, Any] = {
         "image": plan.image,

bot_bottle/backend/docker/consolidated_launch.py

@@ -1,19 +1,13 @@
 """Consolidated bottle launch sequence for the docker backend (PRD 0070).
 
-Composes the orchestrator primitives into the register/teardown sequence that
+Composes the orchestrator primitives into the register/teardown sequence:
-replaces the per-bottle gateway:
 
-  1. ensure the orchestrator control plane + shared gateway are up;
+  1. ensure the per-host pair (orchestrator + gateway containers) is up;
-  2. allocate the bottle a pinned source IP on the gateway network (the
+  2. allocate the bottle a pinned source IP on the gateway network;
-     attribution key), skipping the gateway's own address + live bottles;
+  3. register it and provision its git-gate repos/creds into the gateway.
-  3. register it (egress policy blob + slug metadata) → bottle id + identity
-     token;
-  4. provision its git-gate repos/creds into the running gateway.
 
-It returns a `LaunchContext` with everything the agent container needs to
+Returns a `LaunchContext` with everything the agent container needs to
-attach — network, pinned IP, the gateway's address (its proxy target), the
+attach. The agent `docker run` itself is the backend's job; this owns the
-orchestrator URL, and the identity token. The agent `docker run` itself is
-the backend's job (it owns provider provisioning); this owns the
 orchestrator-facing wiring so that sequence stays testable in isolation.
 """
 
@@ -21,19 +15,18 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
-from ...docker_cmd import run_docker
+from ... import log
+from .util import run_docker
 from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
 from ...orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient
-from ...orchestrator.gateway import GATEWAY_NAME, GATEWAY_NETWORK
+from ...gateway import GATEWAY_NETWORK
-from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import OrchestratorService
+from .infra import INFRA_NAME, DockerInfraService
-from ...orchestrator.registration import registration_inputs
+from ...orchestrator.store.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME
+from ...orchestrator.reprovision import reprovision_bottles
+from ..provision_bottle import deprovision_bottle, provision_bottle
+from .gateway_transport import DockerGatewayTransport
 from .gateway_net import next_free_ip
-from .gateway_provision import (
-    DockerGatewayTransport,
-    deprovision_git_gate,
-    provision_git_gate,
-)
 
 
 class ConsolidatedLaunchError(RuntimeError):
@@ -50,6 +43,7 @@ class LaunchContext:
     network: str            # the shared gateway network to attach to
     gateway_ip: str         # the gateway's address — the agent's proxy target
     orchestrator_url: str
+    env_var_secret: str = ""  # encryption key injected into the agent's env
 
 
 def _network_cidr(network: str) -> str:
@@ -66,71 +60,103 @@ def _network_cidr(network: str) -> str:
     return cidr
 
 
-def _container_ip(name: str, network: str) -> str:
-    """A container's IPv4 address on `network`, or raise."""
-    proc = run_docker([
-        "docker", "inspect", "--format",
-        f'{{{{(index .NetworkSettings.Networks "{network}").IPAddress}}}}', name,
-    ])
-    ip = proc.stdout.strip()
-    if proc.returncode != 0 or not ip:
-        raise ConsolidatedLaunchError(
-            f"gateway {name} has no address on {network}: {proc.stderr.strip()}"
-        )
-    return ip
-
-
 def _network_container_ips(network: str) -> list[str]:
     """Every address currently assigned on the gateway network — the ground
-    truth for "in use": the gateway + orchestrator infrastructure containers
+    truth for "in use": the gateway container and every live agent. Read from
-    and every live agent. Read from the network so a new bottle can't collide
+    the network so a new bottle can't collide with anything actually attached."""
-    with anything actually attached (a registry-only view would miss the
-    orchestrator/gateway containers)."""
     proc = run_docker([
         "docker", "network", "inspect", "--format",
         "{{range .Containers}}{{.IPv4Address}} {{end}}", network,
     ])
     ips: list[str] = []
     for entry in proc.stdout.split():
-        # entries look like "172.20.0.2/16" — keep the address.
         ips.append(entry.split("/", 1)[0])
     return ips
 
 
+def _reprovision_running_bottles(
+    orchestrator_url: str,
+    network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+    infra_name: str = INFRA_NAME,
+) -> None:
+    """Re-inject egress tokens for any registered bottles that lost their
+    in-memory tokens (e.g., after an orchestrator restart).
+
+    For each registered bottle whose source IP maps to a live container on the
+    gateway network, reads ENV_VAR_SECRET via ``docker exec … printenv`` and
+    calls ``POST /bottles/<id>/reprovision_gateway``. Idempotent — a no-op
+    when the orchestrator already has all tokens loaded. Best-effort: a single
+    container exec failure never blocks a new bottle launch."""
+    client = OrchestratorClient(orchestrator_url)
+    # Build {source_ip: container_name} from live containers on the gateway
+    # network, excluding the gateway container itself.
+    try:
+        proc = run_docker([
+            "docker", "network", "inspect",
+            "--format", "{{range .Containers}}{{.Name}} {{.IPv4Address}}\n{{end}}",
+            network,
+        ])
+    except OSError as exc:
+        log.info(f"egress token reprovision skipped: {exc}")
+        return
+    ip_to_container: dict[str, str] = {}
+    for line in proc.stdout.splitlines():
+        parts = line.strip().split()
+        if len(parts) >= 2 and parts[0] != infra_name:
+            ip = parts[1].split("/", 1)[0]
+            if ip:
+                ip_to_container[ip] = parts[0]
+
+    secrets_by_ip: dict[str, str] = {}
+    for source_ip, container_name in ip_to_container.items():
+        proc = run_docker(
+            ["docker", "exec", container_name, "printenv", ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME]
+        )
+        if proc.returncode == 0 and proc.stdout.strip():
+            secrets_by_ip[source_ip] = proc.stdout.strip()
+
+    reprovisioned = reprovision_bottles(client, secrets_by_ip)
+    if reprovisioned:
+        log.info(
+            "reprovisioned egress tokens",
+            context={"count": reprovisioned},
+        )
+
+
 def launch_consolidated(
     egress_plan: EgressPlan,
     git_gate_plan: GitGatePlan,
     *,
     image_ref: str = "",
     tokens: dict[str, str] | None = None,
-    service: OrchestratorService | None = None,
+    service: DockerInfraService | None = None,
-    gateway_name: str = GATEWAY_NAME,
+    infra_name: str = INFRA_NAME,
     network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
 ) -> LaunchContext:
-    """Ensure the orchestrator + gateway are up, allocate + register the
+    """Ensure the orchestrator + gateway pair is up, allocate + register the bottle, and
-    bottle, and provision its git-gate state. Returns the agent's attach
+    provision its git-gate state. Returns the agent's attach context.
-    context. Raises `ConsolidatedLaunchError` (or the primitives' own errors)
+
-    if any step fails — the caller tears down on failure."""
+    Also reprovisiones egress tokens for any already-running bottles that lost
-    service = service or OrchestratorService()
+    their in-memory credentials (e.g. after an orchestrator restart), so
+    they regain egress access before the new bottle is registered."""
+    service = service or DockerInfraService()
     url = service.ensure_running()
+    # Agents attribute against the *gateway* container (data plane), not the
+    # orchestrator — the two planes are now separate containers. Read its
+    # agent-facing address + provisioning transport off the Gateway service.
+    gateway = service.gateway()
+    _reprovision_running_bottles(url, network=network, infra_name=gateway.name)
     client = OrchestratorClient(url)
 
     cidr = _network_cidr(network)
-    gateway_ip = _container_ip(gateway_name, network)
+    gateway_ip = gateway.address()
     source_ip = next_free_ip(cidr, _network_container_ips(network))
 
-    inputs = registration_inputs(egress_plan)
+    transport = gateway.provisioning_transport()
-    reg = client.register_bottle(
+    reg = provision_bottle(
-        source_ip, image_ref=image_ref, policy=inputs.policy,
+        client, source_ip, egress_plan, git_gate_plan, transport,
-        metadata=inputs.metadata, tokens=tokens,
+        image_ref=image_ref, tokens=tokens,
     )
-    try:
-        provision_git_gate(
-            DockerGatewayTransport(gateway_name), reg.bottle_id, git_gate_plan)
-    except Exception:
-        # Roll the registration back so a provisioning failure leaves no orphan.
-        client.teardown_bottle(reg.bottle_id)
-        raise
     return LaunchContext(
         bottle_id=reg.bottle_id,
         identity_token=reg.identity_token,
@@ -138,21 +164,22 @@ def launch_consolidated(
         network=network,
         gateway_ip=gateway_ip,
         orchestrator_url=url,
+        env_var_secret=reg.env_var_secret,
     )
 
 
-def teardown_consolidated(
+def deprovision_consolidated(
-    bottle_id: str, *, orchestrator_url: str, gateway_name: str = GATEWAY_NAME,
+    bottle_id: str, *, orchestrator_url: str, infra_name: str = INFRA_NAME,
+    timeout: float | None = None,
 ) -> None:
-    """Deregister the bottle and remove its git-gate state from the gateway.
+    """Deregister the bottle and remove its git-gate state. Idempotent."""
-    Both steps are idempotent so this is safe from a cleanup trap."""
+    deprovision_bottle(bottle_id, DockerGatewayTransport(infra_name),
-    OrchestratorClient(orchestrator_url).teardown_bottle(bottle_id)
+                   orchestrator_url=orchestrator_url, timeout=timeout)
-    deprovision_git_gate(DockerGatewayTransport(gateway_name), bottle_id)
 
 
 __all__ = [
     "LaunchContext",
     "launch_consolidated",
-    "teardown_consolidated",
+    "deprovision_consolidated",
     "ConsolidatedLaunchError",
 ]

bot_bottle/backend/docker/enumerate.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Active-agent enumeration for the docker backend.
 
-Returns `ActiveAgent` records the CLI `list active` command and the
+Returns `ActiveAgent` records the CLI `active` command and the
 dashboard agents pane consume. Empty when docker isn't reachable
 — gated by `has_backend('docker')` at the cross-backend caller
 so this module trusts that docker is available when called.
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def _parse_services_by_project(stdout: str) -> dict[str, set[str]]:
 
 def _query_services_by_project() -> dict[str, set[str]]:
     """One `docker ps` call → `{project: {service, ...}}`. Used
-    by the CLI's `list active` and the dashboard's agents pane —
+    by the CLI's `active` and the dashboard's agents pane —
     one subprocess per refresh tick, not one per bottle."""
     try:
         r = subprocess.run(

bot_bottle/backend/docker/gateway.py

@@ -1,106 +1,20 @@
-"""The consolidated per-host gateway (PRD 0070).
-
-The core consolidation win: **one** persistent gateway per host, shared by
-every bottle, instead of a gateway per bottle. It's safe to share
-because the attribution invariant (source IP + identity token, see
-`registry`) lets the gateway attribute each request to the right bottle —
-so per-bottle policy lives in one long-lived process keyed on who's calling.
-
-`Gateway` is the backend-neutral lifecycle contract (mirrors `LaunchBroker`):
-ensure the single instance is up, report it, tear it down. `DockerGateway`
-is the docker implementation; a firecracker gateway VM slots in later.
-
-The defining behaviour is **idempotent singleton**: `ensure_running` starts
-the instance if absent and is a no-op if it's already up, so N bottle
-launches never spawn N gateways.
-"""
-
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import abc
 import os
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from ..docker_cmd import run_docker
+from .util import run_docker
-from ..paths import (
+from .gateway_transport import DockerGatewayTransport
-    CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV,
+from ...paths import (
-    host_control_plane_token,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_AUTH_JWT_ENV,
-    host_db_path,
+    host_gateway_ca_dir,
+)
+from ...gateway import (
+  Gateway, GatewayTransport, GATEWAY_IMAGE, GATEWAY_NAME, GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+  GATEWAY_DOCKERFILE, REPO_ROOT, GATEWAY_LABEL, MITMPROXY_HOME,
+  DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, CA_POLL_SECONDS, GATEWAY_CA_CERT, GatewayError
 )
-from ..supervise import DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER
-
-# The host DB dir is bind-mounted here so the gateway's supervise daemon
-# writes its queued proposals into the ONE host DB (the same file the
-# orchestrator container opens and the operator reaches over HTTP).
-_SUPERVISE_DB_DIR_IN_CONTAINER = os.path.dirname(DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER)
-
-# The gateway's mitmproxy writes its CA a beat after the container starts, so
-# reads poll for it rather than assuming it's there on a fresh launch.
-_CA_POLL_SECONDS = 0.5
-DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30.0
-
-GATEWAY_NAME = "bot-bottle-orch-gateway"
-GATEWAY_LABEL = "bot-bottle-orch-gateway=1"
-# The single user-defined network the gateway and every agent bottle share.
-# Agents attach here with a pinned IP and reach the gateway's egress /
-# git-http / supervise ports by its address — no host port publishing, and
-# the source IP the gateway attributes by is the address on this network.
-GATEWAY_NETWORK = "bot-bottle-gateway"
-
-# mitmproxy's CA dir in the bundle. A persistent named volume here keeps the
-# gateway's self-generated CA STABLE across container recreation — every agent
-# installs this one CA to trust the shared gateway's TLS interception, so it
-# must not rotate when the gateway restarts.
-MITMPROXY_HOME = "/home/mitmproxy/.mitmproxy"
-GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME = "bot-bottle-gateway-mitmproxy"
-GATEWAY_CA_CERT = f"{MITMPROXY_HOME}/mitmproxy-ca-cert.pem"
-
-# The gateway data-plane image + its Dockerfile. Kept as a local constant
-# rather than imported from the backend layer, which would drag
-# the whole backend layer into the lean orchestrator (see #359); unify when
-# that lands. Env override matches the backend's BOT_BOTTLE_GATEWAY_IMAGE.
-GATEWAY_IMAGE = os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_GATEWAY_IMAGE", "bot-bottle-gateway:latest")
-GATEWAY_DOCKERFILE = "Dockerfile.gateway"
-_REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
-
-
-def _host_db_dir() -> str:
-    """The host DB directory (created if missing), for the gateway's
-    supervise-DB bind-mount."""
-    db_dir = host_db_path().parent
-    db_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    return str(db_dir)
-
-
-class GatewayError(Exception):
-    """The shared gateway failed to build/start/stop (non-zero `docker` exit)."""
-
-
-class Gateway(abc.ABC):
-    """Lifecycle of the single per-host gateway. Backend-neutral."""
-
-    name: str
-
-    def ensure_built(self) -> None:
-        """Ensure the gateway's image / rootfs exists, building it if needed.
-        Default: nothing to build (e.g. a stub or a pre-pulled image)."""
-        return
-
-    @abc.abstractmethod
-    def ensure_running(self) -> None:
-        """Start the gateway if it isn't already up. Idempotent: a no-op
-        when it's already running (that's the whole point — one per host).
-        Assumes the image exists — call `ensure_built()` first."""
-
-    @abc.abstractmethod
-    def is_running(self) -> bool:
-        """True iff the gateway instance is currently up."""
-
-    @abc.abstractmethod
-    def stop(self) -> None:
-        """Remove the gateway. Idempotent — absent is success."""
-
 
 class DockerGateway(Gateway):
     """The consolidated gateway as a single, fixed-name Docker container.
@@ -116,7 +30,7 @@ class DockerGateway(Gateway):
         *,
         name: str = GATEWAY_NAME,
         network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
-        orchestrator_url: str = "",
+        control_network: str = "",
         build_context: Path | None = None,
         dockerfile: str | None = GATEWAY_DOCKERFILE,
         host_port_bindings: tuple[int, ...] = (),
@@ -124,14 +38,19 @@ class DockerGateway(Gateway):
         self.image_ref = image_ref
         self.name = name
         self.network = network
-        # The control-plane URL the gateway's data plane resolves per bottle
+        # When set, the gateway is dual-homed: it also joins this `--internal`
-        # against — reached by container name over docker DNS on the shared
+        # control network (shared only with the orchestrator) so it can resolve
-        # network (container↔container, no host firewall). Mandatory to *run*
+        # `orchestrator_url` by container name over docker DNS. Agents are never
-        # the gateway (see `ensure_running`); empty is tolerated only for the
+        # on it, so they get no route to the control plane (PRD 0070).
-        # construct-then-read-CA path (`ca_cert_pem` on an already-running
+        self._control_network = control_network
-        # container), which never launches a container.
+        # The orchestrator binding — set by `connect_to_orchestrator` (the
-        self._orchestrator_url = orchestrator_url
+        # control-plane URL the data plane resolves against, and the pre-minted
-        self._build_context = build_context or _REPO_ROOT
+        # `gateway` token it presents; the gateway never mints, so it never
+        # holds the signing key — #469). Empty until connected; `ca_cert_pem` /
+        # `address` / `stop` work on an already-running gateway without it.
+        self._orchestrator_url = ""
+        self._gateway_token = ""
+        self._build_context = build_context or REPO_ROOT
         self._dockerfile = dockerfile
         # Ports published on the host (0.0.0.0). Used by the Firecracker
         # backend's dev-harness gateway so VMs can reach it via their TAP link;
@@ -195,7 +114,13 @@ class DockerGateway(Gateway):
                 f"gateway network {self.network} failed to create: {proc.stderr.strip()}"
             )
 
-    def ensure_running(self) -> None:
+    def connect_to_orchestrator(self, orchestrator_url: str, gateway_token: str) -> None:
+        # Bind to this orchestrator (PRD 0070): stash the URL its daemons resolve
+        # policy against + the pre-minted `gateway` token they present, then bring
+        # the container up. The gateway never mints, so it holds no signing key —
+        # only this token (#469).
+        self._orchestrator_url = orchestrator_url
+        self._gateway_token = gateway_token
         # Fail closed on a missing policy source. The data-plane daemons are
         # resolver-only now (PRD 0070) — without an orchestrator URL egress
         # raises, git-http exits 1, and supervise exits 2 — so launching a
@@ -206,6 +131,11 @@ class DockerGateway(Gateway):
                 "gateway requires an orchestrator URL to run "
                 "(resolver-only data plane; no single-tenant fallback)"
             )
+        if not self._gateway_token:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                "gateway requires a pre-minted `gateway` token to run "
+                "(the orchestrator mints it; the gateway never holds the key)"
+            )
         # Recreate when the running container's image is stale (a rebuild),
         # so source changes to the gateway's flat daemons take effect — not
         # just when the container is absent.
@@ -221,14 +151,14 @@ class DockerGateway(Gateway):
             "--name", self.name,
             "--label", GATEWAY_LABEL,
             "--network", self.network,
-            # Persist the self-generated CA so it survives restarts (agents
+            # Persist the self-generated CA on the host so it survives both
-            # trust it) — see GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME.
+            # container recreation AND docker volume pruning (agents trust it)
-            "--volume", f"{GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME}:{MITMPROXY_HOME}",
+            # — see host_gateway_ca_dir / issue #450.
-            # Share the one host DB: the supervise daemon queues proposals
+            "--volume", f"{host_gateway_ca_dir()}:{MITMPROXY_HOME}",
-            # into the same file the orchestrator (and the operator, over
+            # No DB mount: the data plane (egress / supervise / git-gate) reaches
-            # HTTP) reads — no second, disconnected DB in the container.
+            # the supervise queue over the control-plane RPC and never opens
-            "--volume", f"{_host_db_dir()}:{_SUPERVISE_DB_DIR_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            # bot-bottle.db, so the gateway container gets no file handle on it
-            "--env", f"SUPERVISE_DB_PATH={DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            # (PRD 0070 / issue #469).
         ]
         for port in self._host_port_bindings:
             argv += ["--publish", f"0.0.0.0:{port}:{port}"]
@@ -237,15 +167,42 @@ class DockerGateway(Gateway):
         # policy against the control plane per request (guaranteed non-empty by
         # the check above).
         argv += ["--env", f"BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_URL={self._orchestrator_url}"]
-        # ...and present the control-plane secret on those /resolve calls (the
+        # ...presenting a role-scoped `gateway` token (a signed JWT minted from
-        # control plane requires it). Bare `--env NAME` keeps the value off argv
+        # the host signing key) on those calls. The gateway never receives the
-        # / `docker inspect`; only the gateway (not the agent) is given it.
+        # signing key — only this pre-minted token, which it cannot rewrite into
-        argv += ["--env", CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV]
+        # a `cli` token, so a compromised data-plane process can't drive the
-        run_env[CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV] = host_control_plane_token()
+        # operator routes (issue #469 review). Bare `--env NAME` keeps the value
+        # off argv / `docker inspect`; only the gateway (not the agent) is given it.
+        argv += ["--env", ORCHESTRATOR_AUTH_JWT_ENV]
+        run_env[ORCHESTRATOR_AUTH_JWT_ENV] = self._gateway_token
         argv.append(self.image_ref)
         proc = run_docker(argv, env=run_env)
         if proc.returncode != 0:
             raise GatewayError(f"gateway failed to start: {proc.stderr.strip()}")
+        # Dual-home onto the control network so the daemons resolve the
+        # orchestrator by name. Docker attaches only one network at `run`, so
+        # the second is a `network connect` — the daemons tolerate the brief
+        # pre-connect window (they retry /resolve per request).
+        if self._control_network:
+            self._connect_control_network()
+
+    def _connect_control_network(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure the `--internal` control network exists and attach the gateway
+        to it (idempotent — an already-connected container is a tolerated
+        no-op)."""
+        if run_docker(["docker", "network", "inspect", self._control_network]).returncode != 0:
+            proc = run_docker(["docker", "network", "create", "--internal", self._control_network])
+            if proc.returncode != 0 and "already exists" not in proc.stderr:
+                raise GatewayError(
+                    f"control network {self._control_network} failed to create: "
+                    f"{proc.stderr.strip()}"
+                )
+        proc = run_docker(["docker", "network", "connect", self._control_network, self.name])
+        if proc.returncode != 0 and "already exists" not in proc.stderr:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                f"gateway failed to join control network {self._control_network}: "
+                f"{proc.stderr.strip()}"
+            )
 
     def ca_cert_pem(self, *, timeout: float = DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) -> str:
         """The gateway's CA certificate (PEM) that agents install to trust its
@@ -263,16 +220,33 @@ class DockerGateway(Gateway):
                     f"gateway CA cert not available after {timeout:g}s: "
                     f"{proc.stderr.strip() or 'empty'}"
                 )
-            time.sleep(_CA_POLL_SECONDS)
+            time.sleep(CA_POLL_SECONDS)
 
     def stop(self) -> None:
         proc = run_docker(["docker", "rm", "--force", self.name])
         if proc.returncode != 0 and "No such container" not in proc.stderr:
             raise GatewayError(f"gateway failed to stop: {proc.stderr.strip()}")
 
+    def address(self) -> str:
+        """The gateway's IPv4 on the agent-facing network (`self.network`) — the
+        proxy target agents dial for egress / git-http / supervise. This is
+        *not* the control network: agents share only this network with the
+        gateway, so its address here is also the source IP the gateway
+        attributes each request by."""
+        proc = run_docker([
+            "docker", "inspect", "--format",
+            f'{{{{(index .NetworkSettings.Networks "{self.network}").IPAddress}}}}',
+            self.name,
+        ])
+        ip = proc.stdout.strip()
+        if proc.returncode != 0 or not ip:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                f"gateway {self.name} has no address on {self.network}: "
+                f"{proc.stderr.strip()}"
+            )
+        return ip
 
-__all__ = [
+    def provisioning_transport(self) -> GatewayTransport:
-    "Gateway", "DockerGateway", "GatewayError",
+        """The exec/cp transport git-gate provisioning stages per-bottle repos +
-    "GATEWAY_NAME", "GATEWAY_LABEL", "GATEWAY_IMAGE", "GATEWAY_NETWORK",
+        deploy keys through (over the docker socket)."""
-    "GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME", "GATEWAY_CA_CERT",
+        return DockerGatewayTransport(self.name)
-]

bot_bottle/backend/docker/gateway_transport.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""The `GatewayTransport` for the docker gateway container (PRD 0070).
+
+How the launcher stages files + runs commands in the running gateway container:
+`docker exec` / `docker cp` over the docker socket. The backend-neutral
+provisioning logic that drives it lives in `backend.provision_gateway`.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .util import run_docker
+from ...gateway import GatewayProvisionError
+
+
+class DockerGatewayTransport:
+    """`GatewayTransport` for the docker gateway container (exec/cp)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, gateway: str) -> None:
+        self.gateway = gateway
+
+    def exec(self, argv: list[str]) -> None:
+        proc = run_docker(["docker", "exec", self.gateway, *argv])
+        if proc.returncode != 0:
+            raise GatewayProvisionError(
+                f"gateway exec {argv!r} failed: {proc.stderr.strip()}"
+            )
+
+    def cp_into(self, src: str, dest: str) -> None:
+        proc = run_docker(["docker", "cp", src, f"{self.gateway}:{dest}"])
+        if proc.returncode != 0:
+            raise GatewayProvisionError(
+                f"gateway cp {src} -> {dest} failed: {proc.stderr.strip()}"
+            )
+
+
+__all__ = ["DockerGatewayTransport"]

bot_bottle/backend/docker/infra.py

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+"""The per-host control plane + gateway for the docker backend (PRD 0070).
+
+Runs the orchestrator (control plane) and the gateway (data plane) as **two
+separate containers**, split now that #469 got the DB off the data plane:
+
+  * `bot-bottle-orchestrator` — the lean control-plane container
+    (`DockerOrchestrator`). Joins the `bot-bottle-orchestrator` **control
+    network** (`--internal`) only, plus a host-loopback publish for the CLI.
+    Sole opener of `bot-bottle.db`; holds the signing key.
+  * `bot-bottle-gateway` — the data-plane container (`DockerGateway`).
+    **Dual-homed** on the agent-facing `bot-bottle-gateway` network *and* the
+    control network, so it reaches the orchestrator by name over docker DNS
+    (`http://bot-bottle-orchestrator:8099`) while agents — which are never on
+    the control network — cannot reach the control plane at all (the L3 block
+    Firecracker's nft already has). Holds the `gateway` JWT + the mitmproxy CA.
+
+`DockerInfraService` composes the two services (`orchestrator()` + `gateway()`)
+and brings them up as an idempotent per-host pair. Callers use `ensure_running()`
+(returns the host control-plane URL) + `gateway_name` (the container the launch
+flow attributes agents against).
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from .util import run_docker
+from .gateway import DockerGateway
+from .orchestrator import (
+    DockerOrchestrator,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_LABEL,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_NAME,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_NETWORK,
+)
+from ...paths import bot_bottle_root
+from ...gateway import (
+    GATEWAY_IMAGE,
+    GATEWAY_NAME,
+    GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+)
+from ..infra_service import InfraService
+from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import (
+    DEFAULT_PORT,
+    DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+)
+
+# Back-compat aliases: the split retired the combined `bot-bottle-infra`
+# container, but the fixed-name constants some callers/tests import still map to
+# the pair's public identity.
+INFRA_NAME = GATEWAY_NAME  # the container agents attribute against is the gateway
+
+_REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+
+
+class DockerInfraService(InfraService):
+    """Composes the per-host control plane + gateway as two containers.
+
+    `orchestrator_name` / `gateway_name` let callers run independent pairs on
+    one host without name collisions (e.g. isolated integration tests that
+    can't share the production singletons)."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port: int = DEFAULT_PORT,
+        network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+        control_network: str = ORCHESTRATOR_NETWORK,
+        orchestrator_image: str = ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE,
+        gateway_image: str = GATEWAY_IMAGE,
+        repo_root: Path = _REPO_ROOT,
+        host_root: Path | None = None,
+        orchestrator_name: str = ORCHESTRATOR_NAME,
+        orchestrator_label: str = ORCHESTRATOR_LABEL,
+        gateway_name: str = GATEWAY_NAME,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.port = port
+        self.network = network
+        self.control_network = control_network
+        self.orchestrator_image = orchestrator_image
+        self.gateway_image = gateway_image
+        self._repo_root = repo_root
+        self._host_root = host_root or bot_bottle_root()
+        self._orchestrator_name = orchestrator_name
+        self._orchestrator_label = orchestrator_label
+        self._gateway_name = gateway_name
+
+    def orchestrator(self) -> DockerOrchestrator:
+        """The control-plane service. Cheap to reconstruct — `ensure_built`
+        builds its image, `ensure_running` brings it up, and the launch flow
+        reads its `url()` / `gateway_url()` / `mint_gateway_token()` off it."""
+        return DockerOrchestrator(
+            self.orchestrator_image,
+            name=self._orchestrator_name,
+            label=self._orchestrator_label,
+            port=self.port,
+            control_network=self.control_network,
+            repo_root=self._repo_root,
+            host_root=self._host_root,
+        )
+
+    def gateway(self) -> DockerGateway:
+        """The data-plane gateway, dual-homed on the agent network + the control
+        network, resolving policy against the orchestrator by name. Cheap to
+        reconstruct — the launch flow reads its `address()` / provisioning
+        transport off it, and `ensure_running` connects it to the control
+        plane."""
+        return DockerGateway(
+            self.gateway_image,
+            name=self._gateway_name,
+            network=self.network,
+            control_network=self.control_network,
+            build_context=self._repo_root,
+        )
+
+    def ensure_running(
+        self, *, startup_timeout: float = DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Ensure the orchestrator + gateway containers are up; return the host
+        control-plane URL. Idempotent — a healthy orchestrator on current source
+        (and a current-image gateway) is left untouched. Raises
+        `OrchestratorStartError` on control-plane startup timeout."""
+        orchestrator = self.orchestrator()
+        gateway = self.gateway()
+        # Build both images (cache-aware; a no-op when nothing changed) before
+        # bringing either plane up.
+        orchestrator.ensure_built()
+        gateway.ensure_built()
+
+        orchestrator.ensure_running(startup_timeout=startup_timeout)
+
+        # Bring up (or refresh) the gateway once the control plane it resolves
+        # against is healthy. The orchestrator (which holds the signing key)
+        # mints the role-scoped `gateway` JWT here and hands it to the gateway,
+        # which never sees the key (#469). `connect_to_orchestrator` is
+        # idempotent.
+        gateway.connect_to_orchestrator(
+            orchestrator.gateway_url(), orchestrator.mint_gateway_token(),
+        )
+        return orchestrator.url()
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Remove both containers (idempotent)."""
+        run_docker(["docker", "rm", "--force", self._gateway_name])
+        run_docker(["docker", "rm", "--force", self._orchestrator_name])
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DockerInfraService",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_NAME",
+    "INFRA_NAME",
+]

bot_bottle/backend/docker/launch.py

@@ -37,12 +37,11 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Callable, Generator
 
 from ...agent_provider import runtime_for
-from ...egress import egress_resolve_token_values
+from ...egress import Egress
-from ...git_gate import (
+from ...git_gate import GitGate
-    provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys,
+from ...image_cache import check_stale
-    revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys,
+from ...log import die, info, warn
-)
+from .. import BottleImages
-from ...log import info, warn
 from . import util as docker_mod
 from .bottle import DockerBottle
 from .bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
@@ -62,24 +61,57 @@ from .compose import (
     write_compose_file,
 )
 from .consolidated_compose import consolidated_agent_compose
-from .consolidated_launch import launch_consolidated, teardown_consolidated
+from ...orchestrator.store.config_store import resolve_teardown_timeout
-from ...orchestrator.gateway import DockerGateway
+from .consolidated_launch import launch_consolidated, deprovision_consolidated
+from .infra import INFRA_NAME
+from .gateway import DockerGateway
 
 
 # Where the repo root lives, for `docker build` context. Computed once.
 _REPO_DIR = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent.parent)
 
 
+def build_or_load_images(plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+    """Resolve the agent image ref for this plan.
+
+    Returns the committed snapshot if one exists, the cached image when the
+    policy is 'cached', or builds a fresh image and returns that."""
+    committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
+    if committed and docker_mod.image_exists(committed):
+        info(f"using committed image {committed!r}")
+        return BottleImages(agent=committed)
+    if plan.spec.image_policy == "cached":
+        if not docker_mod.image_exists(plan.image):
+            die(
+                f"cached agent image {plan.image!r} not found; "
+                "run without --cached-images to build it"
+            )
+        info(f"using cached agent image {plan.image!r}")
+        return BottleImages(agent=plan.image)
+    docker_mod.build_image(plan.image, _REPO_DIR, dockerfile=plan.dockerfile_path)
+    docker_mod.verify_agent_image(
+        plan.image, runtime_for(plan.agent_provider_template).smoke_test,
+    )
+    return BottleImages(agent=plan.image)
+
+
 @contextmanager
 def launch(
     plan: DockerBottlePlan,
+    images: BottleImages,
     *,
     provision: Callable[[DockerBottlePlan, "DockerBottle"], str | None],
 ) -> Generator[DockerBottle, None, None]:
-    """Build, launch, and provision a Docker bottle via compose.
+    """Launch and provision a Docker bottle via compose. Teardown on exit."""
-    Teardown on exit."""
     stack = ExitStack()
 
+    # Stamp the resolved agent image ref into the plan so compose rendering
+    # picks up the right image (may be a committed snapshot or cached ref).
+    plan = dataclasses.replace(
+        plan,
+        agent_provision=dataclasses.replace(plan.agent_provision, image=str(images.agent)),
+    )
+
     _bottle_for_revoke = plan.manifest.bottle
     _git_gate_dir_for_revoke = git_gate_state_dir(plan.slug)
 
@@ -91,35 +123,16 @@ def launch(
                 f"teardown failed for container {plan.container_name}"
                 f" (compose-down): {exc!r}"
             )
-        revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys(
+        GitGate().revoke_provisioned_keys(
             _bottle_for_revoke, _git_gate_dir_for_revoke
         )
 
     try:
-        # Step 1: agent image. Use a committed snapshot when one exists
-        # and is present in the local daemon; otherwise build from the
-        # Dockerfile. (The gateway image is built by the orchestrator.)
-        committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
-        if committed and docker_mod.image_exists(committed):
-            info(f"using committed image {committed!r}")
-            plan = dataclasses.replace(
-                plan,
-                agent_provision=dataclasses.replace(plan.agent_provision, image=committed),
-            )
-        else:
-            docker_mod.build_image(
-                plan.image, _REPO_DIR,
-                dockerfile=plan.dockerfile_path,
-            )
-            docker_mod.verify_agent_image(
-                plan.image, runtime_for(plan.agent_provider_template).smoke_test,
-            )
-
         # Step 2: mint the git-gate dynamic (gitea) deploy keys, if any, before
         # provisioning the bottle's repos into the shared gateway.
         git_gate_plan = plan.git_gate_plan
         if git_gate_plan.upstreams:
-            git_gate_plan = provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys(
+            git_gate_plan = GitGate().provision_dynamic_keys(
                 plan.manifest.bottle, git_gate_plan, git_gate_state_dir(plan.slug),
             )
 
@@ -130,22 +143,27 @@ def launch(
         # handed to the orchestrator (in memory) for the gateway to inject —
         # the agent never sees them.
         effective_env = {**os.environ, **plan.agent_provision.provisioned_env}
-        token_values = egress_resolve_token_values(
+        token_values = Egress().resolve_token_values(
             plan.egress_plan.token_env_map, effective_env,
         )
+        teardown_timeout = resolve_teardown_timeout()
         ctx = launch_consolidated(
             plan.egress_plan, git_gate_plan, image_ref=plan.image, tokens=token_values,
         )
         stack.callback(
-            teardown_consolidated, ctx.bottle_id, orchestrator_url=ctx.orchestrator_url,
+            deprovision_consolidated, ctx.bottle_id,
+            orchestrator_url=ctx.orchestrator_url,
+            timeout=teardown_timeout,
         )
 
         # Step 4: install the SHARED gateway CA into the agent (replaces the
-        # per-bottle CA) — read it out of the running gateway.
+        # per-bottle CA) — read it out of the running gateway container
+        # (INFRA_NAME now aliases the gateway container name; the orchestrator,
+        # split into its own container, holds no CA).
         ca_dir = egress_state_dir(plan.slug) / "gateway-ca"
         ca_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         ca_file = ca_dir / "gateway-ca.pem"
-        ca_file.write_text(DockerGateway(network=ctx.network).ca_cert_pem())
+        ca_file.write_text(DockerGateway(name=INFRA_NAME).ca_cert_pem())
         egress_plan = dataclasses.replace(
             plan.egress_plan,
             mitmproxy_ca_host_path=ca_file,
@@ -168,6 +186,7 @@ def launch(
             agent_git_gate_url=git_gate_url,
             agent_supervise_url=supervise_url,
             identity_token=ctx.identity_token,
+            env_var_secret=ctx.env_var_secret,
         )
 
         # Step 5: render + up the agent-only compose, pinned on the shared
@@ -180,7 +199,12 @@ def launch(
         project = compose_project_name(plan.slug)
         # Forwarded vars (OAuth token, host interpolations) flow through the
         # subprocess env as bare names so values never land in the file.
+        # ENV_VAR_SECRET follows the same pattern: bare name in the compose
+        # spec, value only in the subprocess env so it is never written to disk.
         compose_env: dict[str, str] = {**os.environ, **plan.forwarded_env}
+        if plan.env_var_secret:
+            from ...orchestrator.store.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME
+            compose_env[ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME] = plan.env_var_secret
         info(
             f"docker compose up -d  (project {project}, agent on shared "
             f"gateway {ctx.gateway_ip}, ip {ctx.source_ip})"
@@ -207,3 +231,21 @@ def launch(
         yield bottle
     finally:
         teardown()
+
+
+def stale_checks(plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> None:
+    """Raise StaleImageError if a cached image is older than the configured
+    threshold. Only runs when image_policy is 'cached'. Called by the backend
+    class's _image_stale_checks before _launch_impl starts any resources."""
+    if plan.spec.image_policy != "cached":
+        return
+    committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
+    if committed and docker_mod.image_exists(committed):
+        ts = docker_mod.image_created_at(committed)
+        if ts is not None:
+            check_stale(f"agent image {committed!r}", ts)
+        return
+    if docker_mod.image_exists(plan.image):
+        ts = docker_mod.image_created_at(plan.image)
+        if ts is not None:
+            check_stale(f"agent image {plan.image!r}", ts)

bot_bottle/backend/docker/orchestrator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+"""The docker orchestrator (control plane) as a single, fixed-name container
+(PRD 0070).
+
+`DockerOrchestrator` is the docker implementation of the backend-neutral
+`Orchestrator` service. The lean control-plane container joins the `--internal`
+control network only (agents are never on it, so they have no L3 route to it)
+plus a host-loopback publish for the CLI. It is the sole opener of
+`bot-bottle.db` and the sole holder of the signing key (#469).
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ... import log
+from .util import run_docker
+from ...paths import (
+    ORCHESTRATOR_TOKEN_ENV,
+    bot_bottle_root,
+    host_orchestrator_token,
+)
+from ...gateway import GatewayError
+from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import (
+    DEFAULT_PORT,
+    DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    Orchestrator,
+    OrchestratorStartError,
+    source_hash,
+)
+
+# The control plane's own container + the dedicated `--internal` control network
+# the gateway reaches it over. The orchestrator + gateway join it, agents never
+# do, so agents have no route to the control plane (PRD 0070 "Separating the
+# planes"). Same name across docker + macOS.
+ORCHESTRATOR_NAME = "bot-bottle-orchestrator"
+ORCHESTRATOR_LABEL = "bot-bottle-orchestrator=1"
+ORCHESTRATOR_NETWORK = "bot-bottle-orchestrator"
+ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE = os.environ.get(
+    "BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE", "bot-bottle-orchestrator:latest"
+)
+ORCHESTRATOR_DOCKERFILE = "Dockerfile.orchestrator"
+# Baked as a container label so `ensure_running` can detect whether the running
+# orchestrator is executing the current bind-mounted source.
+ORCHESTRATOR_SOURCE_HASH_LABEL = "bot-bottle-orchestrator-source-hash"
+
+# The bind-mount path for the live control-plane source inside the container.
+# PYTHONPATH points here so a code change takes effect on the next launch
+# without an image rebuild.
+_SRC_IN_CONTAINER = "/bot-bottle-src"
+# Bot-bottle host-root bind-mount (DB + state) inside the orchestrator. The
+# control plane opens bot-bottle.db under here (via BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT ->
+# host_db_path()); it is the ONLY container with a handle on it (issue #469).
+_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER = "/bot-bottle-root"
+
+_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS = 0.25
+
+_REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+
+
+class DockerOrchestrator(Orchestrator):
+    """The control plane as a single fixed-name container. `ensure_built` builds
+    it from `Dockerfile.orchestrator`; `ensure_running` starts it on the control
+    network + host loopback and blocks until `/health` answers."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        image_ref: str = ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE,
+        *,
+        name: str = ORCHESTRATOR_NAME,
+        label: str = ORCHESTRATOR_LABEL,
+        port: int = DEFAULT_PORT,
+        control_network: str = ORCHESTRATOR_NETWORK,
+        repo_root: Path = _REPO_ROOT,
+        host_root: Path | None = None,
+        dockerfile: str | None = ORCHESTRATOR_DOCKERFILE,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.image_ref = image_ref
+        self.name = name
+        self.label = label
+        self.port = port
+        self.control_network = control_network
+        self._repo_root = repo_root
+        self._host_root = host_root or bot_bottle_root()
+        self._dockerfile = dockerfile
+
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        """Host-side control-plane URL — the orchestrator's published loopback,
+        which the CLI reaches."""
+        return f"http://127.0.0.1:{self.port}"
+
+    def gateway_url(self) -> str:
+        """The URL the gateway's data plane resolves policy against — the
+        orchestrator container by name on the control network (docker DNS,
+        container↔container, no host firewall)."""
+        return f"http://{self.name}:{DEFAULT_PORT}"
+
+    def ensure_built(self) -> None:
+        """Build the control-plane image from its Dockerfile, cache-aware (a
+        no-op when nothing changed). No-op when no dockerfile is configured (a
+        pre-pulled image). BOT_BOTTLE_NO_CACHE forces a full rebuild."""
+        if self._dockerfile is None:
+            return
+        argv = ["docker", "build", "-t", self.image_ref,
+                "-f", str(self._repo_root / self._dockerfile),
+                str(self._repo_root)]
+        if os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_NO_CACHE"):
+            argv.insert(2, "--no-cache")
+        proc = run_docker(argv)
+        if proc.returncode != 0:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                f"{self._dockerfile} build failed: {proc.stderr.strip()}")
+
+    def is_running(self) -> bool:
+        proc = run_docker([
+            "docker", "ps", "--filter", f"name=^/{self.name}$", "--format", "{{.Names}}",
+        ])
+        return self.name in proc.stdout.split()
+
+    def _source_current(self, current_hash: str) -> bool:
+        """True iff the running orchestrator was started from the current
+        bind-mounted source."""
+        if not self.is_running():
+            return False
+        proc = run_docker([
+            "docker", "inspect", "--format",
+            "{{ index .Config.Labels \"" + ORCHESTRATOR_SOURCE_HASH_LABEL + "\" }}",
+            self.name,
+        ])
+        if proc.returncode != 0:
+            return True  # can't compare → don't churn a working container
+        return proc.stdout.strip() == current_hash
+
+    def _ensure_control_network(self) -> None:
+        if run_docker(["docker", "network", "inspect", self.control_network]).returncode == 0:
+            return
+        proc = run_docker(["docker", "network", "create", "--internal", self.control_network])
+        if proc.returncode != 0 and "already exists" not in proc.stderr:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                f"control network {self.control_network} failed to create: "
+                f"{proc.stderr.strip()}"
+            )
+
+    def ensure_running(
+        self, *, startup_timeout: float = DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Ensure the control-plane container is up on current source; block
+        until healthy. Idempotent — a healthy orchestrator on current source is
+        left untouched (its in-memory egress tokens survive). Raises
+        `OrchestratorStartError` on startup timeout."""
+        current_hash = source_hash(self._repo_root)
+        if self.is_healthy() and self._source_current(current_hash):
+            return
+        log.info("starting orchestrator container", context={"name": self.name})
+        self._run_container(current_hash)
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + startup_timeout
+        while time.monotonic() < deadline:
+            if self.is_healthy():
+                log.info("orchestrator healthy", context={"url": self.url()})
+                return
+            time.sleep(_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS)
+        raise OrchestratorStartError(
+            f"orchestrator at {self.url()} did not become healthy "
+            f"within {startup_timeout:g}s"
+        )
+
+    def _run_container(self, current_hash: str) -> None:
+        """Start the lean control-plane container on the control network only,
+        published to host loopback for the CLI. Idempotent (clears a stale
+        fixed-name container first)."""
+        self._ensure_control_network()
+        run_docker(["docker", "rm", "--force", self.name])
+        _signing_key = host_orchestrator_token()
+        proc = run_docker([
+            "docker", "run", "--detach",
+            "--name", self.name,
+            "--label", self.label,
+            "--label", f"{ORCHESTRATOR_SOURCE_HASH_LABEL}={current_hash}",
+            # Control network only — agents are never on it, so they have no
+            # route to the control plane (the L3 block, not just the JWT).
+            "--network", self.control_network,
+            # Host CLI reaches the control plane here (loopback only). The
+            # orchestrator listens on the fixed DEFAULT_PORT inside the
+            # container; self.port is the host-side published port.
+            "--publish", f"127.0.0.1:{self.port}:{DEFAULT_PORT}",
+            # Live control-plane source (code changes without an image rebuild).
+            "--volume", f"{self._repo_root}:{_SRC_IN_CONTAINER}:ro",
+            "--env", f"PYTHONPATH={_SRC_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            # Orchestrator registry DB on the host (sole writer: control plane).
+            "--volume", f"{self._host_root}:{_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            "--env", f"BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT={_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            # The signing key — held ONLY by the orchestrator (it verifies
+            # tokens); the gateway gets the pre-minted `gateway` JWT, never the
+            # key (issue #469). Bare `--env NAME` keeps the value off argv.
+            "--env", ORCHESTRATOR_TOKEN_ENV,
+            self.image_ref,
+            # Dockerfile.orchestrator ENTRYPOINT is `python3 -m bot_bottle.orchestrator`;
+            # these are its args.
+            "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", str(DEFAULT_PORT), "--broker", "stub",
+        ], env={**os.environ, ORCHESTRATOR_TOKEN_ENV: _signing_key})
+        if proc.returncode != 0:
+            raise OrchestratorStartError(
+                f"orchestrator container failed to start: {proc.stderr.strip()}"
+            )
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the control-plane container (idempotent)."""
+        run_docker(["docker", "rm", "--force", self.name])
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DockerOrchestrator",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_NAME",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_LABEL",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_NETWORK",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_DOCKERFILE",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_SOURCE_HASH_LABEL",
+]

bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/__init__.py

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-"""Backend-infrastructure provisioners for the Docker backend.
-
-Per PRD 0050 the per-provider provisioning steps (prompt, skills,
-declarative provision-plan apply, supervise MCP registration) live on
-the `AgentProvider` plugin under `bot_bottle/contrib/`. CA and git
-provisioning also moved to the AgentProvider ABC (with Debian/node
-defaults); user plugins override them for non-standard images.
-
-No modules remain in this subpackage — the directory is kept so that
-existing imports of `from .provision import ...` don't need updating
-if new backend-specific provisioners are added later.
-"""

bot_bottle/backend/docker/resolve_plan.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from ...env import ResolvedEnv
 from ...agent_provider import AgentProvisionPlan
 from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...manifest import Manifest
-from ...supervise import SupervisePlan
+from ...supervisor.plan import SupervisePlan
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
 
 def preflight() -> None:

bot_bottle/backend/docker/setup.py

@@ -27,10 +27,14 @@ def _docker_on_path() -> bool:
 def _daemon_reachable() -> bool:
     if not _docker_on_path():
         return False
+    try:
         return subprocess.run(
             ["docker", "info"],
-        stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, check=False,
+            stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            check=False, timeout=5,
         ).returncode == 0
+    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
+        return False
 
 
 def _print_install_pointer() -> None:

bot_bottle/backend/docker/util.py

@@ -1,18 +1,34 @@
-"""Docker host-side primitives used by DockerBottleBackend: probing
+"""Docker host-side primitives used by DockerBottleBackend: the lean
-for docker on PATH, slugifying agent names, checking image/container
+`run_docker` subprocess wrapper, probing for docker on PATH, slugifying agent
-existence, and building images."""
+names, checking image/container existence, and building images."""
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
-from typing import Iterable, Iterator
+from typing import Iterator
 
-from ...docker_cmd import run_docker
 from ...log import die, info
-# from ...workspace import WorkspacePlan
+
+
+def run_docker(
+    argv: list[str], *, env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    """Run a `docker` command, capturing stdout/stderr as text. Never raises on
+    a non-zero exit — callers inspect `returncode` / `stderr` so they can stay
+    fail-closed or tolerate idempotent no-ops (e.g. removing an already-absent
+    container).
+
+    `env` sets the child process environment — used to hand a secret to a bare
+    `--env NAME` flag (docker inherits its value from this process) so the value
+    never lands on argv or in `docker inspect`'s recorded command line."""
+    return subprocess.run(
+        argv, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True,
+        check=False, env=env,
+    )
 
 
 # Cap on the suffix the container-name conflict logic will try before
@@ -32,12 +48,7 @@ def container_name_candidates(base: str) -> Iterator[str]:
 def runsc_available() -> bool:
     """Return True if the Docker daemon has the gVisor (`runsc`) runtime
     registered. Called once per prepare; the result lives on the plan."""
-    r = subprocess.run(
+    r = run_docker(["docker", "info", "--format", "{{json .Runtimes}}"])
-        ["docker", "info", "--format", "{{json .Runtimes}}"],
-        capture_output=True,
-        text=True,
-        check=False,
-    )
     return r.returncode == 0 and "runsc" in r.stdout
 
 
@@ -51,20 +62,15 @@ def require_docker() -> None:
 
 
 def image_exists(ref: str) -> bool:
-    return _silent_run(["docker", "image", "inspect", ref]) == 0
+    return run_docker(["docker", "image", "inspect", ref]).returncode == 0
 
 
 def container_exists(name: str) -> bool:
     """Returns True if a container (running or stopped) with the given
     name exists. Uses `docker ps -a -q -f name=^<name>$` so substring
     matches don't false-positive."""
-    result = subprocess.run(
+    result = run_docker(["docker", "ps", "-a", "-q", "-f", f"name=^{name}$"])
-        ["docker", "ps", "-a", "-q", "-f", f"name=^{name}$"],
+    return result.returncode == 0 and bool(result.stdout.strip())
-        capture_output=True,
-        text=True,
-        check=True,
-    )
-    return bool(result.stdout.strip())
 
 
 def force_remove_container(name: str) -> None:
@@ -72,12 +78,7 @@ def force_remove_container(name: str) -> None:
     doesn't — and the rm itself is best-effort (errors swallowed) so
     this is safe to register as a teardown callback."""
     if container_exists(name):
-        subprocess.run(
+        run_docker(["docker", "rm", "-f", name])
-            ["docker", "rm", "-f", name],
-            stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
-            stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
-            check=False,
-        )
 
 
 def docker_exec_root(container: str, argv: list[str]) -> None:
@@ -205,10 +206,7 @@ def verify_agent_image(image: str, argv: tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
 def commit_container(container_name: str, image_tag: str) -> None:
     """Run `docker commit <container_name> <image_tag>` to snapshot the
     running container's filesystem state as a local Docker image."""
-    result = subprocess.run(
+    result = run_docker(["docker", "commit", container_name, image_tag])
-        ["docker", "commit", container_name, image_tag],
-        capture_output=True, text=True, check=False,
-    )
     if result.returncode != 0:
         die(
             f"docker commit {container_name!r} → {image_tag!r} failed: "
@@ -217,10 +215,44 @@ def commit_container(container_name: str, image_tag: str) -> None:
     info(f"committed {container_name!r} → {image_tag!r}")
 
 
-def _silent_run(cmd: Iterable[str]) -> int:
+def image_created_at(ref: str) -> datetime | None:
-    return subprocess.run(
+    """Return Docker's image Created timestamp as an aware UTC datetime, or
-        list(cmd),
+    None when the field is absent or unparseable. Callers should skip the
-        stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+    stale check when None is returned."""
-        stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+    r = subprocess.run(
+        ["docker", "image", "inspect", "--format", "{{.Created}}", ref],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
         check=False,
-    ).returncode
+    )
+    if r.returncode != 0:
+        die(
+            f"docker image inspect for {ref!r} failed: "
+            f"{(r.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+        )
+    raw = r.stdout.strip()
+    if not raw:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return _parse_docker_timestamp(raw)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _parse_docker_timestamp(raw: str) -> datetime:
+    text = raw.strip()
+    if text.endswith("Z"):
+        text = text[:-1] + "+00:00"
+    dot = text.find(".")
+    if dot != -1:
+        tz_plus = text.find("+", dot)
+        tz_minus = text.find("-", dot)
+        tz_candidates = [pos for pos in (tz_plus, tz_minus) if pos != -1]
+        if tz_candidates:
+            tz_pos = min(tz_candidates)
+            frac = text[dot + 1:tz_pos]
+            text = text[:dot + 1] + frac[:6].ljust(6, "0") + text[tz_pos:]
+    dt = datetime.fromisoformat(text)
+    if dt.tzinfo is None:
+        dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+    return dt.astimezone(timezone.utc)

bot_bottle/backend/egress_apply.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 from ..bottle_state import egress_state_dir
 from ..egress import EGRESS_ROUTES_FILENAME
-from ..egress_addon_core import LOG_OFF, load_config
+from ..gateway.egress.addon_core import LOG_OFF, load_config
 
 
 class EgressApplyError(RuntimeError):

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,25 @@
-"""Firecracker backend: Linux KVM microVM isolation (issue #342)."""
+"""Firecracker backend: Linux KVM microVM isolation (issue #342).
+
+Thin by design: `FirecrackerBottleBackend` is re-exported lazily via
+`__getattr__`, so importing a leaf module under this package doesn't drag the
+backend (and the framework it pulls) into memory.
+"""
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .backend import FirecrackerBottleBackend
 
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name == "FirecrackerBottleBackend":
+        from .backend import FirecrackerBottleBackend
+
+        globals()[name] = FirecrackerBottleBackend
+        return FirecrackerBottleBackend
+    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
+
+
 __all__ = ["FirecrackerBottleBackend"]

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/backend.py

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ fail-closed nftables egress boundary. Selected by
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager
+import io
+from contextlib import contextmanager, redirect_stderr
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Generator, Sequence
 
@@ -17,8 +18,8 @@ from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...env import ResolvedEnv
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
 from ...manifest import Manifest
-from ...supervise import SupervisePlan
+from ...supervisor.plan import SupervisePlan
-from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleSpec
+from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleImages, BottleSpec
 from . import cleanup as _cleanup
 from . import enumerate as _enumerate
 from . import launch as _launch
@@ -52,8 +53,11 @@ class FirecrackerBottleBackend(
         return _setup.setup()
 
     @classmethod
-    def status(cls) -> int:
+    def status(cls, *, quiet: bool = False) -> int:
         from . import setup as _setup
+        if quiet:
+            with redirect_stderr(io.StringIO()):
+                return _setup.status()
         return _setup.status()
 
     @classmethod
@@ -92,11 +96,18 @@ class FirecrackerBottleBackend(
             stage_dir=stage_dir,
         )
 
+    def _build_or_load_images(self, plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+        return BottleImages(agent=_launch.build_or_load_agent_base(plan))
+
+    def prelaunch_checks(self, plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan) -> None:
+        _launch.stale_checks(plan)
+
     @contextmanager
-    def launch(
+    def _launch_impl(
-        self, plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan
+        self, plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan, images: BottleImages,
     ) -> Generator[FirecrackerBottle, None, None]:
-        with _launch.launch(plan, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
+        assert isinstance(images.agent, Path)
+        with _launch.launch(plan, images.agent, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
             yield bottle
 
     def prepare_cleanup(self) -> FirecrackerBottleCleanupPlan:
@@ -112,5 +123,5 @@ class FirecrackerBottleBackend(
         return plan.agent_supervise_url
 
     def ensure_orchestrator(self) -> str:
-        from . import infra_vm
+        from .infra import FirecrackerInfraService
-        return infra_vm.ensure_running().control_plane_url
+        return FirecrackerInfraService().ensure_running()

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/bottle_plan.py

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ class FirecrackerBottlePlan(BottlePlan):
     # (egress proxy credentials, git-gate/supervise headers); set by launch
     # from the orchestrator registration. Empty pre-registration.
     identity_token: str = ""
+    # Applied to every agent SSH exec and mirrored into /run inside the VM so
+    # the host can recover it after the infra VM restarts.
+    env_var_secret: str = ""
 
     @property
     def container_name(self) -> str:

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/cleanup.py

@@ -1,8 +1,23 @@
 """Cleanup for the Firecracker backend.
 
-Orphans are: firecracker VMM processes whose config lives under our run
+Reaps *orphans* only — resources with no live VM behind them:
-dir, and the per-bottle run dirs. TAP slots free themselves (the flock
+
-drops when the launcher exits), so there is nothing to reclaim there.
+  * orphan run dirs: a per-bottle run dir (holding the ~1G rootfs.ext4)
+    whose firecracker process has exited. These leak when a launch is
+    hard-killed before its teardown runs (host OOM/crash, a cancelled CI
+    job, `kill -9`); the clean-exit path already removes its own dir in
+    launch.py.
+  * orphan VM pids: a firecracker process whose run dir is already gone
+    — a VMM left lingering after its dir was removed.
+
+A run dir with a *live* firecracker process is a running bottle and is
+left strictly alone: it is neither killed nor removed. (The backend's
+`enumerate_active` registry is still a stub — #354 — so a live process
+is the only reliable "this bottle is in use" signal we have. Once the
+registry lands, registry-orphaned-but-running VMs can be reaped too.)
+
+TAP slots free themselves (the flock drops when the launcher exits), so
+there is nothing to reclaim there.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -22,38 +37,79 @@ def _run_root() -> Path:
     return util.cache_dir() / "run"
 
 
-def _orphan_vm_pids() -> list[int]:
+def _run_dir_of(cmd: str, run_root: Path) -> Path | None:
-    """firecracker processes whose --config-file is under our run dir."""
+    """The bottle run dir a firecracker cmdline belongs to, or None.
-    run_root = str(_run_root())
+
+    A bottle VM is launched with `--config-file <run_root>/<slug>/config.json`,
+    so the run dir is the config file's parent when it sits directly under
+    the run root. Anything else (a builder VM, the infra VM elsewhere) is
+    not ours to reap here.
+    """
+    toks = cmd.split()
+    for i, tok in enumerate(toks):
+        if tok == "--config-file" and i + 1 < len(toks):
+            parent = Path(toks[i + 1]).parent
+            if parent.parent == run_root:
+                return parent
+    return None
+
+
+def _scan_processes(run_root: Path) -> tuple[set[str], list[int]]:
+    """Inspect running firecracker VMs under ``run_root``.
+
+    Returns ``(live_run_dirs, orphan_pids)``:
+      * ``live_run_dirs`` — run dirs backed by a running VM (never reaped);
+      * ``orphan_pids`` — firecracker pids whose run dir no longer exists
+        (a lingering VMM to kill).
+    """
     result = subprocess.run(
         ["pgrep", "-a", "firecracker"],
         capture_output=True, text=True, check=False,
     )
     if result.returncode != 0:
-        return []
+        return set(), []
-    pids: list[int] = []
+    live: set[str] = set()
+    orphan_pids: list[int] = []
     for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
         parts = line.split(None, 1)
-        if len(parts) != 2 or run_root not in parts[1]:
+        if len(parts) != 2:
             continue
         try:
-            pids.append(int(parts[0]))
+            pid = int(parts[0])
         except ValueError:
             continue
-    return pids
+        run_dir = _run_dir_of(parts[1], run_root)
+        if run_dir is None:
+            continue
+        if run_dir.is_dir():
+            live.add(str(run_dir))
+        else:
+            orphan_pids.append(pid)
+    return live, orphan_pids
 
 
-def _run_dirs() -> list[str]:
+def live_run_dirs() -> tuple[Path, ...]:
-    run_root = _run_root()
+    """Run directories backed by currently running agent microVMs."""
+    live, _ = _scan_processes(_run_root())
+    return tuple(Path(path) for path in sorted(live))
+
+
+def _orphan_run_dirs(run_root: Path, live: set[str]) -> list[str]:
+    """Run dirs with no live VM behind them — the leaked ones to remove."""
     if not run_root.is_dir():
         return []
-    return sorted(str(p) for p in run_root.iterdir() if p.is_dir())
+    return sorted(
+        str(p) for p in run_root.iterdir()
+        if p.is_dir() and str(p) not in live
+    )
 
 
 def prepare_cleanup() -> FirecrackerBottleCleanupPlan:
+    run_root = _run_root()
+    live, orphan_pids = _scan_processes(run_root)
     return FirecrackerBottleCleanupPlan(
-        vm_pids=tuple(_orphan_vm_pids()),
+        vm_pids=tuple(orphan_pids),
-        run_dirs=tuple(_run_dirs()),
+        run_dirs=tuple(_orphan_run_dirs(run_root, live)),
     )
 
 

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/consolidated_launch.py

@@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
 """Consolidated bottle launch sequence for the Firecracker backend
 (PRD 0070, Stage B).
 
-The shared gateway + orchestrator control plane run in a single persistent
+The orchestrator control plane and the shared gateway run in **two** persistent
-per-host **infra VM** (`infra_vm.py`), not Docker containers. Agent VMs reach
+per-host **infra VMs** (`infra_vm.py`), split per PRD 0070 — not Docker
-the gateway's egress / supervise / git-http ports at the infra VM via a
+containers. Agent VMs reach the gateway's egress / supervise / git-http ports
-PREROUTING DNAT on their own host-side TAP IP (see
+via a PREROUTING DNAT on their own host-side TAP IP that redirects to the
-`scripts/firecracker-netpool.sh`), and the host CLI reaches the control plane
+**gateway** VM (see `scripts/firecracker-netpool.sh`) — never the orchestrator,
-over HTTP at the infra VM's guest IP.
+so a breached agent has no L3 route to the control plane. The host CLI reaches
+the control plane over HTTP at the orchestrator VM's guest IP.
 
 Attribution is by the agent VM's guest IP, unspoofable by construction: the
 /31 point-to-point TAP + the `bot_bottle_fc` nft table ensure only the
 expected VM can source-IP that address.
 
 Sequence:
-  1. ensure the infra VM (control plane + gateway) is up (a singleton — a
+  1. ensure the infra VMs (orchestrator control plane + gateway data plane)
-     prior launcher may already have booted it);
+     are up (a singleton pair — a prior launcher may already have booted them);
-  2. register the bottle by its guest IP (attribution key) → bottle id +
+  2. register the bottle on the orchestrator by its guest IP (attribution key)
-     identity token;
+     → bottle id + identity token;
   3. provision its git-gate repos/creds into the gateway VM (over SSH);
   4. fetch the shared gateway CA for the provisioner to install in the rootfs.
 
@@ -25,17 +26,26 @@ The TAP slot allocation, rootfs build, and VM boot are the caller's job.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import json
+import subprocess
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
 
 from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
-from ...orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient
+from ...log import info
+from ...orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient, OrchestratorClientError
 from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import (
     OrchestratorStartError,  # re-exported so callers can catch it
 )
-from ...orchestrator.registration import registration_inputs
+from ...orchestrator.reprovision import reprovision_bottles
-from ..docker.gateway_provision import deprovision_git_gate, provision_git_gate
+from ...orchestrator.store.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME
-from . import infra_vm
+from ..provision_bottle import deprovision_bottle, provision_bottle
+from . import cleanup, util
+from .gateway import FirecrackerGateway
+from .infra import FirecrackerInfraService
+
+_ENV_VAR_SECRET_PATH = "/run/bot-bottle/env-var-secret"
 
 
 class ConsolidatedLaunchError(RuntimeError):
@@ -51,6 +61,55 @@ class LaunchContext:
     source_ip: str          # the VM's guest IP — the attribution key
     gateway_ca_pem: str     # the shared gateway CA the provisioner installs
     orchestrator_url: str
+    env_var_secret: str = ""  # encryption key injected into the agent's env
+
+
+def _guest_ip_from_config(config_path: Path) -> str:
+    """Read the kernel's configured guest IP from a Firecracker config."""
+    try:
+        config = json.loads(config_path.read_text())
+        args = config["boot-source"]["boot_args"]
+        ip_arg = next(part for part in args.split() if part.startswith("ip="))
+        return ip_arg.removeprefix("ip=").split(":", 1)[0]
+    except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, StopIteration):
+        return ""
+
+
+def persist_env_var_secret(private_key: Path, guest_ip: str, secret: str) -> None:
+    """Mirror the exec-time key into guest tmpfs for restart recovery."""
+    proc = subprocess.run(
+        util.ssh_base_argv(private_key, guest_ip)
+        + [f"umask 077; mkdir -p /run/bot-bottle; cat > {_ENV_VAR_SECRET_PATH}"],
+        input=secret, capture_output=True, text=True, check=False,
+    )
+    if proc.returncode != 0:
+        raise ConsolidatedLaunchError(
+            f"failed to persist {ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME} in agent VM: "
+            f"{proc.stderr.strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+        )
+
+
+def _reprovision_running_bottles(client: OrchestratorClient) -> None:
+    """Read keys from live agent VMs and restore the restarted gateway."""
+    try:
+        secrets_by_ip: dict[str, str] = {}
+        for run_dir in cleanup.live_run_dirs():
+            guest_ip = _guest_ip_from_config(run_dir / "config.json")
+            private_key = run_dir / "bottle_id_ed25519"
+            if not guest_ip or not private_key.is_file():
+                continue
+            proc = subprocess.run(
+                util.ssh_base_argv(private_key, guest_ip)
+                + [f"cat {_ENV_VAR_SECRET_PATH}"],
+                capture_output=True, text=True, check=False,
+            )
+            if proc.returncode == 0 and proc.stdout.strip():
+                secrets_by_ip[guest_ip] = proc.stdout.strip()
+        count = reprovision_bottles(client, secrets_by_ip)
+        if count:
+            info(f"reprovisioned egress tokens for {count} Firecracker bottle(s)")
+    except (OSError, OrchestratorClientError) as exc:
+        info(f"egress token reprovision skipped: {exc}")
 
 
 def launch_consolidated(
@@ -64,46 +123,45 @@ def launch_consolidated(
     """Ensure the infra VM is up, register the bottle by its guest IP, and
     provision its git-gate state into the gateway VM. Returns the context the
     agent-VM launch needs. Raises on failure — the caller tears down."""
-    infra = infra_vm.ensure_running()
+    service = FirecrackerInfraService()
-    url = infra.control_plane_url
+    url = service.ensure_running()
     client = OrchestratorClient(url)
+    _reprovision_running_bottles(client)
 
-    inputs = registration_inputs(egress_plan)
+    # Read the gateway's provisioning transport + CA off the Gateway service.
-    reg = client.register_bottle(
+    gateway = service.gateway()
-        guest_ip, image_ref=image_ref, policy=inputs.policy,
+    transport = gateway.provisioning_transport()
-        metadata=inputs.metadata, tokens=tokens,
+    reg = provision_bottle(
+        client, guest_ip, egress_plan, git_gate_plan, transport,
+        image_ref=image_ref, tokens=tokens,
     )
-    try:
-        provision_git_gate(
-            infra_vm.gateway_transport(), reg.bottle_id, git_gate_plan)
-    except Exception:
-        client.teardown_bottle(reg.bottle_id)
-        raise
-
     # The shared gateway CA every agent on this host trusts for TLS
-    # interception — fetched from the infra VM over SSH.
+    # interception — fetched from the gateway VM over SSH.
     return LaunchContext(
         bottle_id=reg.bottle_id,
         identity_token=reg.identity_token,
         source_ip=guest_ip,
-        gateway_ca_pem=infra.gateway_ca_pem(),
+        gateway_ca_pem=gateway.ca_cert_pem(),
         orchestrator_url=url,
+        env_var_secret=reg.env_var_secret,
     )
 
 
-def teardown_consolidated(bottle_id: str, *, orchestrator_url: str) -> None:
+def deprovision_consolidated(
+    bottle_id: str, *, orchestrator_url: str, timeout: float | None = None,
+) -> None:
     """Deregister the bottle and remove its git-gate state from the gateway
     VM. Both steps are idempotent so this is safe from a cleanup trap. Does
-    NOT stop the infra VM — it's a persistent per-host singleton shared by
+    NOT stop the infra VMs — they're persistent per-host singletons shared by
     every bottle."""
-    OrchestratorClient(orchestrator_url).teardown_bottle(bottle_id)
+    deprovision_bottle(bottle_id, FirecrackerGateway().provisioning_transport(),
-    deprovision_git_gate(infra_vm.gateway_transport(), bottle_id)
+                   orchestrator_url=orchestrator_url, timeout=timeout)
 
 
 __all__ = [
     "LaunchContext",
     "launch_consolidated",
-    "teardown_consolidated",
+    "deprovision_consolidated",
     "ConsolidatedLaunchError",
     "OrchestratorStartError",
 ]

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/firecracker_vm.py

@@ -60,12 +60,18 @@ class VmHandle:
             self.process.wait(timeout=5)
 
 
-def _boot_args(guest_ip: str, host_ip: str, pubkey: str) -> str:
+def _boot_args(
+    guest_ip: str, host_ip: str, pubkey: str, extra: str = "",
+) -> str:
     # ip=<client>::<gw>:<netmask>::<dev>:off — /31 point-to-point link,
     # so netmask is 255.255.255.254 and the gateway is the host TAP IP.
     ip_arg = f"ip={guest_ip}::{host_ip}:255.255.255.254::eth0:off"
     pub_b64 = base64.b64encode(pubkey.encode()).decode()
-    return f"{_BASE_BOOT_ARGS} {ip_arg} bb_pubkey={pub_b64}"
+    args = f"{_BASE_BOOT_ARGS} {ip_arg} bb_pubkey={pub_b64}"
+    # `extra` carries caller-supplied cmdline params the guest init reads
+    # (e.g. the gateway VM's `bb_orch=<orchestrator guest IP>`). Agent VMs pass
+    # nothing.
+    return f"{args} {extra}".rstrip() if extra else args
 
 
 def _config(
@@ -79,6 +85,7 @@ def _config(
     mem_mib: int,
     guest_mac: str,
     data_drive: Path | None = None,
+    extra_boot_args: str = "",
 ) -> dict[str, object]:
     drives: list[dict[str, object]] = [
         {
@@ -101,7 +108,7 @@ def _config(
     return {
         "boot-source": {
             "kernel_image_path": str(util.kernel_path()),
-            "boot_args": _boot_args(guest_ip, host_ip, pubkey),
+            "boot_args": _boot_args(guest_ip, host_ip, pubkey, extra_boot_args),
         },
         "drives": drives,
         "network-interfaces": [
@@ -132,6 +139,7 @@ def boot(
     guest_mac: str = "06:00:AC:10:00:02",
     detached: bool = False,
     data_drive: Path | None = None,
+    extra_boot_args: str = "",
 ) -> VmHandle:
     """Write the config and launch the VMM. Returns once the process is
     spawned; callers wait for SSH readiness separately.
@@ -147,7 +155,7 @@ def boot(
         _config(
             rootfs=rootfs, tap=tap, guest_ip=guest_ip, host_ip=host_ip,
             pubkey=pubkey, vcpus=vcpus, mem_mib=mem_mib, guest_mac=guest_mac,
-            data_drive=data_drive,
+            data_drive=data_drive, extra_boot_args=extra_boot_args,
         ),
         indent=2,
     ))

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/freezer.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ backend — we stream the guest root filesystem out over the control
 channel (SSH here). Unlike the other backends this needs no Docker: the
 tar *is* the resumable artifact. `resume` extracts it and rebuilds a
 fresh per-bottle ext4 with `mke2fs -d` (see `util.build_committed_rootfs_dir`
-and `launch._build_agent_base`). The bottle keeps running after the
+and `launch.build_or_load_agent_base`). The bottle keeps running after the
 snapshot.
 """
 

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/gateway.py

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+"""The Firecracker gateway data plane as a microVM (PRD 0070).
+
+`FirecrackerGateway` is the Firecracker implementation of the backend-neutral
+`Gateway` service, and owns the gateway's host-side logic directly: booting the
+gateway microVM on its NAT'd link, seeding the pre-minted `gateway` token,
+fetching the mitmproxy CA, and the SSH exec/cp provisioning transport. The
+gateway VM never opens `bot-bottle.db` (#469), so it holds no signing key —
+only the token the host hands it via `connect_to_orchestrator`.
+
+The plane-agnostic VM substrate the orchestrator VM also uses stays in
+`infra_vm` — booting a VM from a per-plane rootfs (`boot_vm`), the stable SSH
+keypair, the secret-push retry loop, the PID lifecycle, and the
+adoption/version helpers. The guest-side gateway daemon startup lives in the
+gateway rootfs's guest init (`_gateway_init` in `infra_vm`), so it can't live in
+a host-side method either. The pair coordinator (orchestrator-first, under a
+singleton flock) is `FirecrackerInfraService` (`infra.py`).
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import subprocess
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
+
+from ...gateway import (
+    DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    Gateway,
+    GatewayError,
+    GatewayTransport,
+)
+from .. import util as backend_util
+from . import infra_vm, netpool, util
+from .gateway_transport import FirecrackerGatewayTransport
+
+# The gateway microVM's name (its run dir). Fixed per host — one gateway VM,
+# shared by every agent VM.
+GATEWAY_NAME = "bot-bottle-gateway"
+
+# The gateway VM's slim memory ceiling — the data plane carries no build
+# tooling (buildah lives only on the orchestrator rootfs) — PRD 0070
+# "Memory: fixed ceilings".
+_GW_MEM_MIB = 2048
+
+# The pre-minted `gateway` JWT path in the guest. The gateway init (in
+# `infra_vm`) waits for it before starting the data plane, so its canonical
+# definition lives with that init; imported here for the push so the
+# load-bearing path isn't duplicated.
+_GUEST_GATEWAY_JWT_PATH = infra_vm._GUEST_GATEWAY_JWT_PATH
+# mitmproxy writes its CA here a beat after start; agents install it to trust
+# the gateway's TLS interception. Host-side only (SSH cat), so it lives here.
+_GATEWAY_CA_PATH = "/home/mitmproxy/.mitmproxy/mitmproxy-ca-cert.pem"
+
+_CA_FETCH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 15.0
+
+
+class FirecrackerGateway(Gateway):
+    """The consolidated gateway as a Firecracker microVM on the gateway link.
+
+    The gateway rootfs is built/downloaded by `infra_vm.ensure_built` (the ABC's
+    `ensure_built` no-op here); `connect_to_orchestrator` boots the VM resolving
+    policy against the orchestrator and seeds the pre-minted `gateway` token."""
+
+    name = GATEWAY_NAME
+
+    def __init__(self, vm: infra_vm.InfraVm | None = None) -> None:
+        # The live VM handle when this process booted it; None when adapting an
+        # already-running gateway (CA fetch / provisioning go through the stable
+        # key + fixed link, so no live handle is needed).
+        self._vm = vm
+        self._orchestrator_url = ""
+        self._gateway_token = ""
+
+    def connect_to_orchestrator(self, orchestrator_url: str, gateway_token: str) -> None:
+        """Boot the gateway VM on its link resolving policy against
+        `orchestrator_url`, then seed `gateway_token` over SSH. The orchestrator's
+        guest IP is parsed from the URL and passed on the cmdline (`bb_orch=`), so
+        the baked init stays IP-independent. Boot the orchestrator first — the
+        gateway daemons reach it at startup. The gateway never mints, so it holds
+        no signing key, only this token (#469)."""
+        self._orchestrator_url = orchestrator_url
+        self._gateway_token = gateway_token
+        if not self._orchestrator_url:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                "gateway requires an orchestrator URL to run "
+                "(resolver-only data plane; no single-tenant fallback)"
+            )
+        if not self._gateway_token:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                "gateway requires a pre-minted `gateway` token to run "
+                "(the orchestrator mints it; the gateway never holds the key)"
+            )
+        orchestrator_guest_ip = urlparse(self._orchestrator_url).hostname or ""
+        if not orchestrator_guest_ip:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                f"cannot resolve orchestrator guest IP from {self._orchestrator_url!r}"
+            )
+        # Boot on the gateway link from the gateway rootfs, then push the token
+        # the init waits for before starting the data plane.
+        vm = infra_vm.boot_vm(
+            name=GATEWAY_NAME, slot=netpool.gw_slot(), run_dir=infra_vm._gw_dir(),
+            role="gateway", mem_mib=_GW_MEM_MIB,
+            extra_boot_args=f"bb_orch={orchestrator_guest_ip}",
+        )
+        infra_vm.push_secret(
+            vm, self._gateway_token, _GUEST_GATEWAY_JWT_PATH,
+            "the gateway JWT to the gateway VM (its data plane will not start)",
+        )
+        self._vm = vm
+
+    def is_running(self) -> bool:
+        return infra_vm._pidfile_alive(infra_vm._gw_dir())
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Stop only the gateway VM (idempotent — absent is success). A dead
+        gateway already fails `infra_vm.adoptable`, so no version marker to
+        clear here."""
+        infra_vm._kill_pidfile(infra_vm._gw_dir())
+        infra_vm._pid_file(infra_vm._gw_dir()).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    def address(self) -> str:
+        """The gateway VM's guest IP — the agent-facing target agent VMs'
+        gateway-port traffic is DNAT'd to."""
+        return netpool.gw_slot().guest_ip
+
+    def ca_cert_pem(self, *, timeout: float = DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) -> str:
+        """The gateway's mitmproxy CA (PEM) agents install to trust its TLS
+        interception. Fetched from the gateway VM over SSH; polls because
+        mitmproxy writes it a beat after boot. Works from any later launcher —
+        falls back to the stable key + fixed link when this process didn't boot
+        the VM."""
+        key = self._vm.private_key if self._vm else infra_vm._infra_dir() / "id_ed25519"
+        ip = self._vm.guest_ip if self._vm else netpool.gw_slot().guest_ip
+
+        def _fetch() -> str | None:
+            proc = subprocess.run(
+                util.ssh_base_argv(key, ip) + [f"cat {_GATEWAY_CA_PATH}"],
+                capture_output=True, text=True,
+                timeout=_CA_FETCH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, check=False,
+            )
+            ok = proc.returncode == 0 and "BEGIN CERTIFICATE" in proc.stdout
+            return proc.stdout if ok else None
+
+        try:
+            return backend_util.poll_ca_cert(_fetch, timeout=timeout)
+        except TimeoutError as exc:
+            raise GatewayError(str(exc)) from exc
+
+    def provisioning_transport(self) -> GatewayTransport:
+        """The exec/cp transport git-gate provisioning stages per-bottle repos +
+        deploy keys through (over SSH to the gateway VM). Needs no live handle —
+        built from the stable key + the gateway link's guest IP, so teardown can
+        use it too."""
+        return FirecrackerGatewayTransport(
+            infra_vm._infra_dir() / "id_ed25519", netpool.gw_slot().guest_ip)
+
+
+__all__ = ["FirecrackerGateway", "FirecrackerGatewayTransport", "GATEWAY_NAME"]

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/gateway_transport.py

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+"""The `GatewayTransport` for the gateway running in the gateway microVM
+(PRD 0070).
+
+How the launcher stages files + runs commands in the running gateway: the
+docker exec/cp equivalents over SSH (dropbear + the stable infra key). The
+backend-neutral provisioning logic that drives it lives in
+`backend.provision_gateway`.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import shlex
+import stat
+import subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ...gateway import GatewayProvisionError
+from . import util
+
+
+class FirecrackerGatewayTransport:
+    """`GatewayTransport` for the gateway running in the gateway VM — the docker
+    exec/cp equivalents over SSH (dropbear + the stable infra key)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, private_key: Path, guest_ip: str) -> None:
+        self._key = private_key
+        self._ip = guest_ip
+
+    def exec(self, argv: list[str]) -> None:
+        proc = subprocess.run(
+            util.ssh_base_argv(self._key, self._ip) + [shlex.join(argv)],
+            capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=60, check=False,
+        )
+        if proc.returncode != 0:
+            raise GatewayProvisionError(
+                f"infra gateway exec {argv!r} failed: {proc.stderr.strip()}")
+
+    def cp_into(self, src: str, dest: str) -> None:
+        # Preserve the source mode (docker cp does): the access-hook is staged
+        # 0700 and git-http execs it directly — a plain `cat >` would land it
+        # 0644 and the exec fails with EACCES; keys stay 0600.
+        mode = stat.S_IMODE(os.stat(src).st_mode)
+        q = shlex.quote(dest)
+        proc = subprocess.run(
+            util.ssh_base_argv(self._key, self._ip)
+            + [f"cat > {q} && chmod {mode:o} {q}"],
+            input=Path(src).read_bytes(), capture_output=True, timeout=30, check=False,
+        )
+        if proc.returncode != 0:
+            raise GatewayProvisionError(
+                f"infra gateway cp {src} -> {dest} failed: "
+                f"{proc.stderr.decode(errors='replace').strip()}")
+
+
+__all__ = ["FirecrackerGatewayTransport"]

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/image_builder.py

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 """Docker-free agent-image builds for the Firecracker backend (PRD 0069 Stage 3).
 
-Agent Dockerfiles build **inside the persistent per-host infra VM**
+Agent Dockerfiles build **inside the persistent per-host orchestrator VM**
 (`infra_vm.py`), which carries buildah (rootless, daemonless): no host Docker
 daemon, no root-equivalent `docker` group. The build runs over SSH against the
-infra VM and its rootfs streams back to the host, where the existing
+orchestrator VM and its rootfs streams back to the host, where the existing
 `mke2fs -d` path (`util.build_rootfs_ext4`) turns it into a bootable ext4.
 
-Building in the infra VM — rather than a throwaway builder VM — means there is
+Builds run on the control-plane (orchestrator) side — not the data-plane
-one buildah image (`bot-bottle-infra`) and no contention for the orchestrator
+gateway — per PRD 0070 v1 ("builds stay in the orchestrator"): it owns
-TAP. Tradeoff: an untrusted Dockerfile's `RUN` steps share the VM with the
+launches and already carries buildah. Tradeoff: an untrusted Dockerfile's
-control plane + gateway (buildah `--isolation chroot` isn't a hard boundary) —
+`RUN` steps share the VM with the control plane (buildah `--isolation chroot`
-the accepted single-VM blast-radius tradeoff, re-splittable into a disposable
+isn't a hard boundary) — the accepted blast-radius tradeoff, re-splittable
-builder (booted from this same image on its own TAP) later.
+into a disposable builder (booted from this same image on its own TAP) later.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Generator
 
 from ...log import die, info
-from . import infra_vm, util
+from . import util
+from .infra import FirecrackerInfraService
 
 # vfs + chroot: buildah works as root in the microVM (no fuse-overlayfs /
 # overlay module / subuid maps). `--isolation` is a build/run-only flag;
@@ -38,27 +39,47 @@ _BUILD_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 900.0
 
 
 def _dockerfile_hash(dockerfile: Path) -> str:
-    """Cache key: the Dockerfile's content. The shipped agent Dockerfiles
+    """The Dockerfile's content hash. The shipped agent Dockerfiles COPY
-    COPY nothing from the build context (see .dockerignore), so their content
+    nothing from the build context (see .dockerignore), so their content fully
-    fully determines the image; a Dockerfile that adds COPY will want the
+    determines the built image; a Dockerfile that adds COPY will want the
     context folded in here too."""
     return hashlib.sha256(dockerfile.read_bytes()).hexdigest()[:16]
 
 
+def _rootfs_digest(dockerfile: Path) -> str:
+    """Cache key for the built AND boot-injected agent rootfs. Two inputs
+    determine the on-disk rootfs: the Dockerfile (the image) and the guest init
+    injected into it (`util._GUEST_INIT`). Folding the init in means a fix to
+    it — e.g. making /tmp world-writable — busts the cache instead of silently
+    reusing a stale rootfs built with the old init."""
+    h = hashlib.sha256()
+    h.update(_dockerfile_hash(dockerfile).encode())
+    h.update(b"\0")
+    h.update(util._GUEST_INIT.encode())
+    return h.hexdigest()[:16]
+
+
+def cached_agent_rootfs_dir(dockerfile: Path) -> Path | None:
+    """Return the ready cached rootfs for ``dockerfile``, if one exists."""
+    base = util.cache_dir() / "rootfs" / f"agent-{_rootfs_digest(dockerfile)}"
+    return base if (base / ".bb-ready").is_file() else None
+
+
 def build_agent_rootfs_dir(
     dockerfile: Path, *, image_tag: str, smoke_test: tuple[str, ...] = (),
 ) -> Path:
     """Build `dockerfile` in the infra VM (buildah, no host docker), export its
     rootfs, inject the guest boot bits, and return the cached base dir — the
-    same shape `util.build_rootfs_ext4` consumes. Cached by Dockerfile content,
+    same shape `util.build_rootfs_ext4` consumes. Cached by Dockerfile content
-    so a repeat launch skips the rebuild.
+    + injected guest init, so a repeat launch skips the rebuild but an init or
+    Dockerfile change rebuilds.
 
     `smoke_test` (the provider's declared argv, e.g. `("claude","--version")`)
     is run in the freshly built image before export, catching an npm
     silent-failure image at build time rather than at first agent use."""
-    digest = _dockerfile_hash(dockerfile)
+    digest = _rootfs_digest(dockerfile)
     base = util.cache_dir() / "rootfs" / f"agent-{digest}"
-    if (base / ".bb-ready").is_file():
+    if cached_agent_rootfs_dir(dockerfile) is not None:
         info(f"using cached agent rootfs {base.name}")
         return base
 
@@ -101,11 +122,13 @@ def _build_lock() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
 def _build_in_infra(
     dockerfile: Path, base: Path, smoke_test: tuple[str, ...], digest: str,
 ) -> None:
-    """Ensure the infra VM is up, `buildah build` the Dockerfile in it, smoke
+    """Ensure the infra VMs are up, `buildah build` the Dockerfile in the
-    test the image, and stream its rootfs into `base`. The infra VM persists;
+    orchestrator VM (the build-capable control plane), smoke test the image,
-    only the per-build container/image/context are cleaned up."""
+    and stream its rootfs into `base`. The infra VMs persist; only the
-    infra = infra_vm.ensure_running()
+    per-build container/image/context are cleaned up."""
-    key, ip = infra.private_key, infra.guest_ip
+    service = FirecrackerInfraService()
+    service.ensure_running()
+    key, ip = service.orchestrator().ssh_target()
     tag = f"bot-bottle-agent-build-{digest}"
     ctx = f"/tmp/agent-build-{digest}"
     smoke_ctr, export_ctr = f"{tag}-smoke", f"{tag}-export"

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/infra.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+"""The per-host infra service for the Firecracker backend (PRD 0070).
+
+`FirecrackerInfraService` is the Firecracker `InfraService`: it composes the
+orchestrator + gateway microVMs as an idempotent per-host singleton pair over
+the shared `infra_vm` substrate (boot primitives, the singleton flock, the
+adopt/version machinery). Unlike the docker/macOS services it takes no
+per-instance config — the firecracker pair is a **hard** per-host singleton,
+pinned to the fixed netpool links (`orch_slot()` / `gw_slot()`), host cache
+paths, and a `booted-version` marker, so two pairs can't coexist on one host.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ...log import info
+from ..infra_service import InfraService
+from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS
+from . import infra_vm
+from .gateway import FirecrackerGateway
+from .orchestrator import FirecrackerOrchestrator
+
+
+class FirecrackerInfraService(InfraService):
+    """Bring up the orchestrator + gateway microVM pair as a per-host singleton."""
+
+    def orchestrator(self) -> FirecrackerOrchestrator:
+        """The control-plane service (adopts the running orchestrator VM by its
+        fixed link; no live handle needed for URL / SSH / health)."""
+        return FirecrackerOrchestrator()
+
+    def gateway(self) -> FirecrackerGateway:
+        """The data-plane service (adopts the running gateway VM by its fixed
+        link; CA fetch / provisioning go through the stable key)."""
+        return FirecrackerGateway()
+
+    def ensure_running(
+        self, *, startup_timeout: float = DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Idempotent per-host singleton pair. Adopt the running VMs if the
+        orchestrator's control plane is healthy AND the gateway VM is alive AND
+        both booted the CURRENT code version (a prior launcher booted them — they
+        outlive short-lived `start` processes); otherwise clear any stale VMs and
+        boot a fresh pair (orchestrator first, then the gateway that resolves
+        policy against it). Returns the host control-plane URL.
+
+        Concurrency-safe: the cold stop/build/boot path is serialized by a host
+        flock, so two simultaneous first launches don't both boot on the same
+        links/PIDs. The healthy fast-path takes no lock."""
+        key = infra_vm._infra_dir() / "id_ed25519"
+        orchestrator = self.orchestrator()
+        url = orchestrator.url()
+        want = infra_vm.expected_version()
+        if infra_vm.adoptable(key, url, want):
+            info(f"adopting running infra VMs (orchestrator at {url})")
+            return url
+
+        with infra_vm.singleton_lock():
+            # Re-check under the lock: another launcher may have booted them while
+            # we waited (double-checked, so we adopt not re-boot).
+            if infra_vm.adoptable(key, url, want):
+                info(f"adopting running infra VMs (orchestrator at {url})")
+                return url
+            # Clear stale/hung/OUTDATED VMs holding either link before booting fresh.
+            infra_vm.stop()
+            infra_vm.ensure_built()
+            # Orchestrator first — the gateway daemons reach the control plane at
+            # startup. Each service owns its own boot; the orchestrator (which
+            # holds the signing key) mints the role-scoped `gateway` JWT for the
+            # gateway, which never sees the key (#469).
+            orchestrator.ensure_running(startup_timeout=startup_timeout)
+            self.gateway().connect_to_orchestrator(
+                orchestrator.gateway_url(), orchestrator.mint_gateway_token())
+            infra_vm.record_booted_version(want)
+            return url
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Stop both infra VMs (idempotent) and drop the version marker."""
+        infra_vm.stop()
+
+
+__all__ = ["FirecrackerInfraService"]

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/infra_artifact.py

@@ -1,22 +1,26 @@
-"""Prebuilt infra-VM rootfs, pulled as an artifact (PRD 0069 Stage 2).
+"""Prebuilt infra-VM rootfs images, pulled as artifacts (PRD 0069 Stage 2).
 
-The Firecracker infra VM boots a fixed rootfs (orchestrator control plane +
+The two Firecracker infra VMs each boot a fixed per-plane rootfs that does not
-gateway + buildah, control-plane init as PID 1) that does not vary per launch —
+vary per launch — the per-boot bits (authorized_keys, guest IP) ride the kernel
-the per-boot bits (authorized_keys, guest IP) ride the kernel cmdline, so one
+cmdline, so one rootfs boots on any host:
-rootfs boots on any host. Instead of building that rootfs on the launch host
+
-with Docker, we build it **off-host** and publish it as a versioned, ready-to-
+  * `orchestrator` — the control plane + buildah (in-VM agent-image builds);
-boot ext4 (gzip-compressed) to a Gitea **generic package**; the launch host
+  * `gateway` — the slim data plane (no build tooling on the exposed VM).
-downloads + verifies + boots it. No Docker, no image tooling on the launch
+
-host — just an HTTP fetch and gunzip.
+Instead of building them on the launch host with Docker, we build them
+**off-host** and publish each as a versioned, ready-to-boot ext4 (gzip-
+compressed) to a per-role Gitea **generic package**; the launch host downloads +
+verifies + boots them. No Docker, no image tooling on the launch host — just an
+HTTP fetch and gunzip.
 
   publish (off-host, see publish_infra.py):
     docker build -> rootfs dir -> mke2fs -> gzip -> PUT generic package
   pull (this module, launch host):
     GET .../rootfs.ext4.gz (+ .sha256) -> verify -> gunzip -> boot
 
-The artifact **version** is a content hash of everything baked into the rootfs
+Each artifact **version** is a content hash of everything baked into that rootfs
-(the shipped bot_bottle package, the three Dockerfiles, and the init), so a
+(the shipped bot_bottle package, the role's Dockerfiles, and the role init), so
-launch host always pulls the artifact matching its code and a content change
+a launch host always pulls the artifact matching its code and a content change
 can't silently boot a stale rootfs. A checksum mismatch fails closed.
 
 Set `BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_BUILD=local` to skip the pull and build the rootfs
@@ -41,11 +45,23 @@ from . import util
 _ARTIFACT_FORMAT = "1"
 
 _REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
-_DOCKERFILES = ("Dockerfile.orchestrator", "Dockerfile.gateway", "Dockerfile.infra")
+
+# The two per-plane infra VM roles. Each publishes/pulls its own rootfs artifact
+# from its own generic package; the Dockerfiles baked into each differ (only the
+# orchestrator rootfs carries buildah), so the versions are hashed separately.
+ROLES = ("orchestrator", "gateway")
+_DOCKERFILES = {
+    "orchestrator": ("Dockerfile.orchestrator", "Dockerfile.orchestrator.fc"),
+    "gateway": ("Dockerfile.gateway",),
+}
 
 _DEFAULT_BASE = "https://gitea.dideric.is"
 _DEFAULT_OWNER = "didericis"
-_PACKAGE = "bot-bottle-firecracker-infra"
+
+
+def _package(role: str) -> str:
+    return f"bot-bottle-firecracker-{role}"
+
 
 # Streaming copy chunk for the (hundreds-of-MB) download.
 _CHUNK = 1 << 20
@@ -57,21 +73,24 @@ def local_build_requested() -> bool:
     return os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_BUILD", "").strip().lower() == "local"
 
 
-def infra_artifact_version(init_script: str, *, repo_root: Path = _REPO_ROOT) -> str:
+def infra_artifact_version(
-    """Content hash (16 hex) of everything baked into the infra rootfs: the
+    init_script: str, role: str, *, repo_root: Path = _REPO_ROOT,
-    whole shipped `bot_bottle` package, the three fixed Dockerfiles, and the
+) -> str:
-    guest init. Deterministic across the publish host and the launch host when
+    """Content hash (16 hex) of everything baked into `role`'s infra rootfs: the
-    both run the same checkout, so the tag the launch host pulls is exactly the
+    whole shipped `bot_bottle` package, that role's Dockerfiles, and its guest
-    tag publish produced.
+    init. Deterministic across the publish host and the launch host when both run
+    the same checkout, so the tag the launch host pulls is exactly the tag
+    publish produced.
 
-    The package is `COPY bot_bottle /app/bot_bottle`'d wholesale into the image,
+    The package is baked into both images wholesale (orchestrator `COPY`s it,
-    so hash *every* regular file under it — not just `*.py`. Non-Python inputs
+    gateway `pip install`s it), so hash *every* regular file under it — not just
-    (e.g. `egress_entrypoint.sh`, `netpool.defaults.env`) are baked in too, and
+    `*.py`. Non-Python inputs (e.g. `gateway/egress/entrypoint.sh`,
-    a change to one must bump the version or a launch host could boot a stale
+    `netpool.defaults.env`) are baked in too, and a change to one must bump the
-    rootfs whose code differs from its checkout. `__pycache__`/`.pyc` are the
+    version or a launch host could boot a stale rootfs whose code differs from
-    only exclusions — build artifacts, never copied."""
+    its checkout. `__pycache__`/`.pyc` are the only exclusions — build artifacts,
+    never copied."""
     h = hashlib.sha256()
-    h.update(f"format={_ARTIFACT_FORMAT}\n".encode())
+    h.update(f"format={_ARTIFACT_FORMAT}\nrole={role}\n".encode())
     pkg = repo_root / "bot_bottle"
     for path in sorted(pkg.rglob("*")):
         if not path.is_file():
@@ -81,10 +100,15 @@ def infra_artifact_version(init_script: str, *, repo_root: Path = _REPO_ROOT) ->
         h.update(str(path.relative_to(repo_root)).encode())
         h.update(b"\0")
         h.update(path.read_bytes())
-    for name in _DOCKERFILES:
+    for name in _DOCKERFILES[role]:
         h.update(name.encode())
         h.update(b"\0")
         h.update((repo_root / name).read_bytes())
+    h.update(b"pyproject.toml\0")
+    h.update((repo_root / "pyproject.toml").read_bytes())
+    h.update(b"dropbear\0")
+    dropbear = util.dropbear_path()
+    h.update(dropbear.read_bytes() if dropbear.is_file() else b"<missing>")
     h.update(b"init\0")
     h.update(init_script.encode())
     return h.hexdigest()[:16]
@@ -102,19 +126,20 @@ def _config() -> tuple[str, str, str]:
     return base, owner, token
 
 
-def artifact_url(version: str, filename: str) -> str:
+def artifact_url(version: str, filename: str, *, role: str) -> str:
-    """The generic-package download URL for one file of this version's
+    """The generic-package download URL for one file of `role`'s artifact at
-    artifact (`rootfs.ext4.gz` / `rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256`)."""
+    `version` (`rootfs.ext4.gz` / `rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256`)."""
     base, owner, _ = _config()
-    return f"{base}/api/packages/{owner}/generic/{_PACKAGE}/{version}/{filename}"
+    return f"{base}/api/packages/{owner}/generic/{_package(role)}/{version}/{filename}"
 
 
 _GZ_NAME = "rootfs.ext4.gz"
 _SHA_NAME = "rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256"
+_CANDIDATE_DIR_ENV = "BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_ARTIFACT_DIR"
 
 
-def _cache_root(version: str) -> Path:
+def _cache_root(version: str, role: str) -> Path:
-    return util.cache_dir() / "infra-artifact" / version
+    return util.cache_dir() / "infra-artifact" / role / version
 
 
 def _open(url: str) -> urllib.request.Request:
@@ -156,21 +181,52 @@ def _sha256_file(path: Path) -> str:
     return h.hexdigest()
 
 
-def ensure_artifact_gz(version: str) -> Path:
+def ensure_artifact_gz(version: str, *, role: str) -> Path:
-    """The verified, cached `rootfs.ext4.gz` for `version` — downloading it (and
+    """The verified, cached `rootfs.ext4.gz` for `role` at `version` —
-    its `.sha256`) once, then reusing it. Fail-closed on a checksum mismatch:
+    downloading it (and its `.sha256`) once, then reusing it. Fail-closed on a
-    the partial is removed and we die rather than boot an unverified rootfs."""
+    checksum mismatch: the partial is removed and we die rather than boot an
-    root = _cache_root(version)
+    unverified rootfs.
+
+    A pre-staged candidate bundle (`BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_ARTIFACT_DIR`) holds each
+    role under its own `<dir>/<role>/` subdir."""
+    candidate_dir = os.environ.get(_CANDIDATE_DIR_ENV, "").strip()
+    if candidate_dir:
+        root = Path(candidate_dir) / role
+        version_file = root / "version.txt"
+        # Guard the read so a missing version.txt is a clean error, not a raw
+        # FileNotFoundError.
+        if not version_file.is_file():
+            die(f"infra candidate bundle is incomplete: {root}")
+        declared = version_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8").strip()
+        if declared != version:
+            die(
+                f"infra candidate version mismatch ({role}): expected {version}, "
+                f"bundle contains {declared or '<empty>'}"
+            )
+        gz = root / _GZ_NAME
+        sha = root / _SHA_NAME
+        if not gz.is_file() or not sha.is_file():
+            die(f"infra candidate bundle is incomplete: {root}")
+        expected = sha.read_text().split()[0].strip().lower()
+        actual = _sha256_file(gz)
+        if actual != expected:
+            die(
+                f"infra candidate checksum mismatch ({role}) for {version}:\n"
+                f"    expected {expected}\n    actual   {actual}"
+            )
+        return gz
+
+    root = _cache_root(version, role)
     root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     gz = root / _GZ_NAME
     ok = root / ".verified"
     if gz.is_file() and ok.is_file():
         return gz
 
-    info(f"pulling infra rootfs artifact {_PACKAGE}/{version}")
+    info(f"pulling infra rootfs artifact {_package(role)}/{version}")
-    _download(artifact_url(version, _GZ_NAME), gz)
+    _download(artifact_url(version, _GZ_NAME, role=role), gz)
     sha = root / _SHA_NAME
-    _download(artifact_url(version, _SHA_NAME), sha)
+    _download(artifact_url(version, _SHA_NAME, role=role), sha)
 
     expected = sha.read_text().split()[0].strip().lower()
     actual = _sha256_file(gz)
@@ -178,7 +234,7 @@ def ensure_artifact_gz(version: str) -> Path:
         gz.unlink(missing_ok=True)
         sha.unlink(missing_ok=True)
         die(
-            f"infra artifact checksum mismatch for {version}:\n"
+            f"infra artifact checksum mismatch ({role}) for {version}:\n"
             f"    expected {expected}\n"
             f"    actual   {actual}\n"
             f"    refusing to boot an unverified rootfs."
@@ -187,13 +243,13 @@ def ensure_artifact_gz(version: str) -> Path:
     return gz
 
 
-def materialize_ext4(version: str, dest: Path) -> None:
+def materialize_ext4(version: str, dest: Path, *, role: str) -> None:
-    """Ensure the verified artifact is cached, then gunzip it to `dest` — a
+    """Ensure the verified `role` artifact is cached, then gunzip it to `dest` —
-    fresh, writable per-boot rootfs (the VM mutates it; the cached `.gz` stays
+    a fresh, writable per-boot rootfs (the VM mutates it; the cached `.gz` stays
     pristine). Atomic via a `.part` sibling."""
-    gz = ensure_artifact_gz(version)
+    gz = ensure_artifact_gz(version, role=role)
     tmp = dest.with_suffix(dest.suffix + ".part")
-    info(f"expanding infra rootfs -> {dest}")
+    info(f"expanding {role} infra rootfs -> {dest}")
     with gzip.open(gz, "rb") as src, open(tmp, "wb") as out:
         shutil.copyfileobj(src, out, _CHUNK)
     tmp.replace(dest)

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/infra_vm.py

@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
-"""The per-host infra VM for the Firecracker backend (PRD 0070 Stage B).
+"""The per-host infra VMs for the Firecracker backend (PRD 0070).
 
-A single persistent microVM that runs the orchestrator **control plane** (and,
+Two persistent microVMs, split now that #469 got the DB off the data plane
-in a following step, the gateway **data plane**) — the trusted per-host service
+(PRD 0070 "Separating the planes"):
-the docker backend runs as containers. It boots on the NAT'd orchestrator link
-(`netpool.orch_slot()`): the host CLI reaches its control plane over HTTP at the
-guest IP, and agent VMs reach its gateway ports over VM-to-VM routing.
 
-Build-from-source (the default while the design churns): the rootfs is exported
+  * **orchestrator VM** — the control plane. Boots on the NAT'd orchestrator
-from the locally built orchestrator image, which bakes the stdlib-only
+    link (`netpool.orch_slot()`); the host CLI reaches its `/health` +
-control-plane source. A pull-from-registry mode (Gitea's OCI registry) becomes
+    operator routes over HTTP at the guest IP. Sole opener of `bot-bottle.db`
-the default later.
+    (on its persistent /dev/vdb registry volume); holds the host-canonical
+    signing key (pushed post-boot). Also carries buildah, so in-VM agent-image
+    builds run here (PRD 0070 v1: builds stay with the control plane).
+  * **gateway VM** — the data plane. Boots on its own NAT'd link
+    (`netpool.gw_slot()`); runs the egress / git-http / supervise daemons that
+    agent VMs reach (their gateway-port traffic is DNAT'd here — never to the
+    orchestrator, so a breached agent has no L3 route to the control plane).
+    Holds the mitmproxy CA + a pre-minted `gateway` JWT (never the signing
+    key); reaches the orchestrator's control plane at `orch_guest:8099` over
+    the one nft forward rule that link allows.
 
-SSH is left enabled for debugging; the control plane is the load-bearing
+Each VM boots its **own** per-plane rootfs — the orchestrator rootfs carries the
-surface.
+control plane + buildah (in-VM agent builds), the gateway rootfs is the slim
+data plane with no build tooling on the exposed VM. Two artifacts, built/pulled
+per role (`infra_artifact`); each rootfs bakes only its own role init as PID 1.
+The gateway VM also runs a slimmer memory ceiling.
+
+SSH is left enabled for debugging + provisioning; the control plane is the
+load-bearing surface.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -20,9 +32,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import fcntl
 import hashlib
 import os
-import shlex
 import signal
-import stat
 import subprocess
 import time
 import urllib.error
@@ -34,41 +44,52 @@ from typing import Generator
 
 from ...log import die, info
 from ..docker import util as docker_mod
-from ..docker.gateway_provision import GatewayProvisionError
 from . import firecracker_vm, infra_artifact, netpool, util
 
-# The single infra-VM image: gateway data plane + baked control-plane source
+# The orchestrator VM's signing-key path on its persistent /dev/vdb volume
-# (Dockerfile.infra FROM the gateway image). Built from source by default;
+# (mounted at BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT=/var/lib/bot-bottle). The launcher seeds this
-# a pull-from-registry mode lands later.
+# file with the host-canonical key AFTER boot (over SSH), so the VM verifies
-_INFRA_IMAGE = "bot-bottle-infra:latest"
+# tokens with the same key the host CLI signs with — the host token file stays
+# the single source of truth, never clobbered per-backend (issue #469 review).
+_GUEST_SIGNING_KEY_PATH = "/var/lib/bot-bottle/orchestrator-token"
+# The gateway VM's pre-minted `gateway` JWT path (rootfs, not /dev/vdb — the
+# data plane has no registry volume and never opens the DB). Pushed post-boot;
+# the gateway daemons present it to the orchestrator, and never see the key.
+_GUEST_GATEWAY_JWT_PATH = "/var/lib/bot-bottle/gateway-jwt"
+
+# The two per-plane rootfs source images. The orchestrator VM boots a control
+# plane + buildah rootfs (Dockerfile.orchestrator.fc, FROM orchestrator); the
+# gateway VM boots the slim data-plane image directly (no build tooling on the
+# exposed VM). Built from source by default; the launch host pulls prebuilt
+# artifacts instead (`infra_artifact`).
 _GATEWAY_IMAGE = "bot-bottle-gateway:latest"
 _ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE = "bot-bottle-orchestrator:latest"
+_ORCHESTRATOR_FC_IMAGE = "bot-bottle-orchestrator-fc:latest"
 _REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
 
-CONTROL_PLANE_PORT = 8099
+# Per-role rootfs source image + the extra free space `mke2fs` leaves for the
-# Gateway data-plane ports (agent-facing): egress proxy, supervise MCP,
+# guest to grow into. The orchestrator keeps buildah's large build slack; the
-# git-http. Reached by agent VMs over VM-to-VM routing (added next).
+# gateway carries no build tooling, so its rootfs is much smaller.
-EGRESS_PORT = 9099
+_ROOTFS_IMAGE = {"orchestrator": _ORCHESTRATOR_FC_IMAGE, "gateway": _GATEWAY_IMAGE}
-SUPERVISE_PORT = 9100
+_ROOTFS_SLACK_MIB = {"orchestrator": 8192, "gateway": 1024}
-GIT_HTTP_PORT = 9420
-# mitmproxy writes its CA here a beat after start; agents install it to trust
-# the gateway's TLS interception.
-_GATEWAY_CA_PATH = "/home/mitmproxy/.mitmproxy/mitmproxy-ca-cert.pem"
 
-# The infra VM makes direct upstream connections (gateway egress, and buildah
+ORCHESTRATOR_PORT = 8099
+
+# The infra VMs make direct upstream connections (gateway egress, and buildah
 # during builds), and the kernel `ip=` cmdline sets no resolver. Public for
 # now; routing DNS through a filtered path is a later refinement.
 _INFRA_RESOLVER = "1.1.1.1"
 
-_HEALTH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 45.0
+# How long the launcher retries pushing a secret while the guest's SSH comes
-_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS = 0.5
+# up. Below the init's own wait window, so a failed push dies here first.
-_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30.0
+_SECRET_PUSH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30.0
+_SECRET_PUSH_POLL_SECONDS = 0.5
 
 
 @dataclass
 class InfraVm:
-    """A handle to the per-host infra VM: its guest IP and the stable SSH key
+    """A handle to one infra VM: its guest IP and the stable SSH key used to
-    used to fetch the gateway CA / provision git-gate. `vm` is the live VMM
+    seed secrets / fetch the CA / provision git-gate. `vm` is the live VMM
     handle when this process booted it, and None when adopting a singleton a
     prior launcher started (teardown then goes through the PID file)."""
 
@@ -76,111 +97,61 @@ class InfraVm:
     private_key: Path
     vm: firecracker_vm.VmHandle | None = None
 
-    @property
-    def control_plane_url(self) -> str:
-        return f"http://{self.guest_ip}:{CONTROL_PLANE_PORT}"
 
-    def terminate(self) -> None:
+def role_init(role: str) -> str:
-        """Stop the infra VM — via the live handle if we booted it, else the
+    """The guest PID-1 init for `role` (each per-plane rootfs bakes only its
-        PID file (adopting-process case)."""
+    own — no `bb_role` branch, since the rootfs *is* the role)."""
-        if self.vm is not None:
+    return _orchestrator_init() if role == "orchestrator" else _gateway_init()
-            self.vm.terminate()
-        else:
-            _kill_pidfile()
-        _pid_file().unlink(missing_ok=True)
 
-    def gateway_ca_pem(self, *, timeout: float = _CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) -> str:
+
-        """The gateway's mitmproxy CA (PEM) that agents install to trust its
+def _role_version(role: str) -> str:
-        TLS interception. Generated a moment after boot, so this polls over
+    return infra_artifact.infra_artifact_version(role_init(role), role)
-        SSH until it appears (mirrors DockerGateway.ca_cert_pem)."""
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
-        while True:
-            proc = subprocess.run(
-                util.ssh_base_argv(self.private_key, self.guest_ip)
-                + [f"cat {_GATEWAY_CA_PATH}"],
-                capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=15, check=False,
-            )
-            if proc.returncode == 0 and "BEGIN CERTIFICATE" in proc.stdout:
-                return proc.stdout
-            if time.monotonic() >= deadline:
-                die(f"gateway CA not available after {timeout:g}s: "
-                    f"{proc.stderr.strip() or 'empty'}")
-            time.sleep(_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS)
 
 
 def ensure_built() -> None:
-    """Ensure the infra rootfs is available before boot.
+    """Ensure both infra rootfs artifacts are available before boot.
 
     Default (docker-free, PRD 0069 Stage 2): download + verify the prebuilt
-    rootfs artifact matching this code version (see `infra_artifact`); the
+    orchestrator + gateway rootfs artifacts matching this code version (see
-    launch host needs no Docker. `BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_BUILD=local` instead builds
+    `infra_artifact`); the launch host needs no Docker.
-    the three fixed images from source with host Docker — the infra image
+    `BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_BUILD=local` instead builds the images from source with
-    `COPY --from`s the orchestrator image and is `FROM` the gateway image, so
+    host Docker (the orchestrator-fc image is `FROM` the orchestrator image, so
-    both must exist first — for iterating on the Dockerfiles."""
+    it must exist first) — for iterating on the Dockerfiles."""
     if infra_artifact.local_build_requested():
         build_infra_images_with_docker()
         return
-    infra_artifact.ensure_artifact_gz(
+    for role in infra_artifact.ROLES:
-        infra_artifact.infra_artifact_version(_infra_init()))
+        infra_artifact.ensure_artifact_gz(_role_version(role), role=role)
 
 
 def build_infra_images_with_docker() -> None:
-    """Build the three fixed images from source with host Docker: orchestrator,
+    """Build the fixed images from source with host Docker: orchestrator,
-    gateway, then the combined infra image (`COPY --from` orchestrator, `FROM`
+    gateway, then the orchestrator-fc image (Dockerfile.orchestrator.fc: FROM
-    gateway). The launch host uses this only in `BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_BUILD=local`
+    orchestrator + buildah). The gateway VM boots the gateway image directly.
-    mode; `publish_infra` uses it off-host to produce the published artifact."""
+    The launch host uses this only in `BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_BUILD=local` mode;
+    `publish_infra` uses it off-host to produce the published artifacts."""
     docker_mod.build_image(
         _ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE, str(_REPO_ROOT), dockerfile="Dockerfile.orchestrator")
     docker_mod.build_image(
         _GATEWAY_IMAGE, str(_REPO_ROOT), dockerfile="Dockerfile.gateway")
     docker_mod.build_image(
-        _INFRA_IMAGE, str(_REPO_ROOT), dockerfile="Dockerfile.infra")
+        _ORCHESTRATOR_FC_IMAGE, str(_REPO_ROOT), dockerfile="Dockerfile.orchestrator.fc")
 
 
-def build_infra_rootfs_dir() -> Path:
+def build_rootfs_dir(role: str) -> Path:
-    """The infra VM's base rootfs: the infra image prepared with the
+    """`role`'s base rootfs dir: its source image prepared with the role init as
-    control-plane + gateway init as PID 1. The init's content is folded into
+    PID 1. The init's content is folded into the cache key so an init change
-    the cache key so an init change rebuilds the rootfs (the base image digest
+    rebuilds the rootfs (the base image digest alone wouldn't catch it)."""
-    alone wouldn't catch it)."""
+    init = role_init(role)
-    init = _infra_init()
     tag = hashlib.sha256(init.encode()).hexdigest()[:8]
     return util.build_base_rootfs_dir(
-        _INFRA_IMAGE, variant=f"-infra-{tag}", init_script=init,
+        _ROOTFS_IMAGE[role], variant=f"-{role}-{tag}", init_script=init,
     )
 
 
-def ensure_running() -> InfraVm:
-    """Idempotent per-host singleton. Adopt the infra VM if its control plane
-    is already healthy (a prior launcher booted it — it outlives short-lived
-    `start` processes); otherwise clear any stale VM and boot a fresh one.
-    Returns a handle usable for CA fetch / git-gate provisioning.
-
-    Concurrency-safe: the cold stop/build/boot path is serialized by a host
-    flock, so two simultaneous first launches don't both boot on the same
-    rootfs/PID. The healthy fast-path takes no lock."""
-    slot = netpool.orch_slot()
-    url = f"http://{slot.guest_ip}:{CONTROL_PLANE_PORT}"
-    key = _infra_dir() / "id_ed25519"
-    if key.exists() and _health_ok(url):
-        info(f"adopting running infra VM at {url}")
-        return InfraVm(guest_ip=slot.guest_ip, private_key=key)
-
-    with _singleton_lock():
-        # Re-check under the lock: another launcher may have booted it while
-        # we waited for the lock (double-checked, so we adopt not re-boot).
-        if key.exists() and _health_ok(url):
-            info(f"adopting running infra VM at {url}")
-            return InfraVm(guest_ip=slot.guest_ip, private_key=key)
-        stop()  # clear a stale/hung VM holding the link before booting fresh
-        ensure_built()
-        infra = boot()
-        wait_for_health(infra)
-        return infra
-
-
 @contextmanager
-def _singleton_lock() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+def singleton_lock() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    """Host-level exclusive lock serializing the infra VM's cold create path
+    """Host-level exclusive lock serializing the infra pair's cold create path
     (`stop`/`ensure_built`/`boot`). flock auto-releases if the launcher
     crashes, so the lock is never leaked."""
     lock_path = _infra_dir() / "singleton.lock"
@@ -193,38 +164,62 @@ def _singleton_lock() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
 
 
 def stop() -> None:
-    """Stop the infra VM singleton (idempotent — absent is success)."""
+    """Stop BOTH infra VMs (idempotent — absent is success). Reaps the
-    _kill_pidfile()
+    recorded VMMs AND any orphaned firecracker still bound to either infra
-    _pid_file().unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    config — the PID files drift after crashes / out-of-band kills, and a
+    survivor would hold a link's TAP so the next boot dies with "tap …
+    Resource busy". Also reaps a surviving *legacy* single combined-VM (the
+    pre-split layout booted from `<infra>/config.json` on the orchestrator
+    link): the two-VM `stop` otherwise wouldn't know about it, and it would
+    hold the orchestrator TAP so the first split boot fails — so the cutover
+    is self-healing, no manual host teardown. Drops the version marker so a
+    stopped pair is never treated as adoptable."""
+    _kill_pidfile(_orch_dir())
+    _kill_pidfile(_gw_dir())
+    _kill_pidfile(_infra_dir())  # legacy pre-split combined VM (migration)
+    _kill_infra_firecrackers()
+    _pid_file(_orch_dir()).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    _pid_file(_gw_dir()).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    _pid_file(_infra_dir()).unlink(missing_ok=True)  # legacy
+    _version_file().unlink(missing_ok=True)
 
 
-def boot() -> InfraVm:
+def boot_vm(
-    """Boot the infra VM (detached, so it outlives the launcher) on the
+    *,
-    orchestrator link, recording its PID. Prefer `ensure_running`."""
+    name: str,
-    slot = netpool.orch_slot()
+    slot: netpool.Slot,
+    run_dir: Path,
+    role: str,
+    mem_mib: int,
+    data_drive: Path | None = None,
+    extra_boot_args: str = "",
+) -> InfraVm:
+    """Boot the `role` infra VM from its per-plane rootfs on `slot`'s link.
+    Records the PID."""
     if not netpool.tap_present(slot.iface):
-        die(f"orchestrator link {slot.iface} not present.\n"
+        die(f"infra link {slot.iface} not present.\n"
             f"    ./cli.py backend setup --backend=firecracker")
 
-    run_dir = _infra_dir()
+    run_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     rootfs = run_dir / "rootfs.ext4"
     if infra_artifact.local_build_requested():
-        util.build_rootfs_ext4(build_infra_rootfs_dir(), rootfs, slack_mib=8192)
+        util.build_rootfs_ext4(
+            build_rootfs_dir(role), rootfs, slack_mib=_ROOTFS_SLACK_MIB[role])
     else:
-        # Prebuilt artifact already carries the buildah build slack; expand it
+        # Prebuilt artifact already carries the role's build slack; expand it to
-        # to a fresh writable rootfs for this boot.
+        # a fresh writable rootfs for this boot.
-        infra_artifact.materialize_ext4(
+        infra_artifact.materialize_ext4(_role_version(role), rootfs, role=role)
-            infra_artifact.infra_artifact_version(_infra_init()), rootfs)
     private_key, pubkey = _stable_keypair()
 
-    info(f"booting infra VM on {slot.iface} (guest {slot.guest_ip})")
+    info(f"booting {role} VM on {slot.iface} (guest {slot.guest_ip})")
+    boot_args = extra_boot_args
     vm = firecracker_vm.boot(
-        name="bot-bottle-infra", rootfs=rootfs, tap=slot.iface,
+        name=name, rootfs=rootfs, tap=slot.iface,
         guest_ip=slot.guest_ip, host_ip=slot.host_ip, pubkey=pubkey,
-        run_dir=run_dir, mem_mib=4096, detached=True,
+        run_dir=run_dir, mem_mib=mem_mib, detached=True,
-        data_drive=_ensure_registry_volume(),
+        data_drive=data_drive, extra_boot_args=boot_args,
     )
-    _pid_file().write_text(str(vm.process.pid))
+    _pid_file(run_dir).write_text(str(vm.process.pid))
     return InfraVm(guest_ip=slot.guest_ip, private_key=private_key, vm=vm)
 
 
@@ -234,43 +229,85 @@ def _infra_dir() -> Path:
     return d
 
 
-def _pid_file() -> Path:
+def _orch_dir() -> Path:
-    return _infra_dir() / "vm.pid"
+    d = _infra_dir() / "orchestrator"
+    d.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    return d
 
 
-# The registry "volume": a host-side ext4 file attached to the infra VM as a
+def _gw_dir() -> Path:
-# second virtio-block device (guest /dev/vdb), mounted at the control plane's
+    d = _infra_dir() / "gateway"
-# DB dir. It outlives the ephemeral rootfs, so the bottle registry survives an
+    d.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-# infra-VM restart — the firecracker analogue of a docker volume. It is a
+    return d
-# plain ext4 file: `sudo mount -o loop <path>` on the host (with the VM
-# stopped) to inspect bot-bottle.db directly.
-_REGISTRY_SIZE = "512M"
 
 
-def registry_volume_path() -> Path:
+def _pid_file(run_dir: Path) -> Path:
-    return _infra_dir() / "registry.ext4"
+    return run_dir / "vm.pid"
 
 
-def _ensure_registry_volume() -> Path:
+def _version_file() -> Path:
-    """Create the empty ext4 registry volume on first use; reuse it after."""
+    """Records the infra-artifact version the *running* pair booted from, so a
-    vol = registry_volume_path()
+    later launcher can tell whether the singletons it found are the current
-    if vol.exists():
+    code. Without it, a healthy pair built from an older image gets adopted
-        return vol
+    forever and the new code never boots — every infra change would need an
-    info(f"creating infra registry volume {vol} ({_REGISTRY_SIZE})")
+    out-of-band kill to dislodge the stale VMs (and races whatever launched
+    next). Both VMs boot the same artifact, so one marker covers the pair."""
+    return _infra_dir() / "booted-version"
+
+
+def expected_version() -> str:
+    """The combined marker for the running pair: both per-plane artifact
+    versions, so a change to either rootfs dislodges the adopted pair."""
+    return " ".join(f"{role}={_role_version(role)}" for role in infra_artifact.ROLES)
+
+
+def adoptable(key: Path, url: str, want: str) -> bool:
+    """Adopt the running pair only if it booted from the CURRENT version, the
+    orchestrator's control plane is healthy, and the gateway VM is still alive.
+    A missing/mismatched marker means a prior launcher booted an older infra
+    image; a dead gateway means the pair is half-down — reboot both rather than
+    reuse stale or partial state."""
+    if not key.exists():
+        return False
+    try:
+        booted = _version_file().read_text(encoding="utf-8").strip()
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+    if booted != want:
+        return False
+    if not _health_ok(url):
+        return False
+    return _pidfile_alive(_gw_dir())
+
+
+def record_booted_version(version: str) -> None:
+    _version_file().write_text(version + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+
+
+def push_secret(infra: InfraVm, secret: str, dest: str, what: str) -> None:
+    """Pipe `secret` to an atomic write of `dest` in the guest over SSH,
+    retrying while the guest's SSH comes up; die (naming `what`) if it never
+    succeeds. Bare-pipe input keeps the value off argv."""
+    push = f"umask 077; cat > {dest}.tmp && mv {dest}.tmp {dest}"
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + _SECRET_PUSH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS
+    last = ""
+    while time.monotonic() < deadline:
         proc = subprocess.run(
-        ["mke2fs", "-q", "-t", "ext4", "-F", str(vol), _REGISTRY_SIZE],
+            util.ssh_base_argv(infra.private_key, infra.guest_ip) + [push],
-        capture_output=True, text=True, check=False,
+            input=secret, capture_output=True, text=True, check=False,
         )
-    if proc.returncode != 0:
+        if proc.returncode == 0:
-        vol.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+            return
-        die(f"creating registry volume failed: {proc.stderr.strip()}")
+        last = proc.stderr.strip()
-    return vol
+        time.sleep(_SECRET_PUSH_POLL_SECONDS)
+    die(f"could not push {what}: {last or '<no stderr>'}")
 
 
 def _stable_keypair() -> tuple[Path, str]:
-    """The infra VM's SSH keypair — generated once and reused, so any later
+    """The infra VMs' shared SSH keypair — generated once and reused, so any
-    launcher can SSH in (fetch CA / provision) even though a different process
+    later launcher can SSH in (seed secrets / fetch CA / provision) even though
-    booted the VM. The pubkey is re-injected on every boot via the cmdline."""
+    a different process booted the VMs. Both VMs get the same pubkey re-injected
+    on every boot via the cmdline."""
     d = _infra_dir()
     key, pub = d / "id_ed25519", d / "id_ed25519.pub"
     if key.exists() and pub.exists():
@@ -285,11 +322,24 @@ def _stable_keypair() -> tuple[Path, str]:
     return key, pub.read_text().strip()
 
 
-def _kill_pidfile() -> None:
+def _pidfile_alive(run_dir: Path) -> bool:
-    """SIGTERM (then SIGKILL) the recorded infra VMM, if it's still ours.
+    """True iff `run_dir`'s recorded VMM is still a live firecracker (guards a
+    recycled PID by checking `comm`)."""
+    try:
+        pid = int(_pid_file(run_dir).read_text().strip())
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        return False
+    try:
+        return Path(f"/proc/{pid}/comm").read_text().strip() == "firecracker"
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+
+
+def _kill_pidfile(run_dir: Path) -> None:
+    """SIGTERM (then SIGKILL) the VMM recorded in `run_dir`, if it's still ours.
     Guards against a recycled PID by checking the process is firecracker."""
     try:
-        pid = int(_pid_file().read_text().strip())
+        pid = int(_pid_file(run_dir).read_text().strip())
     except (OSError, ValueError):
         return
     try:
@@ -309,6 +359,35 @@ def _kill_pidfile() -> None:
         pass
 
 
+def _kill_infra_firecrackers(proc_root: Path = Path("/proc")) -> None:
+    """SIGKILL any firecracker VMM whose `--config-file` is one of this host's
+    infra configs (orchestrator or gateway), independent of the PID files —
+    reaps orphans it lost track of so both links' TAPs are free to rebind.
+    Also matches the *legacy* pre-split combined-VM config (`<infra>/config.json`)
+    so a surviving old singleton is cleared off the orchestrator link during the
+    cutover. Scoped to these infra config paths, so the pool's agent VMs (other
+    config paths) are untouched."""
+    cfgs = {
+        str(_orch_dir() / "config.json"),
+        str(_gw_dir() / "config.json"),
+        str(_infra_dir() / "config.json"),  # legacy pre-split combined VM
+    }
+    for entry in proc_root.iterdir():
+        if not entry.name.isdigit():
+            continue
+        try:
+            if (entry / "comm").read_text().strip() != "firecracker":
+                continue
+            args = (entry / "cmdline").read_bytes().split(b"\0")
+        except OSError:
+            continue  # process vanished / not ours
+        if any(a.decode("utf-8", "replace") in cfgs for a in args):
+            try:
+                os.kill(int(entry.name), signal.SIGKILL)
+            except (OSError, ValueError):
+                pass
+
+
 def _health_ok(url: str) -> bool:
     try:
         with urllib.request.urlopen(f"{url}/health", timeout=1.0) as resp:
@@ -317,77 +396,12 @@ def _health_ok(url: str) -> bool:
         return False
 
 
-class SshGatewayTransport:
+def _init_head() -> str:
-    """`GatewayTransport` for the gateway running in the infra VM — the docker
+    """The shared PID-1 preamble both role inits open with: mount the pseudo-
-    exec/cp equivalents over SSH (dropbear + the stable infra key)."""
+    filesystems, export a real PATH (a bare-init shell's built-in exec path
-
+    isn't in the *environment*, so backgrounded `python3 ...` children would
-    def __init__(self, private_key: Path, guest_ip: str) -> None:
+    find no PATH), set the direct upstream resolver, install the per-boot SSH
-        self._key = private_key
+    pubkey from the cmdline, and start dropbear for debug/provisioning."""
-        self._ip = guest_ip
-
-    def exec(self, argv: list[str]) -> None:
-        proc = subprocess.run(
-            util.ssh_base_argv(self._key, self._ip) + [shlex.join(argv)],
-            capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=60, check=False,
-        )
-        if proc.returncode != 0:
-            raise GatewayProvisionError(
-                f"infra gateway exec {argv!r} failed: {proc.stderr.strip()}")
-
-    def cp_into(self, src: str, dest: str) -> None:
-        # Preserve the source mode (docker cp does): the access-hook is staged
-        # 0700 and git-http execs it directly — a plain `cat >` would land it
-        # 0644 and the exec fails with EACCES; keys stay 0600.
-        mode = stat.S_IMODE(os.stat(src).st_mode)
-        q = shlex.quote(dest)
-        proc = subprocess.run(
-            util.ssh_base_argv(self._key, self._ip)
-            + [f"cat > {q} && chmod {mode:o} {q}"],
-            input=Path(src).read_bytes(), capture_output=True, timeout=30, check=False,
-        )
-        if proc.returncode != 0:
-            raise GatewayProvisionError(
-                f"infra gateway cp {src} -> {dest} failed: "
-                f"{proc.stderr.decode(errors='replace').strip()}")
-
-
-def gateway_transport() -> SshGatewayTransport:
-    """git-gate provisioning transport for the gateway in the infra VM, built
-    from the stable key + the orchestrator link's guest IP. Needs no live VM
-    handle, so teardown can use it too."""
-    return SshGatewayTransport(
-        _infra_dir() / "id_ed25519", netpool.orch_slot().guest_ip)
-
-
-def wait_for_health(
-    infra: InfraVm, *, timeout: float = _HEALTH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
-) -> None:
-    """Poll the control plane's /health until it answers 200 or the deadline
-    passes. Dies (with the console tail) if the VMM exits early."""
-    url = f"{infra.control_plane_url}/health"
-    deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
-    while time.monotonic() < deadline:
-        if infra.vm is not None and not infra.vm.is_alive():
-            die(f"infra VM exited during boot (rc={infra.vm.process.returncode}).\n"
-                f"{firecracker_vm._console_tail(infra.vm.console_log)}")
-        try:
-            with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=1.0) as resp:
-                if resp.status == 200:
-                    info(f"infra control plane healthy at {infra.control_plane_url}")
-                    return
-        except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError, OSError):
-            pass
-        time.sleep(_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS)
-    tail = (firecracker_vm._console_tail(infra.vm.console_log)
-            if infra.vm is not None else "")
-    die(f"infra control plane at {url} did not become healthy within "
-        f"{timeout:.0f}s.\n{tail}")
-
-
-def _infra_init() -> str:
-    """PID-1 init for the infra VM: mount the pseudo-filesystems, wire a
-    resolver, start dropbear (debug SSH), then launch the control plane and
-    the gateway data plane (multi-tenant against the local control plane)."""
     return f"""#!/bin/sh
 # bot-bottle Firecracker infra VM init (PID 1).
 mount -t proc proc /proc 2>/dev/null
@@ -396,10 +410,6 @@ mount -t devtmpfs dev /dev 2>/dev/null
 mkdir -p /dev/pts && mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts 2>/dev/null
 mount -o remount,rw / 2>/dev/null
 
-# Export a real PATH: a bare-init shell resolves its own execs via a
-# built-in default path, but that isn't in the *environment*, so
-# gateway_init's subprocess daemons (spawned as `python3 ...`) would
-# inherit no PATH and fail to find python3. Export it for all children.
 export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
 
 # Direct upstream resolver (control-plane / gateway egress + buildah).
@@ -415,26 +425,72 @@ fi
 chown -R 0:0 /root 2>/dev/null || true
 mkdir -p /etc/dropbear /run /var/lib/bot-bottle
 
-# Persistent registry volume (second virtio-block device, /dev/vdb) mounted
-# at the control plane's DB dir, so bot-bottle.db survives infra-VM restarts.
-mount -t ext4 /dev/vdb /var/lib/bot-bottle 2>/dev/null || true
-
 /bb-dropbear -R -E -p 22 &
 
-# Control plane. Source is baked at /app; the package is stdlib-only.
 cd /app
-BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT=/var/lib/bot-bottle python3 -m bot_bottle.orchestrator \\
+"""
-    --host 0.0.0.0 --port {CONTROL_PLANE_PORT} --broker stub &
 
-# Gateway data plane, multi-tenant: each request resolves source-IP ->
-# policy against the local control plane. The VM backend reaches git over
-# git-http (9420), so the git:// daemon (git-gate, needs a per-bottle
-# entrypoint the consolidated model doesn't use) is left out.
-BOT_BOTTLE_GATEWAY_DAEMONS=egress,git-http,supervise \\
-BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_URL=http://127.0.0.1:{CONTROL_PLANE_PORT} \\
-SUPERVISE_DB_PATH=/var/lib/bot-bottle/db/bot-bottle.db \\
-    python3 /app/gateway_init.py &
 
+_INIT_TAIL = """
 # Reap as PID 1; children are backgrounded, so `wait` blocks.
 while : ; do wait ; done
 """
+
+
+def _gateway_init() -> str:
+    """PID-1 init for the gateway (data-plane) VM. Waits for the host-seeded
+    `gateway` JWT, then starts ONLY the data-plane daemons, multi-tenant against
+    the orchestrator at the `bb_orch` cmdline address. The VM backend reaches git
+    over git-http (9420), so the git:// daemon (a per-bottle entrypoint the
+    consolidated model doesn't use) is left out. No SUPERVISE_DB_PATH: the data
+    plane reaches the supervise queue over the control-plane RPC and never opens
+    bot-bottle.db (PRD 0070 / #469). If the JWT never arrives, REFUSE to start
+    rather than run without auth."""
+    return _init_head() + f"""
+ORCH=$(sed -n 's/.*bb_orch=\\([^ ]*\\).*/\\1/p' /proc/cmdline)
+GW_JWT=""
+i=0
+while [ "$i" -lt 600 ]; do
+    GW_JWT=$(cat {_GUEST_GATEWAY_JWT_PATH} 2>/dev/null)
+    [ -n "$GW_JWT" ] && break
+    i=$((i + 1))
+    sleep 0.1
+done
+if [ -z "$GW_JWT" ]; then
+    echo "infra gateway: gateway JWT never arrived; refusing to start the data plane" >&2
+else
+    chmod 600 {_GUEST_GATEWAY_JWT_PATH} 2>/dev/null || true
+    BOT_BOTTLE_GATEWAY_DAEMONS=egress,git-http,supervise \\
+    BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_URL=http://$ORCH:{ORCHESTRATOR_PORT} \\
+    BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_AUTH_JWT="$GW_JWT" \\
+        python3 -m bot_bottle.gateway.bootstrap &
+fi
+""" + _INIT_TAIL
+
+
+def _orchestrator_init() -> str:
+    """PID-1 init for the orchestrator (control-plane) VM. Mounts the persistent
+    registry volume (/dev/vdb — bot-bottle.db survives a VM restart), waits for
+    the host-seeded signing key, then starts ONLY the control plane. If the key
+    never arrives, REFUSE to start rather than run OPEN — open mode would grant
+    every unauthenticated caller the `cli` role (#469)."""
+    return _init_head() + f"""
+# Persistent registry volume (second virtio-block device, /dev/vdb) mounted at
+# the DB dir, so bot-bottle.db survives orchestrator-VM restarts.
+mount -t ext4 /dev/vdb /var/lib/bot-bottle 2>/dev/null || true
+CP_KEY=""
+i=0
+while [ "$i" -lt 600 ]; do
+    CP_KEY=$(cat {_GUEST_SIGNING_KEY_PATH} 2>/dev/null)
+    [ -n "$CP_KEY" ] && break
+    i=$((i + 1))
+    sleep 0.1
+done
+if [ -z "$CP_KEY" ]; then
+    echo "infra: control-plane signing key never arrived; refusing to start the control plane (would run OPEN)" >&2
+else
+    chmod 600 {_GUEST_SIGNING_KEY_PATH} 2>/dev/null || true
+    BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT=/var/lib/bot-bottle BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_TOKEN="$CP_KEY" python3 -m bot_bottle.orchestrator \\
+        --host 0.0.0.0 --port {ORCHESTRATOR_PORT} --broker stub &
+fi
+""" + _INIT_TAIL

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/launch.py

@@ -11,21 +11,23 @@ Per bottle:
   6. provision (shared gateway CA, prompt, skills, workspace, git, supervise)
      over SSH.
 
-The per-bottle Docker sidecar bundle is gone. The shared gateway handles
+The per-bottle Docker sidecar bundle is gone. The shared gateway (its own
-egress / git-gate / supervise for every VM; Docker's PREROUTING DNAT routes
+data-plane VM) handles egress / git-gate / supervise for every VM; the nft
-the VMs' traffic to it, and the nft table's `ct status dnat accept` rule
+netpool's PREROUTING DNAT routes the VMs' gateway-port traffic to that gateway
-in the forward chain lets it pass. The VM still sends to `host_tap_ip:PORT`
+VM, and the nft table's `ct status dnat accept` rule in the forward chain lets
-— the address its world is, by nft design, limited to.
+it pass. The VM still sends to `host_tap_ip:PORT` — the address its world is,
+by nft design, limited to.
 
 Isolation is enforced by the operator-provisioned nft table (checked
-fail-closed in preflight): a VM reaches only the sidecar (DNAT'd from
+fail-closed in preflight): a VM reaches only the gateway (DNAT'd from the host
-the host TAP IP) and nothing else.
+TAP IP) and nothing else — not even the orchestrator control plane.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import dataclasses
 import os
+import shutil
 from contextlib import ExitStack, contextmanager
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Callable, Generator
@@ -37,24 +39,22 @@ from ...bottle_state import (
     git_gate_state_dir,
     read_committed_image,
 )
-from ...egress import (
+from ...egress import Egress
-    egress_agent_env_entries,
+from ...git_gate import GitGate
-    egress_resolve_token_values,
+from ...image_cache import check_stale_path
-)
+from ...log import die, info, warn
-from ...git_gate import (
+from ...supervisor.types import SUPERVISE_PORT
-    provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys,
-    revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys,
-)
-from ...log import info, warn
-from ...supervise import SUPERVISE_PORT
 from ..docker.egress import EGRESS_PORT
 from ..util import AGENT_CA_BUNDLE, AGENT_CA_PATH
 from . import firecracker_vm, image_builder, isolation_probe, netpool, util
 from .bottle import FirecrackerBottle
 from .bottle_plan import FirecrackerBottlePlan
+from ...orchestrator.store.config_store import resolve_teardown_timeout
+from ...orchestrator.store.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME
 from .consolidated_launch import (
     launch_consolidated,
-    teardown_consolidated,
+    persist_env_var_secret,
+    deprovision_consolidated,
 )
 
 
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ _GIT_HTTP_PORT = 9420
 @contextmanager
 def launch(
     plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan,
+    agent_base: Path,
     *,
     provision: Callable[[FirecrackerBottlePlan, "FirecrackerBottle"], str | None],
 ) -> Generator[FirecrackerBottle, None, None]:
@@ -80,20 +81,18 @@ def launch(
         except BaseException as exc:  # noqa: W0718 - teardown must continue
             teardown_exc = exc
             warn(f"firecracker teardown failed: {exc!r}")
-        revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys(bottle_for_revoke, git_gate_dir_for_revoke)
+        GitGate().revoke_provisioned_keys(bottle_for_revoke, git_gate_dir_for_revoke)
         if teardown_exc is not None:
             raise teardown_exc
 
     try:
-        # Step 1: agent rootfs. Built from the Dockerfile inside a Firecracker
+        # Step 1 (rootfs resolution/build) runs in BottleBackend.launch before
-        # builder VM (buildah, no host docker); a committed snapshot is reused
+        # this context starts resources. ``agent_base`` is the selected cache,
-        # when present. Returns the base dir the per-bottle ext4 is made from.
+        # fresh build, or committed snapshot.
-        plan, agent_base = _build_agent_base(plan)
-
         # Step 2: mint the git-gate dynamic (gitea) deploy keys, if any.
         git_gate_plan = plan.git_gate_plan
         if git_gate_plan.upstreams:
-            git_gate_plan = provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys(
+            git_gate_plan = GitGate().provision_dynamic_keys(
                 plan.manifest.bottle, git_gate_plan, git_gate_state_dir(plan.slug),
             )
 
@@ -109,9 +108,10 @@ def launch(
         # (in memory) for the gateway to inject — the agent never sees them.
         # Attribution is by the VM's guest IP (unspoofable via /31 TAP + nft).
         effective_env = {**os.environ, **plan.agent_provision.provisioned_env}
-        token_values = egress_resolve_token_values(
+        token_values = Egress().resolve_token_values(
             plan.egress_plan.token_env_map, effective_env,
         )
+        teardown_timeout = resolve_teardown_timeout()
         ctx = launch_consolidated(
             plan.egress_plan, git_gate_plan,
             guest_ip=slot.guest_ip,
@@ -119,8 +119,9 @@ def launch(
             tokens=token_values,
         )
         stack.callback(
-            teardown_consolidated, ctx.bottle_id,
+            deprovision_consolidated, ctx.bottle_id,
             orchestrator_url=ctx.orchestrator_url,
+            timeout=teardown_timeout,
         )
 
         # Step 5: install the SHARED gateway CA (replaces the per-bottle CA).
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ def launch(
         )
         # Point the agent's git-gate insteadOf rewrites and supervise MCP URL
         # at the shared gateway (reached at the slot's host TAP IP — the VM
-        # sends there and Docker DNAT routes to the gateway container).
+        # sends there and the nft netpool DNAT routes to the gateway VM).
         git_gate_url = (
             f"http://{slot.host_ip}:{_GIT_HTTP_PORT}" if git_gate_plan.upstreams else ""
         )
@@ -149,6 +150,7 @@ def launch(
             git_gate_plan=git_gate_plan,
             egress_plan=egress_plan,
             identity_token=ctx.identity_token,
+            env_var_secret=ctx.env_var_secret,
             # Deliver the identity token as egress proxy credentials — clients
             # honor `HTTPS_PROXY=http://id:token@gw` without app changes; the
             # gateway reads Proxy-Authorization, validates the (source_ip,
@@ -164,6 +166,10 @@ def launch(
         # Step 6: build the per-bottle rootfs + SSH key, then boot.
         run_dir = util.cache_dir() / "run" / plan.slug
         run_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        # Remove the run dir on teardown so the per-bottle rootfs.ext4 (~1G)
+        # doesn't leak. Registered before vm.terminate below so it runs *after*
+        # it (ExitStack is LIFO): the VM is gone before we rm its rootfs.
+        stack.callback(lambda: shutil.rmtree(run_dir, ignore_errors=True))
         rootfs = run_dir / "rootfs.ext4"
         util.build_rootfs_ext4(agent_base, rootfs)
         private_key, pubkey = util.generate_keypair(run_dir)
@@ -179,6 +185,7 @@ def launch(
         )
         stack.callback(vm.terminate)
         firecracker_vm.wait_for_ssh(vm, private_key)
+        persist_env_var_secret(private_key, slot.guest_ip, ctx.env_var_secret)
 
         # Authoritative fail-closed egress-boundary check, before the agent
         # runs: prove the VM cannot reach the host directly.
@@ -206,9 +213,7 @@ def launch(
         teardown()
 
 
-def _build_agent_base(
+def build_or_load_agent_base(plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan) -> Path:
-    plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan,
-) -> tuple[FirecrackerBottlePlan, Path]:
     """Produce the agent's base rootfs dir. Primary path: build the Dockerfile
     inside a Firecracker builder VM (buildah, no host docker), smoke-testing
     the image before export. A committed snapshot (freeze/migrate) is resumed
@@ -217,13 +222,36 @@ def _build_agent_base(
     committed_tar = committed_rootfs_path(plan.slug)
     if committed and committed_tar.is_file():
         info(f"resuming from committed rootfs {committed_tar}")
-        return plan, util.build_committed_rootfs_dir(committed_tar)
+        return util.build_committed_rootfs_dir(committed_tar)
-    base = image_builder.build_agent_rootfs_dir(
+    dockerfile = Path(plan.dockerfile_path)
-        Path(plan.dockerfile_path),
+    if plan.spec.image_policy == "cached":
+        cached = image_builder.cached_agent_rootfs_dir(dockerfile)
+        if cached is None:
+            die(
+                f"cached agent rootfs for {plan.image!r} not found; "
+                "run without --cached-images to build it"
+            )
+        info(f"using cached agent rootfs {cached.name}")
+        return cached
+    return image_builder.build_agent_rootfs_dir(
+        dockerfile,
         image_tag=plan.image,
         smoke_test=runtime_for(plan.agent_provider_template).smoke_test,
     )
-    return plan, base
+
+
+def stale_checks(plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan) -> None:
+    """Raise when the cached rootfs selected by this plan is stale."""
+    if plan.spec.image_policy != "cached":
+        return
+    committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
+    committed_tar = committed_rootfs_path(plan.slug)
+    if committed and committed_tar.is_file():
+        check_stale_path(f"agent rootfs {committed_tar}", committed_tar)
+        return
+    cached = image_builder.cached_agent_rootfs_dir(Path(plan.dockerfile_path))
+    if cached is not None:
+        check_stale_path(f"agent rootfs {cached}", cached / ".bb-ready")
 
 
 # --- agent guest env -------------------------------------------------
@@ -239,6 +267,11 @@ def _agent_guest_env(plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan, host_ip: str) -> dict[str, str
         "HTTPS_PROXY": proxy_url, "HTTP_PROXY": proxy_url,
         "https_proxy": proxy_url, "http_proxy": proxy_url,
         "NO_PROXY": no_proxy, "no_proxy": no_proxy,
+        # Rootfs export can leave Git's implicit XDG paths unreadable even
+        # after the runtime repair. Bypass that discovery and name the
+        # provisioned global config explicitly so insteadOf can never fall
+        # through to the credential-bearing upstream URL.
+        "GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL": f"{plan.guest_home}/.gitconfig",
         "NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS": AGENT_CA_PATH,
         "SSL_CERT_FILE": AGENT_CA_BUNDLE,
         "REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE": AGENT_CA_BUNDLE,
@@ -247,7 +280,9 @@ def _agent_guest_env(plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan, host_ip: str) -> dict[str, str
         env["GIT_GATE_URL"] = plan.agent_git_gate_url
     if plan.agent_supervise_url:
         env["MCP_SUPERVISE_URL"] = plan.agent_supervise_url
-    for entry in egress_agent_env_entries(plan.egress_plan):
+    if plan.env_var_secret:
+        env[ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME] = plan.env_var_secret
+    for entry in Egress().agent_env_entries(plan.egress_plan):
         key, _, value = entry.partition("=")
         env[key] = value
     env.update(plan.agent_provision.guest_env)

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/netpool.defaults.env

@@ -15,11 +15,19 @@ BOT_BOTTLE_FC_POOL_SIZE=8
 BOT_BOTTLE_FC_IP_BASE=10.243.0.0
 BOT_BOTTLE_FC_IFACE_PREFIX=bbfc
 BOT_BOTTLE_FC_NFT_TABLE=bot_bottle_fc
-# The orchestrator/gateway VM's own TAP — a dedicated link OUTSIDE the
+# The orchestrator VM's own TAP — a dedicated link OUTSIDE the bbfc*
-# bbfc* agent pool. Unlike agent VMs (which reach only their gateway),
+# agent pool. Unlike agent VMs (which reach only their gateway), the
-# the orchestrator is trusted infra that needs real NAT'd internet
+# orchestrator is trusted infra that needs real NAT'd internet egress:
-# egress: to FROM-pull + apt/npm during in-VM agent-image builds
+# to FROM-pull + apt/npm during in-VM agent-image builds (buildah). Its
-# (buildah) and to forward agent egress upstream (Stage B gateway). Its
 # /31 is the top of the IP_BASE /16 (host x.y.255.0, guest x.y.255.1),
 # clear of the pool near the bottom of the block.
 BOT_BOTTLE_FC_ORCH_IFACE=bborch0
+# The gateway (data-plane) VM's own TAP — the second infra link, split
+# from the orchestrator now that #469 got the DB off the data plane (PRD
+# 0070 "Separating the planes"). It mirrors the orchestrator link: NAT'd
+# internet egress (the gateway forwards agent egress upstream) plus a
+# forward path to reach the orchestrator's control plane. Its /31 is the
+# next one above the orchestrator link (host x.y.255.2, guest x.y.255.3).
+# Agents DNAT their gateway-port traffic here (not to the orchestrator),
+# so a breached agent has no L3 route to the control plane.
+BOT_BOTTLE_FC_GW_IFACE=bbgw0

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/netpool.py

@@ -79,12 +79,19 @@ def _cfg(key: str) -> str:
 IFACE_PREFIX = _cfg("BOT_BOTTLE_FC_IFACE_PREFIX")
 NFT_TABLE = _cfg("BOT_BOTTLE_FC_NFT_TABLE")
 
-# The orchestrator/gateway VM's dedicated TAP — outside the bbfc* agent
+# The orchestrator VM's dedicated TAP — outside the bbfc* agent pool
-# pool and, unlike it, NAT'd to the internet (see `orch_slot`). The
+# and, unlike it, NAT'd to the internet (see `orch_slot`). The
 # orchestrator is trusted infra: it builds agent images in-VM (buildah
-# needs to FROM-pull + apt/npm) and forwards agent egress upstream.
+# needs to FROM-pull + apt/npm).
 ORCH_IFACE = _cfg("BOT_BOTTLE_FC_ORCH_IFACE")
 
+# The gateway (data-plane) VM's dedicated TAP — the second infra link
+# (see `gw_slot`), split from the orchestrator per PRD 0070. Like the
+# orchestrator link it is NAT'd to the internet (the gateway forwards
+# agent egress upstream); unlike it, agents DNAT here, never to the
+# orchestrator, so a breached agent has no L3 route to the control plane.
+GW_IFACE = _cfg("BOT_BOTTLE_FC_GW_IFACE")
+
 
 def pool_size() -> int:
     return int(_cfg("BOT_BOTTLE_FC_POOL_SIZE"))
@@ -130,12 +137,12 @@ def all_slots() -> list[Slot]:
 
 
 def orch_slot() -> Slot:
-    """The orchestrator/gateway VM's dedicated link — its own TAP
+    """The orchestrator VM's dedicated link — its own TAP (`ORCH_IFACE`)
-    (`ORCH_IFACE`) on a /31 at the TOP of the IP_BASE /16 (host
+    on a /31 at the TOP of the IP_BASE /16 (host x.y.255.0, guest
-    x.y.255.0, guest x.y.255.1), well clear of the agent pool near the
+    x.y.255.1), well clear of the agent pool near the bottom of the
-    bottom of the block. Unlike a pool `Slot`, this link is NAT'd out to
+    block. Unlike a pool `Slot`, this link is NAT'd out to the internet
-    the internet by the setup (the orchestrator is trusted infra), so it
+    by the setup (the orchestrator is trusted infra), so it is
-    is deliberately *not* one of the isolated `bbfc*` slots.
+    deliberately *not* one of the isolated `bbfc*` slots.
 
     `index` is -1 (sentinel: not a pool index)."""
     base16 = int(ipaddress.IPv4Address(ip_base())) & 0xFFFF0000
@@ -148,6 +155,25 @@ def orch_slot() -> Slot:
     )
 
 
+def gw_slot() -> Slot:
+    """The gateway (data-plane) VM's dedicated link — its own TAP
+    (`GW_IFACE`) on the /31 immediately above the orchestrator link (host
+    x.y.255.2, guest x.y.255.3), still clear of the agent pool at the
+    bottom of the block. Mirrors `orch_slot`: NAT'd to the internet (the
+    gateway forwards agent egress upstream), not one of the isolated
+    `bbfc*` slots. Agents DNAT their gateway-port traffic to this guest.
+
+    `index` is -2 (sentinel: not a pool index)."""
+    base16 = int(ipaddress.IPv4Address(ip_base())) & 0xFFFF0000
+    host = base16 + 0xFF02
+    return Slot(
+        index=-2,
+        iface=GW_IFACE,
+        host_ip=str(ipaddress.IPv4Address(host)),
+        guest_ip=str(ipaddress.IPv4Address(host + 1)),
+    )
+
+
 # --- fail-closed verification ---------------------------------------
 
 def _run_ok(argv: list[str]) -> bool:

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/orchestrator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+"""The Firecracker orchestrator (control plane) as a microVM (PRD 0070).
+
+`FirecrackerOrchestrator` is the Firecracker implementation of the backend-neutral
+`Orchestrator` service, and owns the control plane's host-side logic directly:
+booting the orchestrator microVM on its NAT'd link with the persistent registry
+volume (/dev/vdb — the sole opener of `bot-bottle.db`), seeding the host-canonical
+signing key over SSH, and waiting for `/health`. The host CLI reaches it at its
+guest IP, and so does the gateway (`bb_orch` cmdline), so `url()` == `gateway_url()`.
+
+The plane-agnostic VM substrate the gateway VM also uses stays in `infra_vm` —
+booting a VM from a per-plane rootfs (`boot_vm`), the stable SSH keypair, the
+secret-push retry, the PID lifecycle, the adoption/version helpers, and the
+per-plane guest inits (`role_init`). The pair coordinator (adopt-or-boot-both
+under a singleton flock) is `FirecrackerInfraService` (`infra.py`).
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import subprocess
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ...log import die, info
+from ...paths import host_orchestrator_token
+from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import (
+    DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    Orchestrator,
+)
+from . import firecracker_vm, infra_vm, netpool
+from .infra_vm import ORCHESTRATOR_PORT
+
+# The orchestrator microVM's name (its run dir). Fixed per host — one
+# control-plane VM.
+ORCHESTRATOR_NAME = "bot-bottle-orchestrator"
+
+# Memory ceiling (fixed at boot, demand-paged). The orchestrator keeps the build
+# headroom (buildah's 2-4 GB working set during in-VM agent builds) — PRD 0070
+# "Memory: fixed ceilings".
+_ORCH_MEM_MIB = 4096
+
+_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS = 0.5
+
+# The registry "volume": a host-side ext4 file attached to the orchestrator VM as
+# a second virtio-block device (guest /dev/vdb), mounted at the control plane's DB
+# dir. It outlives the ephemeral rootfs, so the bottle registry survives an
+# orchestrator-VM restart — the firecracker analogue of a docker volume. A plain
+# ext4 file: `sudo mount -o loop <path>` on the host (VM stopped) to inspect
+# bot-bottle.db. The gateway VM has no such volume — the data plane never opens
+# the DB (#469).
+_REGISTRY_SIZE = "512M"
+
+
+def registry_volume_path() -> Path:
+    return infra_vm._infra_dir() / "registry.ext4"
+
+
+class FirecrackerOrchestrator(Orchestrator):
+    """The control plane as a Firecracker microVM on the orchestrator link.
+
+    The orchestrator rootfs is built/downloaded by `infra_vm.ensure_built` (the
+    ABC's `ensure_built` no-op here); `ensure_running` boots the VM, seeds the
+    signing key, and blocks until `/health` answers."""
+
+    name = ORCHESTRATOR_NAME
+
+    def __init__(self, vm: infra_vm.InfraVm | None = None) -> None:
+        # The live VM handle when this process booted it; None when adapting an
+        # already-running orchestrator (health/URL go through the fixed link).
+        self._vm = vm
+
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        """The orchestrator VM's guest IP URL — where the host CLI reaches the
+        control plane."""
+        return f"http://{netpool.orch_slot().guest_ip}:{ORCHESTRATOR_PORT}"
+
+    def gateway_url(self) -> str:
+        """Same guest IP the host uses — the gateway resolves the orchestrator at
+        `bb_orch=<guest_ip>` off its cmdline."""
+        return self.url()
+
+    def ssh_target(self) -> tuple[Path, str]:
+        """(private key, guest IP) for SSHing into the orchestrator VM. In-VM
+        agent-image builds (buildah) run here — the build host drives them over
+        SSH with the stable infra key."""
+        return infra_vm._infra_dir() / "id_ed25519", netpool.orch_slot().guest_ip
+
+    def is_running(self) -> bool:
+        return infra_vm._pidfile_alive(infra_vm._orch_dir())
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Stop only the orchestrator VM (idempotent). A dead orchestrator fails
+        `infra_vm.adoptable`'s health check, so no version marker to clear."""
+        infra_vm._kill_pidfile(infra_vm._orch_dir())
+        infra_vm._pid_file(infra_vm._orch_dir()).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    def ensure_running(
+        self, *, startup_timeout: float = DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Boot the orchestrator VM on its link with the persistent registry
+        volume, seed the signing key over SSH, and block until `/health` answers.
+        Idempotent — a live, healthy control plane is left alone (the pair
+        coordinator otherwise `stop()`s it before calling, so this boots fresh)."""
+        if self.is_running() and self.is_healthy():
+            return
+        vm = infra_vm.boot_vm(
+            name=ORCHESTRATOR_NAME, slot=netpool.orch_slot(),
+            run_dir=infra_vm._orch_dir(), role="orchestrator", mem_mib=_ORCH_MEM_MIB,
+            data_drive=self._ensure_registry_volume(),
+        )
+        # Push the host-canonical signing key (the init waits for it before
+        # starting the control plane). The host token file stays the single
+        # source of truth, so a co-running docker/macOS control plane keeps
+        # working; the guest verifies tokens with the same key the CLI signs from.
+        infra_vm.push_secret(
+            vm, host_orchestrator_token(), infra_vm._GUEST_SIGNING_KEY_PATH,
+            "the control-plane signing key to the orchestrator VM "
+            "(its control plane will not start)",
+        )
+        self._vm = vm
+        self._wait_for_health(vm, timeout=startup_timeout)
+
+    def _wait_for_health(
+        self, vm: infra_vm.InfraVm, *, timeout: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Poll `/health` until it answers 200 or the deadline passes. Dies (with
+        the console tail) if the VMM exits early."""
+        url = f"{self.url()}/health"
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
+        while time.monotonic() < deadline:
+            if vm.vm is not None and not vm.vm.is_alive():
+                die(f"orchestrator VM exited during boot (rc={vm.vm.process.returncode}).\n"
+                    f"{firecracker_vm._console_tail(vm.vm.console_log)}")
+            if self.is_healthy():
+                info(f"orchestrator control plane healthy at {self.url()}")
+                return
+            time.sleep(_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS)
+        tail = (firecracker_vm._console_tail(vm.vm.console_log)
+                if vm.vm is not None else "")
+        die(f"orchestrator control plane at {url} did not become healthy within "
+            f"{timeout:.0f}s.\n{tail}")
+
+    def _ensure_registry_volume(self) -> Path:
+        """Create the empty ext4 registry volume on first use; reuse it after."""
+        vol = registry_volume_path()
+        if vol.exists():
+            return vol
+        info(f"creating infra registry volume {vol} ({_REGISTRY_SIZE})")
+        proc = subprocess.run(
+            ["mke2fs", "-q", "-t", "ext4", "-F", str(vol), _REGISTRY_SIZE],
+            capture_output=True, text=True, check=False,
+        )
+        if proc.returncode != 0:
+            vol.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+            die(f"creating registry volume failed: {proc.stderr.strip()}")
+        return vol
+
+
+__all__ = ["FirecrackerOrchestrator", "ORCHESTRATOR_NAME", "registry_volume_path"]

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/publish_infra.py

@@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
-"""Build the infra rootfs and publish it as a Gitea generic package.
+"""Build the infra rootfs artifacts and publish them as Gitea generic packages.
 
 The off-host (build / CI) half of PRD 0069 Stage 2: this DOES use Docker, but
 never on the launch host. It runs the same pipeline the launch host used to run
-locally — `docker build` the three fixed images, export to a rootfs dir, inject
+locally — `docker build` the fixed images, export each per-plane rootfs, inject
-the guest boot, `mke2fs` to an ext4 with the buildah build slack — then gzips
+the guest boot, `mke2fs` to an ext4 — then gzips each and PUTs it (plus a
-the ext4 and PUTs it (plus a `.sha256`) to
+`.sha256`) to `…/api/packages/<owner>/generic/bot-bottle-firecracker-<role>/<version>/`.
-`…/api/packages/<owner>/generic/bot-bottle-firecracker-infra/<version>/`.
 
-The `<version>` is `infra_artifact.infra_artifact_version(...)`, the content
+There are two artifacts, one per plane (`orchestrator`, `gateway`); the
-hash of the rootfs inputs, so a launch host at the same code checkout resolves
+orchestrator rootfs carries buildah, the gateway rootfs is slim. Each
-the exact artifact this produced.
+`<version>` is `infra_artifact.infra_artifact_version(...)`, the content hash of
+that rootfs's inputs, so a launch host at the same code checkout resolves the
+exact artifacts this produced.
 
-  python3 -m bot_bottle.backend.firecracker.publish_infra [--dry-run] [--force]
+  python3 -m bot_bottle.backend.firecracker.publish_infra --output DIR
+  python3 -m bot_bottle.backend.firecracker.publish_infra --publish-dir DIR
 
-Auth: a token with `write:package` on the target owner, from
+A candidate bundle holds each role under its own `DIR/<role>/` subdir. Auth: a
+token with `write:package` on the target owner, from
 `BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_ARTIFACT_TOKEN`.
 """
 
@@ -24,7 +27,6 @@ import gzip
 import hashlib
 import shutil
 import sys
-import tempfile
 import urllib.error
 import urllib.request
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -33,19 +35,29 @@ from . import infra_artifact, infra_vm, util
 
 _CHUNK = 1 << 20
 
-# A human-readable description shipped alongside the artifact — generic packages
+_GZ_NAME = "rootfs.ext4.gz"
+_SHA_NAME = "rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256"
+
+# A human-readable description shipped alongside each artifact — generic packages
 # have no description field, so this file *is* the description on the package
 # page. Uploaded on every publish so it never goes stale.
 _ABOUT_NAME = "about.txt"
-_ABOUT_TEXT = (
+
-    "bot-bottle infra rootfs for the Firecracker backend (PRD 0069 Stage 2, "
+
-    "#348): the per-host infra VM (orchestrator control plane + gateway + "
+def _about_text(role: str) -> str:
-    "buildah). Prebuilt off-host, gzip ext4; the launch host downloads + "
+    return (
-    "sha256-verifies + boots it, no host Docker. The version tag is a content "
+        f"bot-bottle firecracker {role} rootfs (PRD 0069 Stage 2 / PRD 0070): "
-    "hash of the rootfs inputs. Files: rootfs.ext4.gz + rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256.\n"
+        f"the per-host {role} infra VM. Prebuilt off-host, gzip ext4; the launch "
+        f"host downloads + sha256-verifies + boots it, no host Docker. The "
+        f"version tag is a content hash of the rootfs inputs. Files: "
+        f"{_GZ_NAME} + {_SHA_NAME}.\n"
     )
 
 
+def _role_version(role: str) -> str:
+    return infra_artifact.infra_artifact_version(infra_vm.role_init(role), role)
+
+
 def _gzip(src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
     with open(src, "rb") as fh, gzip.open(dest, "wb") as out:
         shutil.copyfileobj(fh, out, _CHUNK)
@@ -109,59 +121,141 @@ def _delete(url: str, token: str) -> None:
         raise SystemExit(f"registry unreachable: {url} ({e.reason})")
 
 
-def build_artifact(out_dir: Path) -> tuple[str, Path, Path]:
+def build_role_artifact(role: str, role_dir: Path) -> str:
-    """Build the infra rootfs ext4, gzip it, and write the checksum. Returns
+    """Build `role`'s rootfs ext4, gzip it, and write the checksum + version into
-    `(version, gz_path, sha_path)`. Uses host Docker (off-host / CI)."""
+    `role_dir`. Returns the version. Assumes the docker images are already
-    version = infra_artifact.infra_artifact_version(infra_vm._infra_init())
+    built (`infra_vm.build_infra_images_with_docker`). Uses host Docker."""
-    print(f"building infra rootfs artifact {version} (docker)")
+    version = _role_version(role)
-    infra_vm.build_infra_images_with_docker()
+    print(f"building {role} rootfs artifact {version} (docker)")
-    base = infra_vm.build_infra_rootfs_dir()
+    base = infra_vm.build_rootfs_dir(role)
 
-    ext4 = out_dir / "rootfs.ext4"
+    ext4 = role_dir / "rootfs.ext4"
-    util.build_rootfs_ext4(base, ext4, slack_mib=8192)
+    util.build_rootfs_ext4(base, ext4, slack_mib=infra_vm._ROOTFS_SLACK_MIB[role])
-    gz = out_dir / "rootfs.ext4.gz"
+    gz = role_dir / _GZ_NAME
-    print("compressing rootfs")
+    print(f"compressing {role} rootfs")
     _gzip(ext4, gz)
     ext4.unlink(missing_ok=True)
 
-    sha = out_dir / "rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256"
+    sha = role_dir / _SHA_NAME
     digest = _sha256(gz)
-    sha.write_text(f"{digest}  rootfs.ext4.gz\n")
+    sha.write_text(f"{digest}  {_GZ_NAME}\n")
-    print(f"  {gz.name}: {gz.stat().st_size / 1e6:.0f} MB  sha256={digest}")
+    (role_dir / "version.txt").write_text(version + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
-    return version, gz, sha
+    print(f"  {role}/{gz.name}: {gz.stat().st_size / 1e6:.0f} MB  sha256={digest}")
+    return version
+
+
+def _try_download_published(role: str, role_dir: Path) -> str | None:
+    """If `role`'s artifact for this version is already in the registry, download
+    the gz + sha into `role_dir` and return the version. None when not yet
+    published."""
+    version = _role_version(role)
+    sha_url = infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, _SHA_NAME, role=role)
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(infra_artifact._open(sha_url)):
+            pass
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+        if e.code == 404:
+            return None
+        raise SystemExit(f"registry check failed (HTTP {e.code}): {sha_url}")
+    except urllib.error.URLError as e:
+        raise SystemExit(f"registry unreachable: {sha_url} ({e.reason})")
+    print(f"{role} rootfs {version} already published — downloading instead of building")
+    infra_artifact._download(
+        infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, _GZ_NAME, role=role), role_dir / _GZ_NAME)
+    infra_artifact._download(sha_url, role_dir / _SHA_NAME)
+    (role_dir / "version.txt").write_text(version + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    return version
+
+
+def _publish_bundle(role: str, role_dir: Path, token: str) -> str:
+    version_file = role_dir / "version.txt"
+    # Guard the read so a missing version.txt is a clean error, not a raw
+    # FileNotFoundError.
+    if not version_file.is_file():
+        raise SystemExit(f"incomplete {role} artifact bundle: {role_dir}")
+    version = version_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8").strip()
+    expected = _role_version(role)
+    if version != expected:
+        raise SystemExit(
+            f"{role} artifact bundle version {version!r} does not match checkout {expected!r}"
+        )
+    gz = role_dir / _GZ_NAME
+    sha = role_dir / _SHA_NAME
+    if not gz.is_file() or not sha.is_file():
+        raise SystemExit(f"incomplete {role} artifact bundle: {role_dir}")
+    expected_sha = sha.read_text().split()[0].strip().lower()
+    if _sha256(gz) != expected_sha:
+        raise SystemExit(f"{role} artifact bundle checksum mismatch")
+
+    gz_url = infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, _GZ_NAME, role=role)
+    sha_url = infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, _SHA_NAME, role=role)
+    about_url = infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, _ABOUT_NAME, role=role)
+
+    # Publishing is idempotent. If this exact complete artifact is already
+    # present, a re-publish is a no-op. Otherwise clear any partial upload left
+    # by an interrupted prior attempt and upload the complete set.
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(infra_artifact._open(sha_url)) as resp:
+            remote_sha = resp.read().decode("utf-8").split()[0].strip().lower()
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+        if e.code != 404:
+            raise SystemExit(f"checking existing {role} artifact failed (HTTP {e.code})")
+        remote_sha = ""
+    except urllib.error.URLError as e:
+        raise SystemExit(f"registry unreachable: {sha_url} ({e.reason})")
+    if remote_sha == expected_sha:
+        print(f"{role} rootfs {version} already published")
+        return version
+
+    for url in (gz_url, sha_url, about_url):
+        _delete(url, token)
+    _put(gz_url, gz, token)
+    _put(sha_url, sha.read_bytes(), token)
+    _put(about_url, _about_text(role).encode(), token)
+    return version
 
 
 def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        prog="publish_infra", description="Build + publish the infra rootfs artifact.")
+        prog="publish_infra", description="Build + publish the infra rootfs artifacts.")
-    parser.add_argument("--dry-run", action="store_true",
+    mode = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
-                        help="build the artifact but do not upload")
+    mode.add_argument("--output", type=Path,
-    parser.add_argument("--force", action="store_true",
+                      help="build candidate bundles in DIR/<role>/ without publishing")
-                        help="overwrite an already-published artifact of this version")
+    mode.add_argument("--publish-dir", type=Path,
+                      help="publish already-built + tested candidate bundles under DIR")
+    parser.add_argument("--reuse-published", action="store_true",
+                        help="with --output: download from registry if already published instead of building")
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
 
     _, _, token = infra_artifact._config()
-    if not args.dry_run and not token:
+    if args.publish_dir is not None and not token:
         raise SystemExit(
             "no publish token: set BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_ARTIFACT_TOKEN to a token "
             "with write:package")
 
-    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="bb-publish-infra.") as tmp:
+    if args.output is not None:
-        version, gz, sha = build_artifact(Path(tmp))
+        # Build (or reuse) all roles. Images are built once, up front, only when
-        gz_url = infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, gz.name)
+        # something actually needs building.
-        sha_url = infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, sha.name)
+        pending = []
-        about_url = infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, _ABOUT_NAME)
+        for role in infra_artifact.ROLES:
-        if args.dry_run:
+            role_dir = args.output / role
-            print(f"dry-run: would upload -> {gz_url}")
+            role_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            if args.reuse_published and _try_download_published(role, role_dir):
+                print(f"reused published {role} rootfs candidate")
+                continue
+            pending.append(role)
+        if pending:
+            print("building infra images (docker)")
+            infra_vm.build_infra_images_with_docker()
+            for role in pending:
+                build_role_artifact(role, args.output / role)
+                print(f"built {role} rootfs candidate")
         return 0
-        if args.force:
+
-            _delete(gz_url, token)
+    assert args.publish_dir is not None
-            _delete(sha_url, token)
+    for role in infra_artifact.ROLES:
-            _delete(about_url, token)
+        version = _publish_bundle(role, args.publish_dir / role, token)
-        _put(gz_url, gz, token)  # streamed from disk (hundreds of MB)
+        print(f"published {role} rootfs {version}")
-        _put(sha_url, sha.read_bytes(), token)  # tiny, in-memory is fine
-        _put(about_url, _ABOUT_TEXT.encode(), token)  # package description
-    print(f"published infra rootfs {version}")
     return 0
 
 

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/resolve_plan.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...env import ResolvedEnv
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
 from ...manifest import Manifest
-from ...supervise import SupervisePlan
+from ...supervisor.plan import SupervisePlan
 from .. import BottleSpec
 from . import util
 from .bottle_plan import FirecrackerBottlePlan

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/setup.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ generic `./cli.py backend {setup,status}` command dispatches to.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import fcntl
 import os
 import shutil
 import subprocess
@@ -22,6 +23,9 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from . import netpool
 from . import util
 
+# KVM_GET_API_VERSION = _IO(KVMIO=0xAE, 0x00): cheapest proof of KVM access.
+_KVM_GET_API_VERSION = 0xAE00
+
 
 _FC_RELEASES = "https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/firecracker/releases"
 _UNIT_PATH = Path("/etc/systemd/system") / netpool.SYSTEMD_UNIT
@@ -219,14 +223,90 @@ def teardown() -> int:
     return 0
 
 
+def _firecracker_binary_ok() -> bool:
+    """True iff the firecracker binary is on PATH and `--version` exits 0."""
+    if shutil.which("firecracker") is None:
+        return False
+    try:
+        return subprocess.run(
+            ["firecracker", "--version"],
+            capture_output=True, check=False, timeout=5,
+        ).returncode == 0
+    except (OSError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
+        return False
+
+
+def _kvm_accessible() -> bool:
+    """True iff /dev/kvm can be opened read-write and responds to KVM_GET_API_VERSION.
+
+    VM creation requires write access; opening read-only may satisfy the
+    ioctl but fails at boot time, so O_RDWR is the permission check."""
+    if not os.path.exists(util._KVM_DEVICE):
+        return False
+    try:
+        fd = os.open(util._KVM_DEVICE, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CLOEXEC)
+        try:
+            fcntl.ioctl(fd, _KVM_GET_API_VERSION)
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+        return True
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+
+
 def status() -> int:
-    # Readiness == what the launch preflight hard-requires: the TAP pool
+    # Readiness == what the launch preflight hard-requires: the binary
-    # present (unprivileged, authoritative) and no range overlap. Listing
+    # executable, /dev/kvm accessible, the TAP pool present, and no range
-    # the nft table usually needs root, so — like the preflight — an
+    # overlap. Listing the nft table usually needs root, so — like the
-    # unconfirmable table is reported but NOT treated as not-ready; the
+    # preflight — an unconfirmable table is reported but NOT treated as
-    # post-boot isolation probe is the authoritative check. This keeps an
+    # not-ready; the post-boot isolation probe is the authoritative check.
-    # unprivileged `backend status` usable as a launch gate.
+    # This keeps an unprivileged `backend status` usable as a launch gate.
     ok = True
+    if _firecracker_binary_ok():
+        sys.stderr.write(f"firecracker binary: ok ({shutil.which('firecracker')})\n")
+    else:
+        fc_path = shutil.which("firecracker")
+        if fc_path is None:
+            sys.stderr.write("firecracker binary: NOT found on PATH\n")
+        else:
+            sys.stderr.write(
+                f"firecracker binary: found ({fc_path}) but `--version` failed\n"
+            )
+        ok = False
+    if _kvm_accessible():
+        sys.stderr.write(f"KVM: {util._KVM_DEVICE} accessible\n")
+    else:
+        if not os.path.exists(util._KVM_DEVICE):
+            sys.stderr.write(f"KVM: {util._KVM_DEVICE} not present\n")
+        else:
+            sys.stderr.write(
+                f"KVM: {util._KVM_DEVICE} not accessible (open/ioctl failed)\n"
+            )
+        ok = False
+    kernel = util.kernel_path()
+    if kernel.is_file():
+        sys.stderr.write(f"guest kernel: {kernel}\n")
+    else:
+        sys.stderr.write(
+            f"guest kernel: NOT found at {kernel} "
+            f"(set BOT_BOTTLE_FC_KERNEL or cache a vmlinux there)\n"
+        )
+        ok = False
+    dropbear = util.dropbear_path()
+    if dropbear.is_file():
+        sys.stderr.write(f"dropbear: {dropbear}\n")
+    else:
+        sys.stderr.write(
+            f"dropbear: NOT found at {dropbear} "
+            f"(set BOT_BOTTLE_FC_DROPBEAR or cache a static binary)\n"
+        )
+        ok = False
+    mke2fs = shutil.which("mke2fs")
+    if mke2fs is not None:
+        sys.stderr.write(f"mke2fs: {mke2fs}\n")
+    else:
+        sys.stderr.write("mke2fs: NOT found on PATH (install e2fsprogs)\n")
+        ok = False
     missing = netpool.missing_taps()
     total = netpool.pool_size()
     if missing:

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/util.py

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def require_firecracker() -> None:
     booting a VM without it."""
     if not is_linux():
         die("firecracker backend is only supported on Linux (KVM). "
-            "On macOS use --backend=macos-container.")
+            "On macOS use the macos-container backend.")
     if shutil.which("firecracker") is None:
         info("Firecracker is required but was not found on PATH.")
         info("Install: https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/firecracker/releases")
@@ -258,8 +258,8 @@ def build_committed_rootfs_dir(tar_path: Path) -> Path:
 
 def inject_guest_boot(rootfs: Path, init_script: str | None = None) -> None:
     """Drop the static dropbear and the PID-1 init into the rootfs.
-    `init_script` defaults to the SSH-only agent init; the infra VM
+    `init_script` defaults to the SSH-only agent init; each infra VM
-    passes its own (control plane + gateway) init.
+    passes its own per-plane init (orchestrator or gateway).
 
     A committed snapshot is guest-controlled, so `bb-dropbear`/`bb-init`
     may already exist as symlinks aimed at a host file (e.g. bb-init ->
@@ -368,6 +368,17 @@ mount -t devtmpfs dev /dev 2>/dev/null
 mkdir -p /dev/pts && mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts 2>/dev/null
 mount -o remount,rw / 2>/dev/null
 
+# /tmp must be world-writable + sticky. The rootless rootfs build can land
+# it 0755/root-owned, leaving the agent (uid 1000 node) unable to create
+# scratch dirs there — git worktrees, build temp, `git init /tmp/...`, etc.
+mkdir -p /tmp && chmod 1777 /tmp
+
+# Rootfs export also maps the image's original owners to the unprivileged
+# host build uid. That uid is not guaranteed to be node's uid in the guest;
+# restore the home-directory boundary before any SSH provisioning runs.
+chown node:node /home/node 2>/dev/null || true
+chmod 755 /home/node 2>/dev/null || true
+
 # Install the per-bottle SSH pubkey from the kernel cmdline.
 KEY=$(sed -n 's/.*bb_pubkey=\([^ ]*\).*/\1/p' /proc/cmdline | base64 -d 2>/dev/null)
 if [ -n "$KEY" ]; then
@@ -388,6 +399,9 @@ fi
 chown -R 0:0 /root 2>/dev/null || true
 
 mkdir -p /etc/dropbear /run
+# Keep restart-recovery key material memory-backed, separate from both the
+# agent rootfs and the infra VM's persistent registry volume.
+mount -t tmpfs -o mode=0755 tmpfs /run 2>/dev/null || true
 # -R: generate host keys on demand. -E: log auth failures to stderr,
 # captured in the host-side console.log for debugging.
 /bb-dropbear -R -E -p 22 &

bot_bottle/backend/infra_service.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""The per-host infra service contract (PRD 0070).
+
+`InfraService` is the backend-neutral composer of the per-host **pair**: the
+`Orchestrator` (control plane) + `Gateway` (data plane) services, brought up as
+an idempotent per-host singleton. One concrete impl per backend
+(`backend/*/infra.py`), mirroring how `Orchestrator` and `Gateway` each have a
+per-backend impl.
+
+The two backend-specific accessors (`orchestrator()` / `gateway()`) are the
+source of truth for how to reach each plane; the convenience `url()` /
+`is_healthy()` just delegate to the orchestrator.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+
+from ..gateway import Gateway
+from ..orchestrator.lifecycle import DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, Orchestrator
+
+
+class InfraService(abc.ABC):
+    """Compose + bring up the per-host orchestrator + gateway pair.
+
+    Backend-neutral: docker/macOS run the pair as two containers, firecracker as
+    two microVMs. Callers read reach-info off `orchestrator()` / `gateway()`."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def orchestrator(self) -> Orchestrator:
+        """The control-plane service. Cheap to reconstruct."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def gateway(self) -> Gateway:
+        """The data-plane service. Cheap to reconstruct."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def ensure_running(
+        self, *, startup_timeout: float = DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Bring the orchestrator + gateway pair up (idempotent per-host
+        singleton — a healthy, current pair is left running). Returns the host
+        control-plane URL. Raises `OrchestratorStartError` on control-plane
+        startup timeout."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Remove both the orchestrator and the gateway. Idempotent."""
+
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        """The host-facing control-plane URL the CLI reaches (the orchestrator's)."""
+        return self.orchestrator().url()
+
+    def is_healthy(self) -> bool:
+        """True iff the control plane answers `/health`."""
+        return self.orchestrator().is_healthy()
+
+
+__all__ = ["InfraService"]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/__init__.py

@@ -1,10 +1,29 @@
 """macOS Apple Container backend.
 
-Selectable via `BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND=macos-container`. This package owns
+Selectable via `BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND=macos-container`. This package owns the Apple
-the Apple `container` CLI integration; launch remains gated until the
+`container` CLI integration; launch remains gated until the gateway network
-gateway network enforcement shape is implemented.
+enforcement shape is implemented.
+
+Thin by design: `MacosContainerBottleBackend` is re-exported lazily via
+`__getattr__`, so importing a leaf module under this package doesn't drag the
+backend (and the framework it pulls) into memory.
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .backend import MacosContainerBottleBackend
 
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name == "MacosContainerBottleBackend":
+        from .backend import MacosContainerBottleBackend
+
+        globals()[name] = MacosContainerBottleBackend
+        return MacosContainerBottleBackend
+    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
+
+
 __all__ = ["MacosContainerBottleBackend"]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/backend.py

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager
+import io
+from contextlib import contextmanager, redirect_stderr
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Generator, Sequence
 
@@ -10,9 +11,9 @@ from ...agent_provider import AgentProvisionPlan
 from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...env import ResolvedEnv
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
-from ...supervise import SupervisePlan
+from ...supervisor.plan import SupervisePlan
 from ...manifest import Manifest
-from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleSpec
+from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleImages, BottleSpec
 from . import cleanup as _cleanup
 from . import enumerate as _enumerate
 from . import launch as _launch
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ class MacosContainerBottleBackend(
     `--backend=macos-container`."""
 
     name = "macos-container"
+    supports_nested_containers = True
 
     @classmethod
     def is_available(cls) -> bool:
@@ -42,8 +44,11 @@ class MacosContainerBottleBackend(
         return _setup.setup()
 
     @classmethod
-    def status(cls) -> int:
+    def status(cls, *, quiet: bool = False) -> int:
         from . import setup as _setup
+        if quiet:
+            with redirect_stderr(io.StringIO()):
+                return _setup.status()
         return _setup.status()
 
     @classmethod
@@ -82,20 +87,26 @@ class MacosContainerBottleBackend(
             stage_dir=stage_dir,
         )
 
+    def prelaunch_checks(self, plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> None:
+        _launch.stale_checks(plan)
+
+    def _build_or_load_images(self, plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+        return _launch.build_or_load_images(plan)
+
     @contextmanager
-    def launch(
+    def _launch_impl(
-        self, plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan
+        self, plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan, images: BottleImages
     ) -> Generator[MacosContainerBottle, None, None]:
-        with _launch.launch(plan, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
+        with _launch.launch(plan, images, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
             yield bottle
 
     def ensure_orchestrator(self) -> str:
-        """Bring up the per-host infra container (control plane + gateway) and
+        """Bring up the per-host pair (orchestrator + gateway containers) and
         return its control-plane URL — the on-demand entry point operator tools
         (`supervise`) call when no control plane is running yet. Mirrors
-        firecracker's infra-VM bring-up."""
+        firecracker's infra bring-up."""
         from .infra import MacosInfraService
-        return MacosInfraService().ensure_running().control_plane_url
+        return MacosInfraService().ensure_running()
 
     def prepare_cleanup(self) -> MacosContainerBottleCleanupPlan:
         return _cleanup.prepare_cleanup()

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/bottle.py

@@ -68,9 +68,14 @@ class MacosContainerBottle(Bottle):
         # reaches the agent (PRD 0070): registration mints it *after* the
         # container exists — its source IP is the registration key and Apple
         # Container assigns that by DHCP — so it cannot be in the run-time env
-        # the way docker's compose spec does it. `container exec --env` wins
+        # the way docker's compose spec does it.
-        # over the run-time value, so the token-bearing proxy URL set here
+        #
-        # supersedes the token-less one baked in at launch.
+        # `container exec --env` does NOT override a run-time value — it
+        # appends, leaving duplicate entries in the agent's `environ` whose
+        # resolution is runtime-specific (Node last-wins, Rust first-wins). So
+        # nothing here may rely on superseding: the proxy vars are supplied
+        # *only* at exec time and are deliberately absent from the run-time
+        # env. See `launch._agent_env_entries`.
         self._exec_env = dict(exec_env or {})
         self._closed = False
 

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/bottle_plan.py

@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ class MacosContainerBottlePlan(BottlePlan):
     # bottle is registered. See launch.py's stamp for why it lives here and not
     # only in the exec-time proxy env.
     identity_token: str = ""
+    # Guest-local container engine (issue #392). Gates the derived image, the
+    # device-mode relaxation, and the resident podman service.
+    nested_containers: bool = False
+    # Generated before `container run` so it becomes part of the container's
+    # configured environment and can be read back after an infra restart.
+    env_var_secret: str = ""
 
     @property
     def container_name(self) -> str:

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/consolidated_launch.py

@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ caller has to start the agent in between. `ensure_gateway` runs first because
 the agent's proxy env needs the gateway's address at `container run` time; the
 agent's *own* address (the attribution key) only exists afterwards.
 
-The control plane and the gateway are one **infra container** here (see
+The control plane and the gateway are **separate containers** here (see
-`infra`), so `gateway_ip` and the control-plane host are the same address.
+`infra`): the orchestrator on the host-only control network, the gateway on the
+agent network — `gateway_ip` is the gateway container's agent-network address,
+distinct from the orchestrator's control-network host.
 
 The consequence for the identity token: it is minted by registration, i.e.
 *after* the agent container exists, so it cannot be baked into the run-time
@@ -36,11 +38,15 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
-from ...orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient
+from ...log import info
-from ...orchestrator.registration import registration_inputs
+from ...orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient, OrchestratorClientError
-from ..docker.gateway_provision import deprovision_git_gate, provision_git_gate
+from ...orchestrator.reprovision import reprovision_bottles
+from ...orchestrator.store.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME
+from ..provision_bottle import deprovision_bottle, provision_bottle
+from . import util as container_mod
+from .enumerate import CONTAINER_NAME_PREFIX, EnumerationError, enumerate_active
 from .gateway import GATEWAY_NETWORK
-from .gateway_provision import AppleGatewayTransport
+from .gateway_transport import MacosGatewayTransport
 from .infra import MacosInfraService, OrchestratorStartError
 
 
@@ -50,9 +56,9 @@ class ConsolidatedLaunchError(RuntimeError):
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class GatewayEndpoint:
-    """What the agent `container run` needs to reach the shared gateway (the
+    """What the agent `container run` needs to reach the shared gateway.
-    infra container). `gateway_ip` is that container's host-only address, the
+    `gateway_ip` is the gateway container's agent-network address (the agent's
-    same host the control-plane URL points at."""
+    proxy target); `orchestrator_url` points at the separate control plane."""
 
     orchestrator_url: str
     gateway_ip: str         # the gateway's address — the agent's proxy target
@@ -70,23 +76,73 @@ class LaunchContext:
     gateway_ip: str
     network: str
     orchestrator_url: str
+    env_var_secret: str = ""  # encryption key injected into the agent's env
 
 
 def ensure_gateway(
     *, service: MacosInfraService | None = None,
 ) -> GatewayEndpoint:
-    """Ensure the per-host infra container (control plane + gateway) is up and
+    """Ensure the per-host pair (orchestrator + gateway containers) is up and
-    report how to reach it. Idempotent — one singleton, so N bottle launches
+    report how to reach the gateway. Idempotent — one singleton pair, so N bottle
-    share it. Call before starting the agent container: the agent's proxy env
+    launches share it. Call before starting the agent container: the agent's
-    needs `gateway_ip` at run time."""
+    proxy env needs `gateway_ip` at run time."""
     service = service or MacosInfraService()
-    infra = service.ensure_running()
+    orchestrator_url = service.ensure_running()
-    return GatewayEndpoint(
+    endpoint = GatewayEndpoint(
-        orchestrator_url=infra.control_plane_url,
+        orchestrator_url=orchestrator_url,
-        gateway_ip=infra.gateway_ip,
+        gateway_ip=service.gateway().address(),
         gateway_ca_pem=service.ca_cert_pem(),
         network=service.network,
     )
+    _reprovision_running_bottles(endpoint)
+    return endpoint
+
+
+def _reprovision_running_bottles(endpoint: GatewayEndpoint) -> None:
+    """Recover keys from live Apple containers and restore gateway tokens."""
+    try:
+        secrets_by_ip: dict[str, str] = {}
+        for agent in enumerate_active():
+            name = f"{CONTAINER_NAME_PREFIX}{agent.slug}"
+            source_ip = container_mod.inspect_container_network_ip(name, endpoint.network)
+            if not source_ip:
+                continue
+            secret = container_mod.read_container_env(name, ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME)
+            if secret:
+                secrets_by_ip[source_ip] = secret
+        count = reprovision_bottles(
+            OrchestratorClient(endpoint.orchestrator_url), secrets_by_ip,
+        )
+        if count:
+            info(f"reprovisioned egress tokens for {count} macOS bottle(s)")
+    except (OrchestratorClientError, EnumerationError, OSError) as exc:
+        info(f"egress token reprovision skipped: {exc}")
+
+
+def live_source_ips(network: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Every running agent container's address on `network`.
+
+    The reconciliation input: the orchestrator lives inside the infra
+    container and cannot enumerate the host's containers, so the host has to
+    tell it which bottles are actually up. Containers that have not been
+    assigned an address yet contribute nothing — the reap's grace window, not
+    this list, is what protects an in-flight launch.
+
+    Raises `EnumerationError` when the live set cannot be determined
+    authoritatively: either the container listing fails or any individual
+    inspect fails. Callers must skip reconciliation in that case to avoid
+    unregistering healthy bottles."""
+    ips: list[str] = []
+    for agent in enumerate_active():
+        name = f"{CONTAINER_NAME_PREFIX}{agent.slug}"
+        ip = container_mod.inspect_container_network_ip(name, network)
+        if ip is None:
+            raise EnumerationError(
+                f"container inspect {name!r} failed; live set is not authoritative"
+            )
+        if ip:
+            ips.append(ip)
+    return ips
 
 
 def register_agent(
@@ -97,23 +153,28 @@ def register_agent(
     endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
     image_ref: str = "",
     tokens: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    env_var_secret: str | None = None,
 ) -> LaunchContext:
     """Register the (already running) agent by its address and provision its
     git-gate state into the gateway. `source_ip` must be read from the live
     container — it is the attribution key the gateway resolves policy by.
     Raises on failure; the caller tears down."""
     client = OrchestratorClient(endpoint.orchestrator_url)
-    inputs = registration_inputs(egress_plan)
+    # Self-heal before registering: a launcher that died hard (SIGKILL, closed
-    reg = client.register_bottle(
+    # terminal, host sleep) never ran its teardown callback, leaving an active
-        source_ip, image_ref=image_ref, policy=inputs.policy,
+    # row with no container. vmnet recycles addresses, so such a row can
-        metadata=inputs.metadata, tokens=tokens,
+    # collide with this bottle's — and `by_source_ip` fail-closes on ambiguity,
-    )
+    # which would resolve no policy at all and deny every host. Best-effort: a
+    # reconciliation failure must not block an otherwise-fine launch.
     try:
-        provision_git_gate(AppleGatewayTransport(), reg.bottle_id, git_gate_plan)
+        client.reconcile(live_source_ips(endpoint.network))
-    except Exception:
+    except (OrchestratorClientError, EnumerationError) as e:
-        # Roll the registration back so a provisioning failure leaves no orphan.
+        info(f"registry reconciliation skipped: {e}")
-        client.teardown_bottle(reg.bottle_id)
+    reg = provision_bottle(
-        raise
+        client, source_ip, egress_plan, git_gate_plan, MacosGatewayTransport(),
+        image_ref=image_ref, tokens=tokens,
+        env_var_secret=env_var_secret,
+    )
     return LaunchContext(
         bottle_id=reg.bottle_id,
         identity_token=reg.identity_token,
@@ -121,23 +182,27 @@ def register_agent(
         gateway_ip=endpoint.gateway_ip,
         network=endpoint.network,
         orchestrator_url=endpoint.orchestrator_url,
+        env_var_secret=reg.env_var_secret,
     )
 
 
-def teardown_consolidated(bottle_id: str, *, orchestrator_url: str) -> None:
+def deprovision_consolidated(
+    bottle_id: str, *, orchestrator_url: str, timeout: float | None = None,
+) -> None:
     """Deregister the bottle and remove its git-gate state from the gateway.
     Both steps are idempotent so this is safe from a cleanup trap. Does NOT
     stop the gateway — it's a persistent per-host singleton."""
-    OrchestratorClient(orchestrator_url).teardown_bottle(bottle_id)
+    deprovision_bottle(bottle_id, MacosGatewayTransport(),
-    deprovision_git_gate(AppleGatewayTransport(), bottle_id)
+                   orchestrator_url=orchestrator_url, timeout=timeout)
 
 
 __all__ = [
     "GatewayEndpoint",
     "LaunchContext",
     "ensure_gateway",
+    "live_source_ips",
     "register_agent",
-    "teardown_consolidated",
+    "deprovision_consolidated",
     "ConsolidatedLaunchError",
     "OrchestratorStartError",
     "GATEWAY_NETWORK",

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/enumerate.py

@@ -6,13 +6,22 @@ import subprocess
 
 from ...bottle_state import read_metadata
 from .. import ActiveAgent
-from .infra import INFRA_NAME
+from .infra import INFRA_NAME, ORCHESTRATOR_NAME
 
-_PREFIX = "bot-bottle-"
+# The name every agent container carries: `bot-bottle-<slug>`. Exported
-# The shared per-host infra container carries the same prefix as agent
+# because callers that act on a running bottle (gateway-host rewrites,
-# containers but is infrastructure, not a bottle — one control plane + gateway
+# registry reconciliation) have to map an enumerated slug back to a
-# serves every agent, so listing it as an agent would invent one per host.
+# container name.
-_INFRA_NAMES = frozenset({INFRA_NAME})
+CONTAINER_NAME_PREFIX = "bot-bottle-"
+# The two shared per-host infra containers (orchestrator + gateway) carry the
+# same `bot-bottle-` prefix as agent containers but are infrastructure, not
+# bottles — one pair serves every agent, so enumerating either as an agent would
+# invent a phantom bottle per host.
+_INFRA_NAMES = frozenset({INFRA_NAME, ORCHESTRATOR_NAME})
+
+
+class EnumerationError(RuntimeError):
+    """container list failed; the resulting live set is not authoritative."""
 
 
 def enumerate_active() -> list[ActiveAgent]:
@@ -23,12 +32,15 @@ def enumerate_active() -> list[ActiveAgent]:
         check=False,
     )
     if result.returncode != 0:
-        return []
+        raise EnumerationError(
+            f"container list failed: "
+            f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+        )
     out: list[ActiveAgent] = []
     for name in sorted(line.strip() for line in result.stdout.splitlines()):
-        if not name.startswith(_PREFIX) or name in _INFRA_NAMES:
+        if not name.startswith(CONTAINER_NAME_PREFIX) or name in _INFRA_NAMES:
             continue
-        slug = name[len(_PREFIX):]
+        slug = name[len(CONTAINER_NAME_PREFIX):]
         metadata = read_metadata(slug)
         out.append(ActiveAgent(
             backend_name="macos-container",

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/gateway.py

@@ -1,46 +1,212 @@
-"""Shared network/image constants for the macOS consolidated infra container.
+"""The macOS gateway data plane as an Apple container (PRD 0070).
 
-The gateway data plane no longer runs as its own Apple container — it shares a
+`MacosGateway` is the Apple-Container implementation of the backend-neutral
-single per-host **infra container** with the control plane (see `infra`),
+`Gateway` service. It runs the gateway daemons (egress / git-http / supervise)
-because two Apple-Container guests writing one `bot-bottle.db` over virtiofs
+in a single triple-homed container and never opens `bot-bottle.db` — it reaches
-would race incoherent `fcntl` locks. This module holds the pieces both the
+the supervise queue over the control-plane RPC (#469), so it holds no signing
-infra service and the launch/provision glue need: the network names, the
+key, only the pre-minted `gateway` token the orchestrator hands it via
-gateway image, and the network-creation helper.
+`connect_to_orchestrator`.
+
+This module also holds the pieces the infra service + launch/provision glue
+share: the network names, the gateway image, and the network-creation helper.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 
-from ...orchestrator.gateway import GatewayError
+from ...gateway import (
+    DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    GATEWAY_CA_CERT,
+    MITMPROXY_HOME,
+    Gateway,
+    GatewayError,
+    GatewayTransport,
+)
+from ...paths import (
+    ORCHESTRATOR_AUTH_JWT_ENV,
+    host_gateway_ca_dir,
+)
+from .. import util as backend_util
 from . import util as container_mod
 
-# The shared host-only network the infra container and every agent bottle sit
+# The shared host-only network the gateway container and every agent bottle sit
 # on. The agent's address here is the attribution key. Distinct from the docker
 # names so both backends can coexist on one host.
 GATEWAY_NETWORK = "bot-bottle-mac-gateway"
-# The NAT network that gives the infra container (and only it) a route out.
+# The NAT network that gives the gateway (and only it) a route out.
 GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK = "bot-bottle-mac-egress"
+# The control network the gateway reaches the orchestrator over (host-only).
+# Only the orchestrator + gateway join it; agents never do, so agents have no
+# route to the control plane (PRD 0070 "Separating the planes").
+CONTROL_NETWORK = "bot-bottle-mac-control"
+
+# The gateway (data plane) container. The name predates the split — it was the
+# combined "infra" container — and is kept so callers importing it still resolve
+# the gateway (probe / reprovision attribute against it).
+GATEWAY_NAME = "bot-bottle-mac-infra"
+GATEWAY_LABEL = "bot-bottle-mac-infra=1"
+# The gateway subset the consolidated model runs (no per-bottle git:// daemon).
+GATEWAY_DAEMONS = "egress,git-http,supervise"
 
 GATEWAY_IMAGE = os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_GATEWAY_IMAGE", "bot-bottle-gateway:latest")
 
-DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30.0
+_REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
 
 
 def ensure_networks(
-    network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK, egress_network: str = GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK,
+    network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+    egress_network: str = GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK,
+    control_network: str = CONTROL_NETWORK,
 ) -> None:
-    """Create the shared host-only network + the NAT egress network. Idempotent
+    """Create the shared host-only agent network, the NAT egress network, and
-    — `create_network` tolerates 'already exists'."""
+    the host-only control network. Idempotent — `create_network` tolerates
+    'already exists'."""
     container_mod.create_network(egress_network)
     container_mod.create_network(network, internal=True)
+    container_mod.create_network(control_network, internal=True)
+
+
+class MacosGateway(Gateway):
+    """The consolidated gateway as a single Apple container, triple-homed on the
+    NAT egress, host-only agent, and control networks.
+
+    `ensure_built` builds `Dockerfile.gateway`; the networks are ensured by the
+    composer. `connect_to_orchestrator` runs the container carrying the mitmproxy
+    CA + the pre-minted `gateway` token."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        image_ref: str = GATEWAY_IMAGE,
+        *,
+        name: str = GATEWAY_NAME,
+        network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+        egress_network: str = GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK,
+        control_network: str = CONTROL_NETWORK,
+        repo_root: Path = _REPO_ROOT,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.image_ref = image_ref
+        self.name = name
+        self.network = network
+        self.egress_network = egress_network
+        self.control_network = control_network
+        self._repo_root = repo_root
+        # Set by `connect_to_orchestrator`: the URL the daemons resolve policy
+        # against + the pre-minted `gateway` token they present. The gateway
+        # never mints, so it never holds the signing key (#469).
+        self._orchestrator_url = ""
+        self._gateway_token = ""
+
+    def ensure_built(self) -> None:
+        """Build the data-plane image from `Dockerfile.gateway`."""
+        container_mod.build_image(
+            self.image_ref, str(self._repo_root), dockerfile="Dockerfile.gateway")
+
+    def connect_to_orchestrator(self, orchestrator_url: str, gateway_token: str) -> None:
+        """Bind the gateway to this orchestrator and (re)start it, dual-homed on
+        the agent + control networks, resolving policy against `orchestrator_url`
+        (the orchestrator's control-network address — Apple has no container
+        DNS) and presenting `gateway_token`."""
+        self._orchestrator_url = orchestrator_url
+        self._gateway_token = gateway_token
+        # Fail closed on a missing policy source or token: the resolver-only data
+        # plane (PRD 0070) would only crash-loop its daemons without an
+        # orchestrator URL, and it cannot mint the token it presents (#469).
+        if not self._orchestrator_url:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                "gateway requires an orchestrator URL to run "
+                "(resolver-only data plane; no single-tenant fallback)"
+            )
+        if not self._gateway_token:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                "gateway requires a pre-minted `gateway` token to run "
+                "(the orchestrator mints it; the gateway never holds the key)"
+            )
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self.name)
+        argv = [
+            "container", "run", "--detach",
+            "--name", self.name,
+            "--label", "bot-bottle.backend=macos-container",
+            "--label", GATEWAY_LABEL,
+            # NAT egress FIRST (default route out); the host-only agent network
+            # is where agents reach the gateway; the control network reaches the
+            # orchestrator.
+            "--network", self.egress_network,
+            "--network", self.network,
+            "--network", self.control_network,
+            "--dns", container_mod.dns_server(),
+            # The mitmproxy CA on a host bind-mount (survives recreation +
+            # volume pruning — issue #450). No DB mount: the data plane never
+            # opens bot-bottle.db (#469).
+            "--mount",
+            container_mod.bind_mount_spec(str(host_gateway_ca_dir()), MITMPROXY_HOME),
+            "--env", f"BOT_BOTTLE_GATEWAY_DAEMONS={GATEWAY_DAEMONS}",
+            "--env", f"BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_URL={self._orchestrator_url}",
+            # The pre-minted `gateway` JWT (never the signing key). Bare
+            # `--env NAME` inherits the value from run_env below.
+            "--env", ORCHESTRATOR_AUTH_JWT_ENV,
+            self.image_ref,
+        ]
+        run_env = {**os.environ, ORCHESTRATOR_AUTH_JWT_ENV: self._gateway_token}
+        result = container_mod.run_container_argv(argv, env=run_env)
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                f"gateway container failed to start: "
+                f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+            )
+
+    def is_running(self) -> bool:
+        return container_mod.container_is_running(self.name)
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the gateway container (idempotent)."""
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self.name)
+
+    def address(self) -> str:
+        """The gateway's agent-network address — the proxy / git-http / supervise
+        target agents dial (also the source IP the gateway attributes by)."""
+        ip = container_mod.try_container_ipv4_on_network(self.name, self.network)
+        if not ip:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                f"gateway {self.name} has no address on {self.network}"
+            )
+        return ip
+
+    def ca_cert_pem(self, *, timeout: float = DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) -> str:
+        """The gateway's mitmproxy CA (PEM) agents install to trust its TLS
+        interception. Read from the gateway container; polls because mitmproxy
+        writes it a beat after start."""
+        def _fetch() -> str | None:
+            result = container_mod.run_container_argv(
+                ["container", "exec", self.name, "cat", GATEWAY_CA_CERT])
+            return result.stdout if result.returncode == 0 and result.stdout.strip() else None
+        try:
+            return backend_util.poll_ca_cert(_fetch, timeout=timeout)
+        except TimeoutError as exc:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                f"gateway CA not available in {self.name} after {timeout:g}s"
+            ) from exc
+
+    def provisioning_transport(self) -> GatewayTransport:
+        """The exec/cp transport git-gate provisioning stages per-bottle repos +
+        deploy keys through (over the `container` CLI)."""
+        # Local import: gateway_transport imports GATEWAY_NAME from this module,
+        # so importing MacosGatewayTransport at module scope would cycle.
+        from .gateway_transport import MacosGatewayTransport
+        return MacosGatewayTransport(self.name)
 
 
 __all__ = [
     "GATEWAY_NETWORK",
     "GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK",
+    "CONTROL_NETWORK",
+    "GATEWAY_NAME",
+    "GATEWAY_LABEL",
+    "GATEWAY_DAEMONS",
     "GATEWAY_IMAGE",
     "GatewayError",
     "DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS",
     "ensure_networks",
+    "MacosGateway",
 ]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/gateway_hosts.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""Stable gateway name for macOS agents, via each bottle's `/etc/hosts`.
+
+The shared gateway's address is assigned by vmnet's DHCP and changes whenever
+the gateway container is recreated — a source-hash bump, an image upgrade, a
+crash. Every agent-facing URL (egress proxy, git-http, supervise) embeds that
+address, and the proxy URL reaches the agent as **process environment** at
+`container exec` time. A running process's `environ` cannot be rewritten from
+outside, so a moved gateway used to strand every running bottle permanently:
+not degraded, unreachable, until the bottle was relaunched and its session
+thrown away.
+
+So the agent never learns the address. It is given a stable *name*
+(`GATEWAY_HOSTNAME`) in every URL, resolved through its own `/etc/hosts`.
+Unlike `environ`, that is a file — it can be rewritten inside a container that
+is already running, so a gateway that comes back at a new address is picked up
+by live bottles instead of orphaning them.
+
+Apple Container 1.0 offers no container-name DNS on a user network (the only
+nameserver an agent sees is vmnet's, which does not know container names) and
+`container run` has no `--add-host`, so the entry is written by exec after the
+container starts.
+
+Writing it needs root, and the agent runs as `node`: the agent therefore
+cannot repoint its own gateway name, while the host (which drives `container
+exec --user root`) can. That asymmetry is deliberate — keep it.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ...log import warn
+from . import util as container_mod
+from .enumerate import CONTAINER_NAME_PREFIX, enumerate_active
+
+# The name every agent-facing gateway URL uses. Must not collide with a real
+# DNS name the agent might resolve; it is bottle-local by construction.
+GATEWAY_HOSTNAME = "bot-bottle-gateway"
+
+# Marker so the rewrite is idempotent and only ever touches our own line —
+# the rest of /etc/hosts (localhost, the container's own name) is preserved.
+_MARKER = "# bot-bottle gateway"
+
+
+def _rewrite_script(gateway_ip: str) -> str:
+    """A shell one-liner that replaces our managed line in `/etc/hosts`.
+
+    Rewrites in place via a temp file + `cat` rather than `mv`, so the file
+    keeps its original inode, ownership, and mode — a bind-mounted or
+    pre-created `/etc/hosts` must not be replaced by a root-owned 0644 copy
+    that the runtime then refuses to update.
+    """
+    return (
+        "set -e; "
+        f"grep -v '{_MARKER}' /etc/hosts > /tmp/.bb-hosts || true; "
+        f"printf '%s %s %s\\n' '{gateway_ip}' '{GATEWAY_HOSTNAME}' "
+        f"'{_MARKER}' >> /tmp/.bb-hosts; "
+        "cat /tmp/.bb-hosts > /etc/hosts; "
+        "rm -f /tmp/.bb-hosts"
+    )
+
+
+def set_gateway_host(container_name: str, gateway_ip: str) -> None:
+    """Point `GATEWAY_HOSTNAME` at `gateway_ip` inside one running container.
+
+    Must run before the agent is exec'd: the agent's proxy URL names the
+    gateway, so the entry has to exist for its first connection. Idempotent —
+    re-running with the same address is a no-op in effect.
+    """
+    container_mod.exec_container_as_root(
+        container_name, ["sh", "-c", _rewrite_script(gateway_ip)],
+    )
+
+
+def refresh_gateway_host(gateway_ip: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Re-point every running bottle at the current gateway address.
+
+    Called once the shared gateway is known to be up, so a bottle stranded by
+    an earlier gateway restart re-attaches instead of needing a relaunch.
+    Returns the containers updated.
+
+    Best-effort per bottle: one container that refuses the write (already
+    exiting, say) must not stop the others from being repaired, and must not
+    fail the launch that triggered the sweep.
+    """
+    updated: list[str] = []
+    for agent in enumerate_active():
+        name = f"{CONTAINER_NAME_PREFIX}{agent.slug}"
+        try:
+            set_gateway_host(name, gateway_ip)
+            updated.append(name)
+        # One bad bottle must not stop the sweep, so this is deliberately broad.
+        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+            warn(f"could not re-point {name} at the gateway: {e}")
+    return updated
+
+
+__all__ = ["GATEWAY_HOSTNAME", "set_gateway_host", "refresh_gateway_host"]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/gateway_transport.py

@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
-"""`GatewayTransport` for the Apple infra container (PRD 0070).
+"""The `GatewayTransport` for the Apple gateway container (PRD 0070).
 
-The provisioning *logic* (per-bottle creds dirs, namespaced repo init) is
+How the launcher stages files + runs commands in the running gateway container:
-backend-neutral and lives in `backend.docker.gateway_provision`; this is only
+the `container` CLI's exec/cp equivalents. The backend-neutral provisioning
-the transport — how files and commands reach the running gateway. Docker uses
+logic that drives it lives in `backend.provision_gateway`; Docker uses
-`docker exec`/`docker cp` and Firecracker uses SSH; Apple uses the `container`
+`docker exec`/`docker cp` and Firecracker uses SSH.
-CLI's equivalents against the infra container that hosts the gateway daemons.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from ..docker.gateway_provision import GatewayProvisionError
+from ...gateway import GatewayProvisionError
 from . import util as container_mod
-from .infra import INFRA_NAME
+from .gateway import GATEWAY_NAME
 
 
-class AppleGatewayTransport:
+class MacosGatewayTransport:
-    """`GatewayTransport` for the gateway daemons in the Apple infra container."""
+    """`GatewayTransport` for the gateway daemons in the Apple gateway container."""
 
-    def __init__(self, gateway: str = INFRA_NAME) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, gateway: str = GATEWAY_NAME) -> None:
         self.gateway = gateway
 
     def exec(self, argv: list[str]) -> None:
@@ -41,4 +40,4 @@ class AppleGatewayTransport:
             )
 
 
-__all__ = ["AppleGatewayTransport", "GatewayProvisionError"]
+__all__ = ["MacosGatewayTransport"]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/infra.py

@@ -1,123 +1,65 @@
-"""The per-host infra container for the macOS backend (PRD 0070).
+"""The per-host control plane + gateway for the macOS backend (PRD 0070).
 
-A single persistent Apple container that runs BOTH the orchestrator control
+Two Apple containers — the orchestrator (control plane) and the gateway (data
-plane and the gateway data plane — the macOS analogue of the Firecracker infra
+plane) — split now that #469 got the DB off the data plane. The single-container
-VM (`backend/firecracker/infra_vm.py`), not the docker backend's two separate
+model existed only because two Apple-Container guests writing one `bot-bottle.db`
-containers.
+over virtiofs would race incoherent `fcntl` locks; with the data plane no longer
+opening the DB at all, only the orchestrator does, so the split is safe.
 
-Why one container, not two: Apple Containers are lightweight VMs, each with its
+  * `bot-bottle-mac-orchestrator` — the lean control plane (`MacosOrchestrator`).
-own kernel. The docker backend runs the orchestrator and gateway as two
+    Joins the host-only **control network** (`bot-bottle-mac-control`) only. Sole
-containers safely because they share the host kernel, so their concurrent
+    opener of the container-only DB volume; holds the signing key. The host CLI
-writes to the one `bot-bottle.db` (the orchestrator's registry + the gateway
+    reaches it at its control-network address; the gateway reaches it there too.
-supervise daemon's queue) are serialized by coherent `fcntl` locks. Across two
+  * `bot-bottle-mac-infra` — the gateway data plane (`MacosGateway`). Triple-homed:
-*guest* kernels sharing a virtiofs-mounted DB those locks are not coherent, and
+    the NAT egress network (route out), the host-only agent network (agents + CLI
-concurrent writers can corrupt the file. Firecracker solved this by putting
+    reach the gateway), and the control network (reach the orchestrator by IP —
-both services in one guest with the DB on a device only that guest mounts; this
+    Apple has no container DNS). Holds the mitmproxy CA + the `gateway` JWT.
-does the same with Apple primitives.
 
-Two consequences fall out of the single container, both simplifications:
+`MacosInfraService` composes the two services and brings them up as an idempotent
-
+per-host pair. Agents sit on the agent network only, never the control network,
-- **No DNS dance.** The control plane and the gateway daemons reach each other
+so they have no route to the control plane (the L3 block, not just the JWT).
-  over `127.0.0.1`, so nothing depends on Apple's (absent) container DNS and
-  there is no orchestrator-before-gateway ordering to get right.
-- **The DB is never host-shared.** It lives on a container-only volume, so no
-  host process opens the live file. The host CLI reaches registry + supervise
-  state through the control-plane HTTP surface (`cli/supervise.py` already uses
-  `OrchestratorClient`), exactly as it does for firecracker.
-
-The control-plane source is bind-mounted (like the docker orchestrator), so a
-code change takes effect on the next launch without an image rebuild; the
-gateway daemons are baked in the gateway image and rebuild through its own
-digest check.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import os
-import time
-import urllib.error
-import urllib.request
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from ... import log
-from ...orchestrator.gateway import GATEWAY_CA_CERT
 from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import (
     DEFAULT_PORT,
     DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
     OrchestratorStartError,
-    source_hash,
-)
-from ...paths import (
-    CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV,
-    HOST_DB_FILENAME,
-    host_control_plane_token,
 )
+from ..infra_service import InfraService
 from . import util as container_mod
 from .gateway import (
+    CONTROL_NETWORK,
     DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
     GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK,
     GATEWAY_IMAGE,
+    GATEWAY_NAME,
     GATEWAY_NETWORK,
-    GatewayError,
+    MacosGateway,
     ensure_networks,
 )
+from .orchestrator import (
+    ORCHESTRATOR_DB_VOLUME,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_NAME,
+    MacosOrchestrator,
+    probe_orchestrator_url,
+)
 
-# The one per-host infra container: control plane + gateway data plane.
+# `INFRA_NAME` is kept — now aliasing the gateway container — for callers that
-INFRA_NAME = "bot-bottle-mac-infra"
+# still import it (probe / reprovision attribute against the gateway).
-INFRA_LABEL = "bot-bottle-mac-infra=1"
+INFRA_NAME = GATEWAY_NAME
-# Container-only volume holding bot-bottle.db. No host bind-mount, so the DB is
-# written by exactly one kernel (this container's). Survives recreation.
-INFRA_DB_VOLUME = "bot-bottle-mac-db"
-
-# BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT inside the container; host_db_path() resolves the DB to
-# <root>/db/<filename> and the supervise daemon writes the same file.
-_DB_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER = "/var/lib/bot-bottle"
-_DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER = f"{_DB_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER}/db/{HOST_DB_FILENAME}"
-_SRC_IN_CONTAINER = "/bot-bottle-src"
 
 _REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
 
-_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS = 0.25
-_HEALTH_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 1.0
-_CA_POLL_SECONDS = 0.5
 
-# The gateway subset the consolidated model runs (no per-bottle git:// daemon).
+class MacosInfraService(InfraService):
-_GATEWAY_DAEMONS = "egress,git-http,supervise"
+    """Composes the per-host orchestrator + gateway containers. Callers use
-
+    `ensure_running()` (returns the control-plane URL), the `orchestrator()` /
-
+    `gateway()` accessors, and `ca_cert_pem()`."""
-def _init_script(port: int) -> str:
-    """PID-1 init: start the control plane and the gateway daemons, both in
-    this container, reaching each other over loopback. Backgrounded so `wait`
-    reaps as PID 1. No `set -e` — a transient daemon failure must not kill the
-    whole container (gateway_init applies the same 'stay up' policy)."""
-    return (
-        "export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin\n"
-        f"mkdir -p $(dirname {_DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER})\n"
-        # Control plane, from the bind-mounted source (stdlib-only package).
-        f"( cd {_SRC_IN_CONTAINER} && BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT={_DB_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER} "
-        f"python3 -m bot_bottle.orchestrator --host 0.0.0.0 --port {port} "
-        "--broker stub ) &\n"
-        # Gateway data plane, multi-tenant against the local control plane.
-        f"( cd /app && BOT_BOTTLE_GATEWAY_DAEMONS={_GATEWAY_DAEMONS} "
-        f"BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_URL=http://127.0.0.1:{port} "
-        f"SUPERVISE_DB_PATH={_DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER} python3 /app/gateway_init.py ) &\n"
-        "while : ; do wait ; done\n"
-    )
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class InfraEndpoint:
-    """How to reach the running infra container. The control plane and the
-    gateway are the same container, so one address serves both."""
-
-    control_plane_url: str   # http://<infra ip>:8099 — host CLI + registration
-    gateway_ip: str          # same container; agents' proxy / git-http / MCP target
-
-
-class MacosInfraService:
-    """Manages the single per-host infra container. Callers use
-    `ensure_running()` (returns the endpoint) and `ca_cert_pem()`."""
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -125,181 +67,95 @@ class MacosInfraService:
         port: int = DEFAULT_PORT,
         network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
         egress_network: str = GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK,
-        image: str = GATEWAY_IMAGE,
+        control_network: str = CONTROL_NETWORK,
+        gateway_image: str = GATEWAY_IMAGE,
+        orchestrator_image: str = ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE,
         repo_root: Path = _REPO_ROOT,
-        name: str = INFRA_NAME,
+        orchestrator_name: str = ORCHESTRATOR_NAME,
-        db_volume: str = INFRA_DB_VOLUME,
+        gateway_name: str = INFRA_NAME,
+        db_volume: str = ORCHESTRATOR_DB_VOLUME,
     ) -> None:
         self.port = port
         self.network = network
         self.egress_network = egress_network
-        self.image = image
+        self.control_network = control_network
+        self.gateway_image = gateway_image
+        self.orchestrator_image = orchestrator_image
         self._repo_root = repo_root
-        self._name = name
+        self._orchestrator_name = orchestrator_name
+        self._gateway_name = gateway_name
         self._db_volume = db_volume
 
-    def _resolve_url(self) -> str:
+    def orchestrator(self) -> MacosOrchestrator:
-        """The control-plane URL, or "" while the container has no address."""
+        """The control-plane service on the host-only control network. Cheap to
-        ip = container_mod.try_container_ipv4_on_network(self._name, self.network)
+        reconstruct — the launch flow reads its `url()` / `gateway_url()` /
-        return f"http://{ip}:{self.port}" if ip else ""
+        `mint_gateway_token()` off it."""
+        return MacosOrchestrator(
+            self.orchestrator_image,
+            name=self._orchestrator_name,
+            port=self.port,
+            control_network=self.control_network,
+            repo_root=self._repo_root,
+            db_volume=self._db_volume,
+        )
 
-    def is_healthy(
+    def gateway(self) -> MacosGateway:
-        self, url: str, *, timeout: float = _HEALTH_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+        """The data-plane gateway service, triple-homed on the egress + agent +
-    ) -> bool:
+        control networks. Cheap to reconstruct — the launch flow reads its
-        if not url:
+        `address()` / CA / provisioning transport off it, and `ensure_running`
-            return False
+        connects it to the control plane."""
-        try:
+        return MacosGateway(
-            with urllib.request.urlopen(f"{url}/health", timeout=timeout) as resp:
+            self.gateway_image,
-                return resp.status == 200
+            name=self._gateway_name,
-        except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError, OSError):
+            network=self.network,
-            return False
+            egress_network=self.egress_network,
-
+            control_network=self.control_network,
-    def _source_current(self, current_hash: str) -> bool:
+            repo_root=self._repo_root,
-        """True iff the running infra container was created from the current
-        bind-mounted control-plane source. The control-plane process loads that
-        code at startup and won't reload it, so a stale container keeps serving
-        OLD code."""
-        if not container_mod.container_is_running(self._name):
-            return False
-        env = container_mod.container_env(self._name)
-        if not env:
-            return True  # can't compare → don't churn a working container
-        return env.get("BOT_BOTTLE_SOURCE_HASH") == current_hash
-
-    def _running_healthy_endpoint(self, current_hash: str) -> InfraEndpoint | None:
-        """The endpoint if the running container is BOTH source-current and
-        answering /health, else None (→ recreate). Health, not just the source
-        label, is what lets a wedged-but-current container self-heal instead of
-        being polled to death forever."""
-        if not self._source_current(current_hash):
-            return None
-        url = self._resolve_url()
-        if url and self.is_healthy(url):
-            return InfraEndpoint(control_plane_url=url, gateway_ip=_ip_of(url))
-        return None
-
-    def ensure_built(self) -> None:
-        """Ensure the gateway data-plane image exists. The control-plane source
-        is bind-mounted, not baked, so only the gateway image needs building."""
-        container_mod.build_image(
-            self.image, str(self._repo_root), dockerfile="Dockerfile.gateway",
         )
 
     def ensure_running(
         self, *, startup_timeout: float = DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
-    ) -> InfraEndpoint:
+    ) -> str:
-        """Ensure the single infra container is up; return how to reach it.
+        """Ensure the orchestrator + gateway containers are up; return the host
-        Idempotent per-host singleton — a healthy container on current source
+        control-plane URL. Idempotent per-host singleton — a healthy orchestrator
-        is left untouched, so N launches share the one control plane + gateway.
+        on current source is left untouched. Raises `OrchestratorStartError` on
-        Raises `OrchestratorStartError` on startup timeout."""
+        control-plane startup timeout."""
-        current_hash = source_hash(self._repo_root)
+        # The networks (host-only agent + NAT egress + host-only control) are a
-        endpoint = self._running_healthy_endpoint(current_hash)
+        # shared concern — create them before either plane comes up.
-        if endpoint is not None:
+        ensure_networks(self.network, self.egress_network, self.control_network)
-            return endpoint
-        self.ensure_built()
-        log.info("starting infra container", context={"name": self._name})
-        self._run_container(current_hash)
-        return self._wait_healthy(startup_timeout)
 
-    def _run_container(self, current_hash: str) -> None:
+        orchestrator = self.orchestrator()
-        ensure_networks(self.network, self.egress_network)
+        gateway = self.gateway()
-        container_mod.force_remove_container(self._name)
+        orchestrator.ensure_built()
-        argv = [
+        gateway.ensure_built()
-            "container", "run", "--detach",
-            "--name", self._name,
-            "--label", "bot-bottle.backend=macos-container",
-            "--label", INFRA_LABEL,
-            # NAT network FIRST so the gateway's egress has a default route;
-            # the host-only network is where agents (and the host CLI) reach it.
-            "--network", self.egress_network,
-            "--network", self.network,
-            "--dns", container_mod.dns_server(),
-            # Container-only DB volume: one kernel writes bot-bottle.db, never
-            # shared with the host or another guest.
-            "--volume", f"{self._db_volume}:{_DB_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER}",
-            # Bind-mount the control-plane source (read-only); a code change
-            # takes effect on relaunch with no image rebuild.
-            "--mount",
-            container_mod.bind_mount_spec(
-                str(self._repo_root), _SRC_IN_CONTAINER, readonly=True),
-            # Baked onto the container so `_source_current` can detect a real
-            # control-plane code change and recreate.
-            "--env", f"BOT_BOTTLE_SOURCE_HASH={current_hash}",
-            # The control-plane secret, for BOTH the control plane (to require
-            # it) and the gateway's PolicyResolver (to present it) — they share
-            # this one container. Bare `--env NAME` inherits the value from the
-            # run process below, so the secret never lands on argv or in
-            # `container inspect`'s command line. The agent runs in a SEPARATE
-            # container that is never given this var, which is the whole point.
-            "--env", CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV,
-            "--entrypoint", "sh",
-            self.image,
-            "-c", _init_script(self.port),
-        ]
-        run_env = {**os.environ, CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV: host_control_plane_token()}
-        result = container_mod.run_container_argv(argv, env=run_env)
-        if result.returncode != 0:
-            raise OrchestratorStartError(
-                f"infra container failed to start: "
-                f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
-            )
 
-    def _wait_healthy(self, startup_timeout: float) -> InfraEndpoint:
+        orchestrator.ensure_running(startup_timeout=startup_timeout)
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + startup_timeout
+
-        while True:
+        # (Re)ensure the gateway once the control plane it resolves against is
-            url = self._resolve_url()
+        # healthy — it needs the orchestrator's control-network address. The
-            if url and self.is_healthy(url):
+        # orchestrator (which holds the signing key) mints the role-scoped
-                log.info("infra container healthy", context={"url": url})
+        # `gateway` JWT and hands it to the gateway, which never sees the key
-                return InfraEndpoint(control_plane_url=url, gateway_ip=_ip_of(url))
+        # (#469).
-            if time.monotonic() >= deadline:
+        url = orchestrator.url()
-                raise OrchestratorStartError(
+        gateway.connect_to_orchestrator(url, orchestrator.mint_gateway_token())
-                    f"infra container did not become healthy within "
+        return url
-                    f"{startup_timeout:g}s"
-                )
-            time.sleep(_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS)
 
     def ca_cert_pem(self, *, timeout: float = DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) -> str:
         """The gateway's mitmproxy CA (PEM) agents install to trust its TLS
-        interception. Read out of the container (the CA lives on a
+        interception — delegated to the gateway service (reads it out of the
-        container-internal path, not a host mount); polls because mitmproxy
+        gateway container, polling until mitmproxy writes it)."""
-        writes it a beat after start."""
+        return self.gateway().ca_cert_pem(timeout=timeout)
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
-        while True:
-            result = container_mod.run_container_argv(
-                ["container", "exec", self._name, "cat", GATEWAY_CA_CERT])
-            if result.returncode == 0 and result.stdout.strip():
-                return result.stdout
-            if time.monotonic() >= deadline:
-                raise GatewayError(
-                    f"gateway CA not available in {self._name} after {timeout:g}s: "
-                    f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or 'empty'}"
-                )
-            time.sleep(_CA_POLL_SECONDS)
 
     def stop(self) -> None:
-        """Remove the infra container (idempotent). The DB volume persists."""
+        """Remove both containers (idempotent). The DB volume persists."""
-        container_mod.force_remove_container(self._name)
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self._gateway_name)
-
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self._orchestrator_name)
-
-def _ip_of(url: str) -> str:
-    """The host from an http://host:port URL."""
-    return url.split("://", 1)[-1].rsplit(":", 1)[0]
-
-
-def probe_control_plane_url(port: int = DEFAULT_PORT) -> str:
-    """The running infra container's control-plane URL, or "" if it isn't up.
-    Used by host-side control-plane discovery (`discover_orchestrator_url`);
-    safe to call on any host — returns "" when the container or the `container`
-    CLI isn't present."""
-    ip = container_mod.try_container_ipv4_on_network(INFRA_NAME, GATEWAY_NETWORK)
-    return f"http://{ip}:{port}" if ip else ""
 
 
 __all__ = [
     "MacosInfraService",
-    "InfraEndpoint",
     "OrchestratorStartError",
-    "GatewayError",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_NAME",
     "INFRA_NAME",
-    "INFRA_DB_VOLUME",
+    "probe_orchestrator_url",
 ]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/launch.py

@@ -44,45 +44,100 @@ from ...bottle_state import (
     git_gate_state_dir,
     read_committed_image,
 )
-from ...egress import (
+from ...egress import Egress
-    egress_agent_env_entries,
+from ...git_gate import GitGate
-    egress_resolve_token_values,
+from ...gateway.git_gate.http_backend import DEFAULT_PORT as _GIT_HTTP_PORT
-)
+from ...image_cache import check_stale
-from ...git_gate import (
-    provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys,
-    revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys,
-)
-from ...git_http_backend import DEFAULT_PORT as _GIT_HTTP_PORT
 from ...log import die, info, warn
-from ...supervise import SUPERVISE_PORT
+from .. import BottleImages
+from ...supervisor.types import SUPERVISE_PORT
 from ..docker.egress import EGRESS_PORT
 from ..util import AGENT_CA_BUNDLE, AGENT_CA_PATH
 from . import util as container_mod
 from .bottle import MacosContainerBottle
+from .gateway_hosts import (
+    GATEWAY_HOSTNAME,
+    refresh_gateway_host,
+    set_gateway_host,
+)
+from . import nested_containers as nested_containers_mod
 from .bottle_plan import MacosContainerBottlePlan
+from ...orchestrator.store.config_store import resolve_teardown_timeout
+from ...orchestrator.store.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME, new_env_var_secret
 from .consolidated_launch import (
     GatewayEndpoint,
     ensure_gateway,
     register_agent,
-    teardown_consolidated,
+    deprovision_consolidated,
 )
 
 _REPO_DIR = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent.parent)
 _AGENT_SLEEP_SECONDS = "2147483647"
 
 
+def build_or_load_images(plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+    """Resolve the agent image ref for this plan. The gateway's own image is
+    built by `ensure_gateway` — it belongs to the shared singleton."""
+    return BottleImages(agent=_layer_nested_containers(plan, _agent_image(plan)))
+
+
+def _agent_image(plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> str:
+    committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
+    if committed and container_mod.image_exists(committed):
+        info(f"using committed image {committed!r}")
+        return committed
+    if plan.spec.image_policy == "cached":
+        if not container_mod.image_exists(plan.image):
+            die(
+                f"cached agent image {plan.image!r} not found; "
+                "run without --cached-images to build it"
+            )
+        info(f"using cached agent image {plan.image!r}")
+        return plan.image
+    container_mod.build_image(plan.image, _REPO_DIR, dockerfile=plan.dockerfile_path)
+    return plan.image
+
+
+def _layer_nested_containers(
+    plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan, agent_image: str,
+) -> str:
+    """Add the guest-local container tooling on top of the agent image.
+
+    A separate derived tag, not the provider Dockerfile, so bottles that never
+    ask for nested containers carry none of its weight.
+    """
+    if not plan.nested_containers:
+        return agent_image
+    derived = f"{agent_image}{nested_containers_mod.IMAGE_SUFFIX}"
+    if plan.spec.image_policy == "cached":
+        if not container_mod.image_exists(derived):
+            die(
+                f"cached nested-container image {derived!r} not found; "
+                "run without --cached-images to build it"
+            )
+        info(f"using cached nested-container image {derived!r}")
+        return derived
+    return nested_containers_mod.build_image(agent_image, container_mod.build_image)
+
+
 @contextmanager
 def launch(
     plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan,
+    images: BottleImages,
     *,
     provision: Callable[[MacosContainerBottlePlan, "MacosContainerBottle"], str | None],
 ) -> Generator[MacosContainerBottle, None, None]:
-    """Build, run, register, provision, and yield an Apple Container bottle on
+    """Run, register, provision, and yield an Apple Container bottle on the
-    the shared per-host gateway."""
+    shared per-host gateway."""
     stack = ExitStack()
     bottle_for_revoke = plan.manifest.bottle
     git_gate_dir_for_revoke = git_gate_state_dir(plan.slug)
 
+    plan = dataclasses.replace(
+        plan,
+        agent_provision=dataclasses.replace(plan.agent_provision, image=str(images.agent)),
+    )
+
     def teardown() -> None:
         teardown_exc: BaseException | None = None
         try:
@@ -90,22 +145,26 @@ def launch(
         except BaseException as exc:  # noqa: W0718 - teardown must continue
             teardown_exc = exc
             warn(f"macos-container teardown failed: {exc!r}")
-        revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys(bottle_for_revoke, git_gate_dir_for_revoke)
+        GitGate().revoke_provisioned_keys(bottle_for_revoke, git_gate_dir_for_revoke)
         if teardown_exc is not None:
             raise teardown_exc
 
     try:
-        plan = _build_images(plan)
-
         # Step 1: the per-host singletons. Must precede the agent run — its
         # proxy env needs the gateway's address at `container run` time.
         endpoint = ensure_gateway()
+        # The gateway's address may have changed since these bottles launched
+        # (any infra recreate re-runs DHCP). They name the gateway rather than
+        # address it, so re-pointing /etc/hosts re-attaches them in place
+        # instead of leaving them stranded until relaunch.
+        refresh_gateway_host(endpoint.gateway_ip)
 
         # Step 2: mint this bottle's deploy keys, then point it at the SHARED
         # gateway's CA + git-http/supervise ports.
         plan = _provision_git_gate_keys(plan)
         plan = _install_gateway_ca(plan, endpoint)
         plan = _stamp_agent_urls(plan, endpoint)
+        plan = dataclasses.replace(plan, env_var_secret=new_env_var_secret())
 
         # Step 3: run the agent. It has no identity token yet — registration
         # needs the address this run assigns.
@@ -117,6 +176,9 @@ def launch(
         # attribution key; `--cap-drop CAP_NET_RAW` at run is what makes it
         # unforgeable. Poll: `container run --detach` can return before vmnet's
         # DHCP has assigned the address.
+        # Resolve the gateway name before anything execs: every agent-facing
+        # URL uses it, so the entry must exist for the first connection.
+        set_gateway_host(plan.container_name, endpoint.gateway_ip)
         source_ip = container_mod.wait_container_ipv4_on_network(
             plan.container_name, endpoint.network,
         )
@@ -126,9 +188,10 @@ def launch(
                 f"{endpoint.network}"
             )
         effective_env = {**os.environ, **plan.agent_provision.provisioned_env}
-        token_values = egress_resolve_token_values(
+        token_values = Egress().resolve_token_values(
             plan.egress_plan.token_env_map, effective_env,
         )
+        teardown_timeout = resolve_teardown_timeout()
         ctx = register_agent(
             plan.egress_plan,
             plan.git_gate_plan,
@@ -136,10 +199,12 @@ def launch(
             endpoint=endpoint,
             image_ref=plan.image,
             tokens=token_values,
+            env_var_secret=plan.env_var_secret,
         )
         stack.callback(
-            teardown_consolidated, ctx.bottle_id,
+            deprovision_consolidated, ctx.bottle_id,
             orchestrator_url=ctx.orchestrator_url,
+            timeout=teardown_timeout,
         )
         info(
             f"agent {plan.container_name} registered "
@@ -155,6 +220,10 @@ def launch(
         # token above, so — unlike the run-time env — the plan CAN carry it.
         plan = dataclasses.replace(plan, identity_token=ctx.identity_token)
 
+        exec_env = {
+            **_identity_proxy_env(endpoint, ctx.identity_token),
+            **nested_containers_mod.guest_env(plan.nested_containers),
+        }
         bottle = MacosContainerBottle(
             plan.container_name,
             teardown,
@@ -168,31 +237,38 @@ def launch(
             ),
             terminal_color=plan.spec.color,
             agent_workdir=plan.workspace_plan.workdir,
-            exec_env=_identity_proxy_env(endpoint, ctx.identity_token),
+            exec_env=exec_env,
         )
         bottle.prompt_path = provision(plan, bottle)
 
+        if plan.nested_containers:
+            nested_containers_mod.prepare_guest_devices(
+                plan.container_name, container_mod.exec_container_as_root,
+            )
+            nested_containers_mod.start(bottle)
+
         yield bottle
     finally:
         teardown()
 
 
-def _build_images(plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> MacosContainerBottlePlan:
+
-    """Build the agent image. The gateway's own image is built by
+def stale_checks(plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> None:
-    `ensure_gateway` — it belongs to the shared singleton, not to a bottle."""
+    """Raise StaleImageError if a cached image is older than the configured
+    threshold. Only runs when image_policy is 'cached'. Called by the backend
+    class's _image_stale_checks before _launch_impl starts any resources."""
+    if plan.spec.image_policy != "cached":
+        return
     committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
     if committed and container_mod.image_exists(committed):
-        info(f"using committed image {committed!r}")
+        ts = container_mod.image_created_at(committed)
-        return dataclasses.replace(
+        if ts is not None:
-            plan,
+            check_stale(f"agent image {committed!r}", ts)
-            agent_provision=dataclasses.replace(
+        return
-                plan.agent_provision, image=committed,
+    if container_mod.image_exists(plan.image):
-            ),
+        ts = container_mod.image_created_at(plan.image)
-        )
+        if ts is not None:
-    container_mod.build_image(
+            check_stale(f"agent image {plan.image!r}", ts)
-        plan.image, _REPO_DIR, dockerfile=plan.dockerfile_path,
-    )
-    return plan
 
 
 def _provision_git_gate_keys(
@@ -200,7 +276,7 @@ def _provision_git_gate_keys(
 ) -> MacosContainerBottlePlan:
     if not plan.git_gate_plan.upstreams:
         return plan
-    git_gate_plan = provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys(
+    git_gate_plan = GitGate().provision_dynamic_keys(
         plan.manifest.bottle,
         plan.git_gate_plan,
         git_gate_state_dir(plan.slug),
@@ -231,13 +307,20 @@ def _stamp_agent_urls(
 ) -> MacosContainerBottlePlan:
     """Point the agent's git-gate insteadOf rewrites + supervise MCP at the
     shared gateway's ports. Both bypass the egress proxy (NO_PROXY covers the
-    gateway address)."""
+    gateway name).
+
+    Addressed by `GATEWAY_HOSTNAME`, never by IP: these URLs are baked into
+    the agent's gitconfig and MCP config at provision time, so an address here
+    would strand the bottle the moment the gateway moved. The name is resolved
+    per connection through `/etc/hosts`, which stays rewritable while the
+    bottle runs."""
+    del endpoint  # addressed by name; the address reaches the bottle via /etc/hosts
     git_gate_url = (
-        f"http://{endpoint.gateway_ip}:{_GIT_HTTP_PORT}"
+        f"http://{GATEWAY_HOSTNAME}:{_GIT_HTTP_PORT}"
         if plan.git_gate_plan.upstreams else ""
     )
     supervise_url = (
-        f"http://{endpoint.gateway_ip}:{SUPERVISE_PORT}/"
+        f"http://{GATEWAY_HOSTNAME}:{SUPERVISE_PORT}/"
         if plan.supervise_plan is not None else ""
     )
     return dataclasses.replace(
@@ -247,30 +330,43 @@ def _stamp_agent_urls(
     )
 
 
-def _proxy_url(gateway_ip: str, identity_token: str = "") -> str:
+def _proxy_url(identity_token: str = "") -> str:
     """The agent's egress proxy URL. The identity token rides as proxy
     credentials — the gateway reads Proxy-Authorization, resolves the
     (source_ip, token) pair against the control plane, and strips it before
-    upstream. Without a valid pair `/resolve` denies the request (#366)."""
+    upstream. Without a valid pair `/resolve` denies the request (#366).
+
+    Names the gateway rather than addressing it: this URL reaches the agent as
+    process environment, which cannot be rewritten once the agent is running,
+    so an address baked here is unfixable if the gateway moves."""
     cred = f"bottle:{identity_token}@" if identity_token else ""
-    return f"http://{cred}{gateway_ip}:{EGRESS_PORT}"
+    return f"http://{cred}{GATEWAY_HOSTNAME}:{EGRESS_PORT}"
 
 
-def _no_proxy(gateway_ip: str) -> str:
+def _no_proxy() -> str:
     # git-http + supervise live on the gateway and must NOT go through the
-    # egress proxy — the agent reaches them directly by its address.
+    # egress proxy — the agent reaches them directly by name. Deliberately
-    return f"localhost,127.0.0.1,{gateway_ip}"
+    # address-free: NO_PROXY is baked into the run-time env and is therefore
+    # just as unfixable as the proxy URL if the gateway moves.
+    return f"localhost,127.0.0.1,{GATEWAY_HOSTNAME}"
 
 
 def _identity_proxy_env(
     endpoint: GatewayEndpoint, identity_token: str,
 ) -> dict[str, str]:
-    """The token-bearing proxy env applied at `container exec`. It supersedes
+    """The token-bearing proxy env applied at `container exec` — the only way
-    the token-less run-time value (exec `--env` wins), which is the only way to
+    to get the token in, since it does not exist until after the container
-    get the token in: it does not exist until after the container runs."""
+    runs (registration keys on the DHCP-assigned address).
+
+    This is the *sole* source of `*_PROXY` for the agent. It deliberately does
+    not rely on overriding a run-time value: `container exec --env` appends
+    rather than replaces, so a run-time `HTTPS_PROXY` would survive alongside
+    this one and first-wins runtimes would read the wrong entry. See
+    `_agent_env_entries`."""
     if not identity_token:
         return {}
-    url = _proxy_url(endpoint.gateway_ip, identity_token)
+    del endpoint  # the gateway is named, not addressed
+    url = _proxy_url(identity_token)
     return {
         "HTTPS_PROXY": url, "HTTP_PROXY": url,
         "https_proxy": url, "http_proxy": url,
@@ -317,16 +413,23 @@ def _agent_run_argv(
 def _agent_env_entries(
     plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan, endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
 ) -> tuple[str, ...]:
-    # Token-less at run time — the token does not exist yet (see
+    # No `*_PROXY` here on purpose. The token-bearing URL is applied at
-    # `_identity_proxy_env`). Anything egressing before the exec-time override
+    # `container exec` (`_identity_proxy_env`), and Apple's `container exec
-    # is denied by `/resolve`, which is the safe direction.
+    # --env` **appends** to the run-time environment rather than replacing it:
-    proxy_url = _proxy_url(endpoint.gateway_ip)
+    # setting a token-less value here leaves two `HTTPS_PROXY` entries in the
-    no_proxy = _no_proxy(endpoint.gateway_ip)
+    # agent's `environ`, token-less first. Which one a runtime reads is then
+    # pure luck — Node takes the last (and worked), Rust's `std::env::var`
+    # takes the first, so Codex proxied without its identity token and
+    # `/resolve` fail-closed on every request.
+    #
+    # A token-less proxy URL has no legitimate consumer anyway: the init
+    # process is `sleep` and everything that egresses arrives via exec. Its
+    # only value was a tidy 403 for unattributed callers, which is not worth
+    # silently dropping attribution for. Without it a process that egresses
+    # before the exec-time env still fails closed — the agent network is
+    # host-only, so there is no route off it except the gateway.
+    no_proxy = _no_proxy()
     env = [
-        f"HTTPS_PROXY={proxy_url}",
-        f"HTTP_PROXY={proxy_url}",
-        f"https_proxy={proxy_url}",
-        f"http_proxy={proxy_url}",
         f"NO_PROXY={no_proxy}",
         f"no_proxy={no_proxy}",
         f"NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS={AGENT_CA_PATH}",
@@ -337,13 +440,15 @@ def _agent_env_entries(
         env.append(f"GIT_GATE_URL={plan.agent_git_gate_url}")
     if plan.agent_supervise_url:
         env.append(f"MCP_SUPERVISE_URL={plan.agent_supervise_url}")
+    if getattr(plan, "env_var_secret", ""):
+        env.append(f"{ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME}={plan.env_var_secret}")
     for name, value in sorted(plan.agent_provision.guest_env.items()):
         env.append(f"{name}={value}")
     # Forwarded vars: bare name → inherits from the `container run` process env
     # so the secret value never lands on argv.
     for name in sorted(plan.forwarded_env.keys()):
         env.append(name)
-    env.extend(egress_agent_env_entries(plan.egress_plan))
+    env.extend(Egress().agent_env_entries(plan.egress_plan))
     return tuple(env)
 
 

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/nested-containers-init.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+uid="$(id -u)"
+if [ "$uid" -eq 0 ]; then
+    echo "refusing to run the guest container engine as root" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Every piece of podman 5's networking stack is checked here, because each
+# one fails at a different and misleading layer if it is absent: no pasta and
+# nothing starts at all; no nft and netavark cannot build the bridge every
+# compose file expects; no aardvark-dns and DNS inside nested containers fails
+# while everything else looks healthy.
+for command in podman docker fuse-overlayfs pasta nft slirp4netns; do
+    command -v "$command" >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
+        echo "missing nested-container prerequisite: $command" >&2
+        exit 1
+    }
+done
+
+# The inverse of the rootless-Docker check, and the whole point of the podman
+# variant: a subordinate range would push podman onto newuidmap, which cannot
+# write a multi-range uid_map without CAP_SYS_ADMIN in this guest.  An empty
+# range keeps it on the single-UID self-mapping an unprivileged process may
+# write itself.
+if grep -q "^$(id -un):" /etc/subuid 2>/dev/null; then
+    echo "unexpected subordinate UID range for $(id -un): podman would" >&2
+    echo "require CAP_SYS_ADMIN via newuidmap in this guest" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+for device in /dev/fuse /dev/net/tun; do
+    [ -r "$device" ] && [ -w "$device" ] || {
+        echo "device $device is not readable/writable by $(id -un)" >&2
+        exit 1
+    }
+done
+
+# Short by necessity, not by accident: conmon's attach socket lives under
+# this directory and must fit in a 108-byte sun_path. See nested_containers.py.
+# Must stay in step with AGENT_CA_BUNDLE in bot_bottle/backend/util.py; a unit
+# test pins the two together.
+CA_BUNDLE="/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
+[ -r "$CA_BUNDLE" ] || {
+    echo "gateway CA bundle $CA_BUNDLE is missing or unreadable" >&2
+    exit 1
+}
+
+# The proxy URL the agent inherits names `bot-bottle-gateway`, which resolves
+# only through this bottle's /etc/hosts. A nested container gets its own hosts
+# file, so it cannot resolve the name and dies at "Could not resolve proxy".
+#
+# podman's containers.conf `hosts_file` would fix that, except the
+# Docker-compatible API ignores it — it only takes effect for native
+# `podman run`, and the agent types `docker`. So the name is resolved *here*
+# and the address, not the name, goes into the proxy URL the nested container
+# receives. Verified on macOS 26 / podman 5.4.2: with the address in place,
+# https://quay.io returns 200 and a non-allowlisted host still gets 403, so
+# the egress boundary applies inside nested containers too.
+GATEWAY_NAME="bot-bottle-gateway"
+gateway_ip="$(
+    awk -v name="$GATEWAY_NAME" '$2 == name { print $1; exit }' /etc/hosts
+)"
+[ -n "$gateway_ip" ] || {
+    echo "no /etc/hosts entry for $GATEWAY_NAME; the gateway address is" >&2
+    echo "needed so nested containers can reach the egress proxy" >&2
+    exit 1
+}
+
+export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR="${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:-/tmp/bbp}"
+config="$HOME/.config/containers"
+mkdir -p "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR" "$config"
+chmod 700 "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"
+
+# ignore_chown_errors is required, not incidental: with a single-UID mapping
+# there is no second UID for image layers to be chowned to, so layers that
+# record other owners would otherwise fail to extract.
+cat > "$config/storage.conf" <<'CONF'
+[storage]
+driver="overlay"
+[storage.options.overlay]
+mount_program="/usr/bin/fuse-overlayfs"
+ignore_chown_errors="true"
+CONF
+
+# No cgroup delegation reaches this guest, so asking podman to manage cgroups
+# fails; events_logger=file avoids the journald socket that is equally absent.
+#
+# The rest of this config is what lets a nested container reach the network:
+#
+#   hosts_file   only takes effect for native `podman run` — the
+#                Docker-compatible API ignores it, and the agent types
+#                `docker`. Kept anyway because it costs nothing and makes
+#                podman-native use behave; the compat path is covered by the
+#                address-bearing proxy URL below.
+#   volumes/env  the gateway TLS-intercepts, so a container that does not
+#                trust the bottle's CA bundle gets "unable to get local issuer
+#                certificate". Mounting the bundle read-only and pointing the
+#                usual env vars at it covers curl, wget, python, and node
+#                without distro-specific trust commands.
+#
+# The proxy URL carries the bottle's identity token. podman already forwards
+# that same URL into every nested container from the agent's own environment,
+# so writing it to a 0600 file inside this disposable VM hands it to nobody
+# new. It is never echoed.
+CA_BUNDLE="$CA_BUNDLE" GATEWAY_NAME="$GATEWAY_NAME" GATEWAY_IP="$gateway_ip" \
+CONTAINERS_CONF="$config/containers.conf" python3 - <<'PY'
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+
+ca = os.environ["CA_BUNDLE"]
+name = os.environ["GATEWAY_NAME"]
+ip = os.environ["GATEWAY_IP"]
+
+entries = [
+    f"SSL_CERT_FILE={ca}",
+    f"CURL_CA_BUNDLE={ca}",
+    f"REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE={ca}",
+    f"NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS={ca}",
+]
+# The gateway name resolves only through the bottle's /etc/hosts, which a
+# nested container does not inherit, so hand it the address instead.
+for var in ("HTTP_PROXY", "HTTPS_PROXY", "http_proxy", "https_proxy"):
+    value = os.environ.get(var)
+    if value:
+        entries.append(f"{var}={value.replace(name, ip)}")
+# NO_PROXY keeps the name: it is matched against what a client asks for, and
+# code inside a nested container still says "bot-bottle-gateway".
+for var in ("NO_PROXY", "no_proxy"):
+    value = os.environ.get(var)
+    if value:
+        entries.append(f"{var}={value}")
+
+path = Path(os.environ["CONTAINERS_CONF"])
+path.write_text("\n".join([
+    "[containers]",
+    'cgroups="disabled"',
+    # podman copies the host's proxy vars into every container by default,
+    # and that copy *wins* over the env below — putting the unresolvable
+    # gateway name back. Turn it off so the address-bearing URLs stand.
+    "http_proxy=false",
+    'hosts_file="/etc/hosts"',
+    f'volumes=["{ca}:{ca}:ro"]',
+    "env=[",
+    *[f'  "{entry}",' for entry in entries],
+    "]",
+    "[engine]",
+    'cgroup_manager="cgroupfs"',
+    'events_logger="file"',
+    "",
+]), encoding="utf-8")
+path.chmod(0o600)
+PY
+
+# Registry pulls egress through the bottle's proxy like everything else. The
+# token-bearing proxy URL is already in the agent's environment; persisting it
+# inside this disposable VM does not broaden its authority.
+#
+# This file is also what the Docker CLI copies into every container it starts,
+# and being client-side it beats anything the podman service does — it is why
+# containers.conf `env`, `http_proxy=false`, and the service's own environment
+# all failed to change what a nested container saw. The address goes in here
+# for the same reason it goes everywhere else: `bot-bottle-gateway` resolves
+# in the bottle, never inside a nested container.
+GATEWAY_NAME="$GATEWAY_NAME" GATEWAY_IP="$gateway_ip" python3 - <<'PY'
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+
+name = os.environ["GATEWAY_NAME"]
+ip = os.environ["GATEWAY_IP"]
+
+proxy = os.environ.get("HTTPS_PROXY") or os.environ.get("https_proxy", "")
+# NO_PROXY keeps the name: it is matched against what a client asks for, and
+# code inside a nested container still says "bot-bottle-gateway".
+no_proxy = os.environ.get("NO_PROXY") or os.environ.get("no_proxy", "")
+config = {"proxies": {"default": {
+    "httpProxy": proxy.replace(name, ip),
+    "httpsProxy": proxy.replace(name, ip),
+    "noProxy": no_proxy,
+}}}
+path = Path.home() / ".docker" / "config.json"
+path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+path.write_text(json.dumps(config), encoding="utf-8")
+path.chmod(0o600)
+PY
+
+if docker info >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Belt to the ~/.docker/config.json braces above, which is what actually
+# decides this for `docker run`. The service environment is what podman falls
+# back to for anything the CLI does not stamp — its own registry pulls, and
+# containers created through the API by something other than the Docker CLI.
+# Cheap, and it keeps the address consistent across both paths.
+#
+# Assigned via parameter expansion, never echoed: these carry the bottle's
+# identity token.
+for var in HTTP_PROXY HTTPS_PROXY http_proxy https_proxy; do
+    eval "value=\${$var:-}"
+    [ -n "$value" ] || continue
+    eval "export $var=\"\${value%%$GATEWAY_NAME*}$gateway_ip\${value#*$GATEWAY_NAME}\""
+done
+
+log=/tmp/bot-bottle-nested-containers.log
+nohup podman system service --time=0 \
+    "unix://$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/podman.sock" \
+    >"$log" 2>&1 </dev/null &

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/nested_containers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+"""Guest-local container engine for Apple-container bottles (issue #392).
+
+The service and every nested container remain inside the existing per-bottle
+VM.  This module refuses to compensate for missing prerequisites with outer
+capabilities, a privileged container, or a host Docker socket.
+
+Podman is used rather than rootless Docker for one specific reason: Apple
+Container's capability bounding set omits `CAP_SYS_ADMIN`, which the kernel
+requires to write a multi-range `uid_map` via `newuidmap`.  Rootless Docker
+has no path that avoids that write.  Podman does — with no subordinate UID
+range configured it falls back to a single-UID self-mapping, which an
+unprivileged process may write itself.  See
+`docs/research/rootless-docker-in-apple-container-spike.md`.
+
+That fallback is why `build_image` *removes* the agent user's `/etc/subuid`
+and `/etc/subgid` entries instead of adding them: their presence is precisely
+what would send podman down the `newuidmap` path that cannot work here.
+
+The agent still talks to `docker` and `docker compose`; those speak to
+podman's Docker-compatible API socket, so nothing in the agent's habits
+changes.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Callable
+
+from ...log import die, info
+
+_INIT = "/usr/local/libexec/bot-bottle/nested-containers-init"
+# Deliberately cryptic and short. podman derives conmon's attach socket as
+# `$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/libpod/tmp/socket/<64-hex-id>/attach`, and a Unix socket
+# path may not exceed 108 bytes (`sun_path`). The descriptive
+# `/tmp/bot-bottle-podman-run` produced a 116-byte path — over the limit, so
+# attach would have broken as soon as anything got far enough to attach. Do
+# not lengthen this for readability; it buys 8 bytes of headroom.
+_RUNTIME_DIR = "/tmp/bbp"
+_SOCKET = f"{_RUNTIME_DIR}/podman.sock"
+_LOG = "/tmp/bot-bottle-nested-containers.log"
+IMAGE_SUFFIX = "-nested-containers"
+READY_RETRIES = 30
+
+# Apple Container creates both device nodes 0600 root:root, so the agent user
+# cannot open them: /dev/fuse blocks the fuse-overlayfs storage driver and
+# /dev/net/tun blocks slirp4netns, which rootless podman uses for the default
+# bridge network that stock compose files expect.  Relaxing the modes needs no
+# capability the bottle does not already hold — unlike CAP_SYS_ADMIN, which is
+# what killed the rootless-Docker approach.
+_GUEST_DEVICES = ("/dev/fuse", "/dev/net/tun")
+
+
+def build_image(
+    base_image: str,
+    build: Callable[..., None],
+) -> str:
+    """Layer the nested-container tooling onto an already-built agent image.
+
+    Podman and its networking stack live here rather than in the base agent
+    images so that bottles without the flag pay no image-size cost.
+
+    # TODO(#394): replace this hand-rolled Dockerfile with a docker-layer
+    # abstraction once that infrastructure exists.
+    """
+    image = f"{base_image}{IMAGE_SUFFIX}"
+    init_script = Path(__file__).with_name("nested-containers-init.sh")
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="bot-bottle-nested-containers.") as tmp:
+        context = Path(tmp)
+        shutil.copy2(init_script, context / "nested-containers-init.sh")
+        (context / "Dockerfile").write_text(
+            "FROM docker:28-cli AS docker_cli\n"
+            f"FROM {base_image}\n"
+            "USER root\n"
+            "COPY --from=docker_cli /usr/local/bin/docker /usr/local/bin/docker\n"
+            "COPY --from=docker_cli /usr/local/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/"
+            "docker-compose /usr/local/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/docker-compose\n"
+            "RUN apt-get update \\\n"
+            # podman 5's networking stack, installed explicitly because
+            # --no-install-recommends omits it and each missing piece fails
+            # at a different, misleading layer:
+            #   podman       -> moved here from the base agent images so that
+            #                   bottles without nested_containers pay no cost
+            #   passt        -> `pasta`, the default rootless netns helper
+            #                   (podman 4 used slirp4netns); without it
+            #                   nothing starts: "could not find pasta"
+            #   nftables     -> `nft`, which netavark shells out to for the
+            #                   bridge network every compose file expects
+            #   aardvark-dns -> name resolution *inside* nested containers;
+            #                   without it DNS fails while everything else
+            #                   looks healthy
+            # slirp4netns stays as the documented fallback for pasta.
+            " && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends "
+            "aardvark-dns fuse-overlayfs netavark nftables passt podman "
+            "slirp4netns uidmap \\\n"
+            " && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \\\n"
+            # Deliberate: an empty subordinate range keeps podman on the
+            # single-UID mapping that needs no CAP_SYS_ADMIN.  Adding ranges
+            # here would reintroduce the newuidmap failure this design exists
+            # to route around.
+            " && sed -i '/^node:/d' /etc/subuid /etc/subgid\n"
+            "COPY nested-containers-init.sh "
+            "/usr/local/libexec/bot-bottle/nested-containers-init\n"
+            "RUN chmod 0755 /usr/local/libexec/bot-bottle/nested-containers-init\n"
+            "USER node\n",
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+        build(image, str(context), dockerfile=str(context / "Dockerfile"))
+    return image
+
+
+def guest_env(enabled: bool) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Environment consumed by the Docker CLI inside an enabled bottle."""
+    if not enabled:
+        return {}
+    return {
+        "DOCKER_HOST": f"unix://{_SOCKET}",
+        "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR": _RUNTIME_DIR,
+    }
+
+
+def prepare_guest_devices(container_name: str, exec_as_root: Callable[..., None]) -> None:
+    """Make /dev/fuse and /dev/net/tun openable by the agent user.
+
+    Runs as root inside the bottle because the agent must not be able to
+    re-mode device nodes itself.  No outer capability is involved.
+    """
+    exec_as_root(
+        container_name,
+        ["sh", "-c", f"chmod 0666 {' '.join(_GUEST_DEVICES)}"],
+    )
+
+
+def start(bottle: object) -> None:
+    """Start and verify the unprivileged service through the bottle exec API."""
+    info("starting guest-local container engine")
+    result = bottle.exec(shlex.quote(_INIT))  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        detail = (result.stderr or result.stdout or "").strip()
+        die(f"nested-container bootstrap failed: {detail or '<no output>'}")
+
+    for _ in range(READY_RETRIES):
+        result = bottle.exec("docker info >/dev/null 2>&1")  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        if result.returncode == 0:
+            info("guest-local container engine is ready")
+            return
+        time.sleep(0.2)
+
+    logs = bottle.exec(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        f"tail -n 80 {_LOG} 2>/dev/null || true"
+    )
+    die(
+        "guest-local container engine did not become ready without additional "
+        f"outer privileges:\n{(logs.stdout or logs.stderr or '<no log>').strip()}"
+    )
+
+
+__all__ = ["build_image", "guest_env", "prepare_guest_devices", "start"]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/orchestrator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+"""The macOS orchestrator (control plane) as an Apple container (PRD 0070).
+
+`MacosOrchestrator` is the Apple-Container implementation of the backend-neutral
+`Orchestrator` service. The lean control-plane container joins the host-only
+control network only (agents are never on it), mounts a container-only DB volume
+(exactly one kernel writes `bot-bottle.db`), and holds the signing key (#469).
+The host CLI and the gateway both reach it at its control-network address —
+Apple has no container DNS, so there's a single resolved URL, not docker's
+loopback-vs-name split.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import time
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ... import log
+from ...paths import (
+    ORCHESTRATOR_TOKEN_ENV,
+    host_orchestrator_token,
+)
+from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import (
+    DEFAULT_HEALTH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    DEFAULT_PORT,
+    DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    Orchestrator,
+    OrchestratorStartError,
+    source_hash,
+)
+from . import util as container_mod
+from .gateway import CONTROL_NETWORK
+
+ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE = os.environ.get(
+    "BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE", "bot-bottle-orchestrator:latest"
+)
+ORCHESTRATOR_NAME = "bot-bottle-mac-orchestrator"
+ORCHESTRATOR_LABEL = "bot-bottle-mac-orchestrator=1"
+# Container-only volume holding bot-bottle.db, mounted ONLY into the
+# orchestrator. One kernel writes it (never host-shared or cross-guest).
+ORCHESTRATOR_DB_VOLUME = "bot-bottle-mac-db"
+
+# BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT inside the orchestrator; host_db_path() resolves the DB to
+# <root>/db/<filename>.
+_DB_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER = "/var/lib/bot-bottle"
+_SRC_IN_CONTAINER = "/bot-bottle-src"
+
+_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS = 0.25
+_REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+
+
+class MacosOrchestrator(Orchestrator):
+    """The control plane as an Apple container on the host-only control network.
+    `ensure_built` builds `Dockerfile.orchestrator`; `ensure_running` starts it
+    and blocks until `/health` answers at its control-network address."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        image_ref: str = ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE,
+        *,
+        name: str = ORCHESTRATOR_NAME,
+        label: str = ORCHESTRATOR_LABEL,
+        port: int = DEFAULT_PORT,
+        control_network: str = CONTROL_NETWORK,
+        repo_root: Path = _REPO_ROOT,
+        db_volume: str = ORCHESTRATOR_DB_VOLUME,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.image_ref = image_ref
+        self.name = name
+        self.label = label
+        self.port = port
+        self.control_network = control_network
+        self._repo_root = repo_root
+        self._db_volume = db_volume
+
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        """The orchestrator's control-network address (host CLI + registration),
+        or "" while it has no address yet. Apple has no container DNS, so this is
+        also what the gateway resolves against (`gateway_url`)."""
+        ip = container_mod.try_container_ipv4_on_network(self.name, self.control_network)
+        return f"http://{ip}:{self.port}" if ip else ""
+
+    def gateway_url(self) -> str:
+        """Same address the host uses — the gateway reaches the orchestrator by
+        control-network IP (Apple has no container DNS)."""
+        return self.url()
+
+    def is_healthy(self, *, timeout: float = DEFAULT_HEALTH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) -> bool:
+        url = self.url()
+        if not url:
+            return False
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(f"{url}/health", timeout=timeout) as resp:
+                return resp.status == 200
+        except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError, OSError):
+            return False
+
+    def is_running(self) -> bool:
+        return container_mod.container_is_running(self.name)
+
+    def _source_current(self, current_hash: str) -> bool:
+        """True iff the running orchestrator was created from the current
+        bind-mounted control-plane source (it loads that code at startup and
+        won't reload it)."""
+        if not self.is_running():
+            return False
+        env = container_mod.container_env(self.name)
+        if not env:
+            return True  # can't compare → don't churn a working container
+        return env.get("BOT_BOTTLE_SOURCE_HASH") == current_hash
+
+    def ensure_built(self) -> None:
+        """Build the control-plane image. The source is bind-mounted so a code
+        change takes effect without a rebuild; the image still carries the
+        package for its entrypoint."""
+        container_mod.build_image(
+            self.image_ref, str(self._repo_root), dockerfile="Dockerfile.orchestrator")
+
+    def ensure_running(
+        self, *, startup_timeout: float = DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Ensure the control-plane container is up on current source; block
+        until healthy. Idempotent — a healthy orchestrator on current source is
+        left untouched. Raises `OrchestratorStartError` on startup timeout.
+        The control network must already exist (the composer ensures it)."""
+        current_hash = source_hash(self._repo_root)
+        if self._source_current(current_hash) and self.is_healthy():
+            return
+        log.info("starting orchestrator container", context={"name": self.name})
+        self._run_container(current_hash)
+        self._wait_healthy(startup_timeout)
+
+    def _run_container(self, current_hash: str) -> None:
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self.name)
+        _signing_key = host_orchestrator_token()
+        argv = [
+            "container", "run", "--detach",
+            "--name", self.name,
+            "--label", "bot-bottle.backend=macos-container",
+            "--label", self.label,
+            # Control network only — agents are never on it (L3-isolated).
+            "--network", self.control_network,
+            "--dns", container_mod.dns_server(),
+            # Container-only DB volume: exactly one kernel writes bot-bottle.db.
+            "--volume", f"{self._db_volume}:{_DB_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            # Live control-plane source (a code change takes effect on relaunch).
+            "--mount",
+            container_mod.bind_mount_spec(
+                str(self._repo_root), _SRC_IN_CONTAINER, readonly=True),
+            "--env", f"PYTHONPATH={_SRC_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            "--env", f"BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT={_DB_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            # Detect a real control-plane code change and recreate.
+            "--env", f"BOT_BOTTLE_SOURCE_HASH={current_hash}",
+            # The signing key — held ONLY by the orchestrator (issue #469). Bare
+            # `--env NAME` keeps the value off argv / `container inspect`.
+            "--env", ORCHESTRATOR_TOKEN_ENV,
+            self.image_ref,
+            # Dockerfile.orchestrator ENTRYPOINT is `-m bot_bottle.orchestrator`.
+            "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", str(self.port), "--broker", "stub",
+        ]
+        result = container_mod.run_container_argv(
+            argv, env={**os.environ, ORCHESTRATOR_TOKEN_ENV: _signing_key})
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            raise OrchestratorStartError(
+                f"orchestrator container failed to start: "
+                f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+            )
+
+    def _wait_healthy(self, startup_timeout: float) -> None:
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + startup_timeout
+        while True:
+            if self.is_healthy():
+                log.info("orchestrator healthy", context={"url": self.url()})
+                return
+            if time.monotonic() >= deadline:
+                raise OrchestratorStartError(
+                    f"orchestrator did not become healthy within "
+                    f"{startup_timeout:g}s"
+                )
+            time.sleep(_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS)
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the control-plane container (idempotent). The DB volume
+        persists."""
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self.name)
+
+
+def probe_orchestrator_url(port: int = DEFAULT_PORT) -> str:
+    """The running orchestrator's control-plane URL, or "" if it isn't up. Used
+    by host-side control-plane discovery; safe on any host (returns "" when the
+    container or the `container` CLI isn't present)."""
+    ip = container_mod.try_container_ipv4_on_network(ORCHESTRATOR_NAME, CONTROL_NETWORK)
+    return f"http://{ip}:{port}" if ip else ""
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MacosOrchestrator",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_NAME",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_LABEL",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_DB_VOLUME",
+    "probe_orchestrator_url",
+]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/resolve_plan.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from ...agent_provider import AgentProvisionPlan
 from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...env import ResolvedEnv
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
-from ...supervise import SupervisePlan
+from ...supervisor.plan import SupervisePlan
 from ...manifest import Manifest
 from .. import BottleSpec
 from . import util as container_mod
@@ -44,4 +44,5 @@ def resolve_plan(
         egress_plan=egress_plan,
         supervise_plan=supervise_plan,
         agent_provision=agent_provision_plan,
+        nested_containers=manifest.bottle.nested_containers,
     )

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/util.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
 import time
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from typing import Iterable
 
 from ...log import die, info
@@ -360,6 +361,27 @@ def exec_container(name: str, argv: list[str]) -> None:
         )
 
 
+def read_container_env(name: str, env_name: str) -> str:
+    """Read one configured env value from a running container, or ``""``."""
+    result = _run_container_op([_CONTAINER, "exec", name, "printenv", env_name])
+    return result.stdout.strip() if result.returncode == 0 else ""
+
+
+def exec_container_as_root(name: str, argv: list[str]) -> None:
+    """`exec_container`, but as uid 0 inside the container.
+
+    For host-driven maintenance the agent itself must not be able to perform —
+    rewriting `/etc/hosts` to point the gateway name at an address. The agent
+    runs as `node`, so it cannot repoint its own gateway; the host can.
+    """
+    result = _run_container_op([_CONTAINER, "exec", "--user", "root", name, *argv])
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        die(
+            f"container exec (root) in {name} failed: "
+            f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+        )
+
+
 def _run_container_op(cmd: list[str]) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
     result = subprocess.run(
         cmd,
@@ -557,6 +579,41 @@ def try_container_ipv4_on_network(name: str, network: str) -> str:
     return ""
 
 
+def inspect_container_network_ip(name: str, network: str) -> str | None:
+    """IP of `name` on `network`, distinguishing inspect failure from "not yet".
+
+    Returns:
+      - the IP string when the container has one on `network`
+      - "" when inspect succeeds but no address is assigned yet (in-flight DHCP)
+      - None when the inspect command itself fails (authoritative list impossible)
+    """
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        [_CONTAINER, "inspect", name],
+        capture_output=True, text=True, check=False,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        return None
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(result.stdout or "[]")
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        return None
+    if isinstance(data, list):
+        data = data[0] if data else {}
+    if not isinstance(data, dict):
+        return None
+    status = data.get("status")
+    networks = status.get("networks") if isinstance(status, dict) else None
+    if not isinstance(networks, list):
+        return ""
+    for entry in networks:
+        if not isinstance(entry, dict) or entry.get("network") != network:
+            continue
+        raw = entry.get("ipv4Address")
+        if isinstance(raw, str) and raw:
+            return raw.split("/", 1)[0]
+    return ""
+
+
 def wait_container_ipv4_on_network(
     name: str, network: str, *, timeout: float = 15.0, poll: float = 0.25,
 ) -> str:
@@ -611,6 +668,39 @@ def image_id(ref: str) -> str:
     raise AssertionError("unreachable")
 
 
+def image_created_at(ref: str) -> datetime | None:
+    """Return the image creation timestamp as an aware UTC datetime, or None
+    when the field is absent or unparseable (e.g. FROM-scratch images, images
+    pulled from registries that omit the field). Callers should skip the stale
+    check when None is returned rather than treating it as an error."""
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        [_CONTAINER, "image", "inspect", ref],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        check=False,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        die(
+            f"container image inspect for {ref!r} failed: "
+            f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+        )
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(result.stdout or "{}")
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as exc:
+        die(f"container image inspect for {ref!r} returned malformed JSON: {exc}")
+    if isinstance(data, list) and data:
+        data = data[0]
+    if isinstance(data, dict):
+        value = data.get("created") or data.get("Created")
+        if isinstance(value, str) and value:
+            try:
+                ts = value.rstrip("Z")
+                return datetime.fromisoformat(ts).replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+    return None
+
+
 def save(ref: str, output: str) -> None:
     subprocess.run([_CONTAINER, "image", "save", ref, "-o", output], check=True)
 

bot_bottle/backend/provision_bottle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+"""Bottle-level provisioning for the consolidated launch sequence (PRD 0070).
+
+Register a bottle with the orchestrator and provision its git-gate state into
+the shared gateway (`provision_bottle`), and the inverse teardown
+(`deprovision_bottle`). Backend-neutral — each backend's consolidated_launch
+drives these through its own `GatewayTransport` rather than re-implementing
+them. The git-gate half of the work lives in `provision_gateway`.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+
+from ..egress import EgressPlan
+from ..git_gate import GitGatePlan
+from ..orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient, RegisteredBottle
+from ..orchestrator.registration import registration_inputs
+from ..orchestrator.store.secret_store import new_env_var_secret
+from .provision_gateway import GatewayTransport, deprovision_git_gate, provision_git_gate
+
+
+def provision_bottle(
+    client: OrchestratorClient,
+    source_ip: str,
+    egress_plan: EgressPlan,
+    git_gate_plan: GitGatePlan,
+    transport: GatewayTransport,
+    *,
+    image_ref: str = "",
+    tokens: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    env_var_secret: str | None = None,
+) -> RegisteredBottle:
+    """Register the bottle and provision its git-gate state. Rolls back the
+    registration if provisioning fails so no orphan is left.
+
+    Generates a fresh ENV_VAR_SECRET, passes it to the orchestrator so it can
+    encrypt the token values at rest, and stamps the secret onto the returned
+    ``RegisteredBottle`` so callers can inject it into the agent container's
+    environment."""
+    inputs = registration_inputs(egress_plan)
+    env_var_secret = env_var_secret or new_env_var_secret()
+    reg = client.register_bottle(
+        source_ip, image_ref=image_ref, policy=inputs.policy,
+        metadata=inputs.metadata, tokens=tokens, env_var_secret=env_var_secret,
+    )
+    try:
+        provision_git_gate(transport, reg.bottle_id, git_gate_plan)
+    except Exception:
+        client.teardown_bottle(reg.bottle_id)
+        raise
+    return dataclasses.replace(reg, env_var_secret=env_var_secret)
+
+
+def deprovision_bottle(
+    bottle_id: str,
+    transport: GatewayTransport,
+    *,
+    orchestrator_url: str,
+    timeout: float | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Deregister the bottle and remove its git-gate state. Both steps are
+    idempotent so this is safe from a cleanup trap."""
+    from ..orchestrator.store.config_store import DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS
+    OrchestratorClient(
+        orchestrator_url,
+        timeout=timeout if timeout is not None else DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ).teardown_bottle(bottle_id)
+    deprovision_git_gate(transport, bottle_id)
+
+
+__all__ = ["provision_bottle", "deprovision_bottle"]

bot_bottle/backend/provision_gateway.py

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 """Provision one bottle's git-gate state into the running shared gateway
-(PRD 0070, docker slice).
+(PRD 0070). Backend-neutral: it drives any `GatewayTransport` (docker/apple
+exec+cp, firecracker SSH), and the guest-side paths it writes are identical
+inside every backend's gateway because they all run the same gateway image.
 
 The consolidated gateway serves every bottle's repos under `/git/<bottle_id>/`
 with per-repo credentials under `/git-gate/creds/<bottle_id>/`. When a bottle
 is registered the launcher must place *its* deploy keys + known_hosts into
 that per-bottle creds dir and init its bare repos there — so this copies the
-credential files into the live gateway container and runs the (namespaced,
+credential files into the live gateway and runs the (namespaced, init-only)
-init-only) provisioning script produced by `git_gate_render_provision`.
+provisioning script produced by `git_gate_render_provision`.
 
 Isolating each bottle's creds dir + repo root by id is what keeps one
 bottle's push credentials out of another's repos on the shared gateway.
@@ -15,10 +17,9 @@ bottle's push credentials out of another's repos on the shared gateway.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
-from typing import Protocol
 
-from ...docker_cmd import run_docker
+from ..git_gate import GitGatePlan, git_gate_render_provision
-from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan, git_gate_render_provision
+from ..gateway import GatewayProvisionError, GatewayTransport
 
 # bottle ids index the gateway's per-bottle repo + creds dirs; they land in
 # exec/cp path arguments, so validate before any path is built (a traversal
@@ -27,46 +28,6 @@ from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan, git_gate_render_provision
 _SAFE_BOTTLE_ID = re.compile(r"[A-Za-z0-9_-]+")
 
 
-class GatewayProvisionError(RuntimeError):
-    """A git-gate provisioning step against the running gateway failed."""
-
-
-class GatewayTransport(Protocol):
-    """How the launcher stages files + runs commands in the running gateway.
-    Backend-neutral so the same provisioning logic serves the docker gateway
-    (exec/cp over the docker socket) and the firecracker gateway VM (over
-    SSH)."""
-
-    def exec(self, argv: list[str]) -> None:
-        """Run `argv` in the gateway, raising `GatewayProvisionError` on
-        failure."""
-
-    def cp_into(self, src: str, dest: str) -> None:
-        """Copy host file `src` to `dest` in the gateway, raising on
-        failure."""
-
-
-class DockerGatewayTransport:
-    """`GatewayTransport` for the docker gateway container (exec/cp)."""
-
-    def __init__(self, gateway: str) -> None:
-        self.gateway = gateway
-
-    def exec(self, argv: list[str]) -> None:
-        proc = run_docker(["docker", "exec", self.gateway, *argv])
-        if proc.returncode != 0:
-            raise GatewayProvisionError(
-                f"gateway exec {argv!r} failed: {proc.stderr.strip()}"
-            )
-
-    def cp_into(self, src: str, dest: str) -> None:
-        proc = run_docker(["docker", "cp", src, f"{self.gateway}:{dest}"])
-        if proc.returncode != 0:
-            raise GatewayProvisionError(
-                f"gateway cp {src} -> {dest} failed: {proc.stderr.strip()}"
-            )
-
-
 def _require_safe(bottle_id: str) -> None:
     if not _SAFE_BOTTLE_ID.fullmatch(bottle_id):
         raise GatewayProvisionError(f"unsafe bottle id {bottle_id!r}")
@@ -128,5 +89,5 @@ def deprovision_git_gate(transport: GatewayTransport, bottle_id: str) -> None:
 
 __all__ = [
     "provision_git_gate", "deprovision_git_gate",
-    "GatewayProvisionError", "GatewayTransport", "DockerGatewayTransport",
+    "GatewayProvisionError", "GatewayTransport",
 ]

bot_bottle/backend/resolve_common.py

@@ -26,8 +26,10 @@ from ..bottle_state import (
 )
 from ..egress import Egress, EgressPlan
 from ..git_gate import GitGate, GitGatePlan
+from ..log import die
 from ..manifest import Manifest, ManifestBottle
-from ..supervise import Supervise, SupervisePlan
+from ..supervisor.plan import SupervisePlan
+from ..orchestrator.supervisor import Supervisor
 from . import BottleSpec
 
 
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ def prepare_supervise(bottle: ManifestBottle, slug: str) -> SupervisePlan | None
         return None
     supervise_dir = supervise_state_dir(slug)
     supervise_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    return Supervise().prepare(slug, supervise_dir)
+    return Supervisor().prepare(slug, supervise_dir)
 
 
 def merge_provision_env_vars(provision: AgentProvisionPlan) -> AgentProvisionPlan:
@@ -112,6 +114,22 @@ def merge_provision_env_vars(provision: AgentProvisionPlan) -> AgentProvisionPla
     return replace(provision, guest_env=merged)
 
 
+def reject_nested_containers(backend: str, manifest: Manifest) -> None:
+    """Fail loudly when a backend cannot honor `nested_containers: true`.
+
+    Silently ignoring it would hand the agent a bottle where `docker` is not
+    there — and the only sound alternatives on these backends (a host daemon
+    socket, a privileged container) are exactly what issue #392 rules out.
+    """
+    if not manifest.bottle.nested_containers:
+        return
+    die(
+        f"nested_containers is not supported on the {backend} backend. "
+        "Only macos-container runs a guest-local container engine today; "
+        "mounting the host Docker socket is not an option bot-bottle offers."
+    )
+
+
 def resolve_manifest_dockerfile(path_value: str, spec: BottleSpec) -> str:
     """Resolve a manifest-supplied dockerfile path relative to user_cwd."""
     path = Path(os.path.expanduser(path_value))
@@ -122,6 +140,7 @@ def resolve_manifest_dockerfile(path_value: str, spec: BottleSpec) -> str:
 
 __all__ = [
     "merge_provision_env_vars",
+    "reject_nested_containers",
     "mint_slug",
     "prepare_agent_state_dir",
     "prepare_egress",

bot_bottle/backend/selection.py

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+"""Backend registry, selection, and active-agent enumeration.
+
+Resolves which bottle backend to use (explicit name / `BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND` /
+auto-select), and enumerates running agents across every available backend. The
+three concrete backends are imported lazily inside `_get_backends` so this
+module — and anything that only needs to *select* a backend — stays cheap.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+
+from ..log import die, info, warn
+from ..util import read_tty_line
+from .base import ActiveAgent, BackendStatus, BottleBackend
+
+
+# _backends is None until the first call to _get_backends(), at which
+# point all three concrete backend classes are imported and instantiated.
+# Keeping the imports out of module scope means that importing any
+# backend sub-module (e.g. `backend.docker.util`) no longer drags the
+# firecracker and macos-container implementations into memory.
+#
+# Tests may replace _backends with a {name: fake} dict via patch.object;
+# _get_backends() returns the current module-level value as-is when it
+# is not None, so test fakes take effect without triggering real imports.
+_backends: dict[str, BottleBackend[Any, Any]] | None = None
+
+
+def _get_backends() -> dict[str, BottleBackend[Any, Any]]:
+    """Return the registry of all backend instances, loading lazily on first call."""
+    global _backends  # pylint: disable=global-statement
+    if _backends is None:
+        from .docker import DockerBottleBackend
+        from .firecracker import FirecrackerBottleBackend
+        from .macos_container import MacosContainerBottleBackend
+        _backends = {
+            "docker": DockerBottleBackend(),
+            "firecracker": FirecrackerBottleBackend(),
+            "macos-container": MacosContainerBottleBackend(),
+        }
+    return _backends
+
+
+def get_bottle_backend(
+    name: str | None = None,
+    *,
+    prompt: bool = True,
+) -> BottleBackend[Any, Any]:
+    """Resolve the bottle backend.
+
+    `name` precedence:
+      1. explicit arg (e.g. resume passes the recorded backend name)
+      2. BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND env var
+      3. auto-selection: VM backend first, docker fallback with prompt
+
+    `prompt` controls whether auto-selection may block on an interactive
+    [i/d/q] prompt when falling back to docker. Pass `prompt=False` in
+    non-interactive contexts (headless launches, CI) so the call dies
+    with an actionable message instead of hanging.
+
+    Dies with a pointer at the known backends if the chosen name
+    isn't implemented."""
+    resolved = name or os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND")
+    if resolved is None:
+        resolved = _auto_select_backend(prompt=prompt)
+    backends = _get_backends()
+    if resolved not in backends:
+        known = ", ".join(sorted(backends))
+        die(f"unknown backend {resolved!r}; known backends: {known}")
+    return backends[resolved]
+
+
+def _platform_vm_suggestion() -> str:
+    """Platform-appropriate VM backend name for install suggestions."""
+    return "macos-container" if sys.platform == "darwin" else "firecracker"
+
+
+def _print_vm_install_instructions() -> None:
+    """Print platform-appropriate VM backend install instructions to stderr."""
+    vm = _platform_vm_suggestion()
+    if vm == "macos-container":
+        info("Install Apple Container: https://github.com/apple/container/releases")
+        info("Then start the service:  container system start")
+    else:
+        info("Install Firecracker: https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/firecracker/releases")
+        info("Configure the host:  ./cli.py backend setup")
+
+
+def _auto_select_backend(prompt: bool = True) -> str:
+    """Tier-1 / tier-2 backend auto-selection.
+
+    Tier 1: VM backend — macos-container on macOS when Apple Container is
+    installed; firecracker on KVM-capable Linux even before the binary is
+    present (its preflight prints an install pointer).
+
+    Tier 2: docker, with a security warning and an interactive prompt.
+    When `prompt=False` (headless / CI), dies with an actionable message
+    instead of blocking on a TTY read. When docker is also absent, prints
+    VM install instructions and exits.
+    """
+    # --- Tier 1: VM backend -----------------------------------------
+    if has_backend("macos-container"):
+        return "macos-container"
+    # A KVM-capable Linux host defaults to firecracker even when the
+    # `firecracker` binary isn't installed yet: selecting it here routes
+    # start through firecracker's preflight, which prints an install
+    # pointer, instead of silently falling back to docker.
+    from .firecracker import FirecrackerBottleBackend
+    if FirecrackerBottleBackend.is_host_capable():
+        return "firecracker"
+
+    # --- Tier 2: docker fallback ------------------------------------
+    if not has_backend("docker"):
+        info("No backend available on this host.")
+        _print_vm_install_instructions()
+        die("no backend available; install a VM backend and re-run")
+
+    vm = _platform_vm_suggestion()
+    warn(
+        "docker is less secure than VM backends — "
+        "containers share the host kernel."
+    )
+    if not prompt:
+        die(
+            f"no VM backend available; set BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND=docker to proceed "
+            f"with docker, or install the {vm!r} backend."
+        )
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        f"bot-bottle: For better isolation, install the {vm!r} backend.\n"
+        f"  [i] show {vm} install instructions and exit\n"
+        "  [d] use docker anyway\n"
+        "  [q] quit\n"
+        "bot-bottle: choice [i/d/q]: "
+    )
+    sys.stderr.flush()
+    reply = read_tty_line().strip().lower()
+    if reply == "d":
+        return "docker"
+    if reply == "i":
+        _print_vm_install_instructions()
+    die("not proceeding with docker; install a VM backend or set BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND=docker")
+
+
+def known_backend_names() -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    """Sorted tuple of all backend keys in `_get_backends()`. Used by
+    argparse (`--backend` choices) and the dashboard's backend
+    picker."""
+    return tuple(sorted(_get_backends()))
+
+
+def has_backend(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Whether the named backend's runtime prerequisites are
+    available on the current host. Cross-backend callers (list,
+    cleanup) skip unavailable backends so a docker-only host
+    doesn't fail when the firecracker backend isn't usable,
+    and vice versa.
+
+    Returns False for unknown names so callers can pass
+    arbitrary input without separate validation."""
+    backends = _get_backends()
+    if name not in backends:
+        return False
+    return backends[name].is_available()
+
+
+def is_backend_available(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Cheap availability check: is the backend's binary on PATH?
+
+    Suitable for cleanup enumeration and auto-selection — does NOT probe
+    the daemon or network pool. Use is_backend_ready() for a full
+    readiness check before launching tests."""
+    return has_backend(name)
+
+
+def is_backend_ready(name: str, *, quiet: bool = False) -> bool:
+    """Full readiness check: passes all of the backend's status() checks.
+
+    When quiet=False the backend prints diagnostic output explaining what
+    is missing — intended for test-suite guards that run at discovery time
+    so the operator sees a concrete failure reason for each skip.
+
+    Returns False for unknown backend names."""
+    backends = _get_backends()
+    if name not in backends:
+        return False
+    return backends[name].status(quiet=quiet) == BackendStatus.READY
+
+
+def enumerate_active_agents() -> list[ActiveAgent]:
+    """All currently-running agents, across every available
+    backend. Used by CLI `active` and the dashboard's agents
+    pane so neither has to know which backends exist. Skips
+    backends whose `is_available()` reports False.
+
+    Sorted by `(started_at, slug)` so the list is stable across
+    dashboard refresh ticks — agents don't shift position while
+    the operator navigates with arrow keys. ISO 8601 timestamps
+    sort lexicographically in chronological order; `slug` is the
+    deterministic tiebreaker. Agents with missing metadata
+    (`started_at == ""`) sort first."""
+    out: list[ActiveAgent] = []
+    backends = _get_backends()
+    for name in sorted(backends):
+        if not backends[name].is_available():
+            continue
+        out.extend(backends[name].enumerate_active())
+    out.sort(key=lambda a: (a.started_at, a.slug))
+    return out

bot_bottle/backend/util.py

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import hashlib
 import os
 import ssl
+import time
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
@@ -15,6 +17,24 @@ from ..log import die, info
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from ..egress import EgressPlan
 
+_CA_POLL_INTERVAL = 0.5
+
+
+def poll_ca_cert(fetch: Callable[[], str | None], *, timeout: float) -> str:
+    """Poll `fetch` until it returns a non-empty PEM string or `timeout` expires.
+
+    `fetch` should return the PEM on success and `None` (or empty string) when
+    the cert is not yet available. Raises `TimeoutError` if the cert never
+    appears within `timeout` seconds."""
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
+    while True:
+        result = fetch()
+        if result:
+            return result
+        if time.monotonic() >= deadline:
+            raise TimeoutError(f"CA cert not available after {timeout:g}s")
+        time.sleep(_CA_POLL_INTERVAL)
+
 
 # Debian-family CA layout, shared by every backend (all guest images
 # are Debian-family). AGENT_CA_PATH is the source path that

bot_bottle/cli/__init__.py

@@ -1,110 +1,15 @@
-"""Main CLI dispatcher.
+"""bot-bottle CLI package.
 
-Commands: backend, cleanup, commit, edit, info, init, list, resume, start, supervise
+The subcommand handlers live in `commands/` and are assembled into the
+COMMANDS registry by `commands/__init__.py`; the dispatcher `main()` lives
+in `__main__.py`. They are re-exported here so `bot_bottle.cli.main`,
+`bot_bottle.cli.COMMANDS`, and `bot_bottle.cli.NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS` stay
+importable (the repo-root `cli.py` entry point and the tests use them).
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import sys
+from .__main__ import main
+from .commands import COMMANDS, NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS
 
-from ..errors import MissingEnvVarError
+__all__ = ["main", "COMMANDS", "NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS"]
-from ..log import Die, die, error
-from ..manifest import ManifestError
-from ..store_manager import StoreManager
-from ._common import PROG
-from . import list as _list_mod
-from .backend import cmd_backend
-from .cleanup import cmd_cleanup
-from .commit import cmd_commit
-from .edit import cmd_edit
-from .info import cmd_info
-from .init import cmd_init
-from .resume import cmd_resume
-from .start import cmd_start
-from .supervise import cmd_supervise
-
-cmd_list = _list_mod.cmd_list
-
-COMMANDS = {
-    "backend": cmd_backend,
-    "cleanup": cmd_cleanup,
-    "commit": cmd_commit,
-    "edit": cmd_edit,
-    "info": cmd_info,
-    "init": cmd_init,
-    "list": cmd_list,
-    "resume": cmd_resume,
-    "start": cmd_start,
-    "supervise": cmd_supervise,
-}
-
-
-def usage() -> None:
-    sys.stderr.write(f"usage: {PROG} <command> [args...]\n\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("Commands:\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("  backend   set up / check / undo a backend's host prerequisites (setup|status|teardown)\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("  cleanup   stop and remove all active bot-bottle containers\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("  commit    snapshot a running bottle's container state to a Docker image\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("  edit      open an agent in vim for editing\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("  info      print env, skills, and prompt details for a named agent\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("  init      interactively create a new agent and add it to bot-bottle.json\n")
-    sys.stderr.write("  list      list available agents or active containers\n")
-    sys.stderr.write(
-        "  resume    re-launch a bottle by its identity "
-        "(continues state from PRD 0016)\n"
-    )
-    sys.stderr.write(
-        "  start     boot a container for a named agent and "
-        "attach an interactive session\n"
-    )
-    sys.stderr.write(
-        "  supervise view + approve/modify/reject pending supervise "
-        "proposals (PRD 0013)\n\n"
-    )
-    sys.stderr.write(f"Run '{PROG} <command> --help' for command-specific usage.\n")
-
-
-def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
-    if argv is None:
-        argv = sys.argv[1:]
-    if not argv:
-        usage()
-        return 2
-    command = argv[0]
-    rest = argv[1:]
-    if command in ("-h", "--help"):
-        usage()
-        return 0
-    handler = COMMANDS.get(command)
-    if handler is None:
-        usage()
-        die(f"unknown command: {command}")
-    mgr = StoreManager.instance()
-    if not mgr.is_migrated():
-        sys.stderr.write("bot-bottle: database schema is out of date\n")
-        sys.stderr.write("Migrate now? [y/N] ")
-        sys.stderr.flush()
-        try:
-            answer = sys.stdin.readline().strip().lower()
-        except EOFError:
-            answer = ""
-        if answer != "y":
-            error("migration required — re-run and confirm to migrate")
-            return 1
-        mgr.migrate()
-    try:
-        return handler(rest) or 0
-    except MissingEnvVarError as e:
-        error(str(e))
-        return 1
-    except ManifestError as e:
-        error(str(e))
-        return 1
-    except Die as e:
-        return e.code if isinstance(e.code, int) else 1
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        return 130
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    sys.exit(main())

bot_bottle/cli/__main__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""Entry point + dispatcher for `python -m bot_bottle.cli`.
+
+Maps `bot-bottle <command>` to its handler in the COMMANDS registry
+(`bot_bottle.cli.commands`), enforces the schema-migration gate, and
+translates handler exceptions into process exit codes. The repo-root
+`cli.py` is the usual way in; this makes the package runnable too, so the
+CLI works from an installed copy where there is no `cli.py` on disk.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+from ..errors import MissingEnvVarError
+from ..log import Die, die, error
+from ..manifest import ManifestError
+from ..orchestrator.store.store_manager import StoreManager
+from .commands import COMMANDS, NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS
+from .commands.help import cmd_help
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    if argv is None:
+        argv = sys.argv[1:]
+    if not argv:
+        cmd_help()
+        return 2
+    command = argv[0]
+    rest = argv[1:]
+    if command in ("-h", "--help"):
+        cmd_help()
+        return 0
+    handler = COMMANDS.get(command)
+    if handler is None:
+        cmd_help()
+        die(f"unknown command: {command}")
+    mgr = StoreManager.instance()
+    if command not in NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS and not mgr.is_migrated():
+        sys.stderr.write("bot-bottle: database schema is out of date\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("Migrate now? [y/N] ")
+        sys.stderr.flush()
+        try:
+            answer = sys.stdin.readline().strip().lower()
+        except EOFError:
+            answer = ""
+        if answer != "y":
+            error("migration required — re-run and confirm to migrate")
+            return 1
+        mgr.migrate()
+    try:
+        return handler(rest) or 0
+    except MissingEnvVarError as e:
+        error(str(e))
+        return 1
+    except ManifestError as e:
+        error(str(e))
+        return 1
+    except Die as e:
+        return e.code if isinstance(e.code, int) else 1
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        return 130
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())

bot_bottle/cli/_common.py

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-"""Shared constants and tty helper for cli subcommands."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import os
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-PROG = "cli.py"
-USER_CWD = os.getcwd()
-REPO_DIR = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent)
-
-
-def read_tty_line() -> str:
-    """Mirror `IFS= read -r REPLY </dev/tty`. Falls back to stdin."""
-    try:
-        with open("/dev/tty", "r", encoding="utf-8") as tty:
-            return tty.readline().rstrip("\n")
-    except OSError:
-        return sys.stdin.readline().rstrip("\n")

bot_bottle/cli/commands/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""CLI subcommand registry.
+
+One module per `bot-bottle <command>`, each exposing a `cmd_<name>(argv)`
+handler. This package `__init__` maps command names to their handlers
+**lazily**: a short-lived CLI run dispatches exactly one command, so
+importing all twelve handlers (and their transitive deps — backend,
+manifest, orchestrator, …) up front is wasted work. Each COMMANDS value is
+a thin wrapper that imports its handler's module on first call. Shared CLI
+helpers (`constants`, `tui`) stay one level up in the `cli` package.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from importlib import import_module
+from typing import Callable
+
+# command name -> "<submodule>:<handler attr>". Kept as strings so building
+# the registry imports nothing; the module loads only when dispatched.
+_HANDLERS: dict[str, str] = {
+    "active": "active:cmd_active",
+    "backend": "backend:cmd_backend",
+    "cleanup": "cleanup:cmd_cleanup",
+    "commit": "commit:cmd_commit",
+    "edit": "edit:cmd_edit",
+    "help": "help:cmd_help",
+    "init": "init:cmd_init",
+    "list": "list:cmd_list",
+    "login": "login:cmd_login",
+    "resume": "resume:cmd_resume",
+    "start": "start:cmd_start",
+    "supervise": "supervise:cmd_supervise",
+}
+
+
+def _lazy(spec: str) -> Callable[[list[str]], "int | None"]:
+    """Wrap a `<module>:<attr>` handler so its module is imported only when
+    the command is actually dispatched, not when the registry is built."""
+    module, attr = spec.split(":")
+
+    def run(argv: list[str]) -> "int | None":
+        handler = getattr(import_module(f".{module}", __name__), attr)
+        return handler(argv)
+
+    run.__name__ = attr
+    return run
+
+
+COMMANDS = {name: _lazy(spec) for name, spec in _HANDLERS.items()}
+
+# Commands that manage host prerequisites (or are otherwise store-free) and
+# must run before — or without — a migrated DB. `backend` provisions/probes
+# the host (TAP pool, /dev/kvm, firecracker) and never opens the store, so
+# gating it on the schema breaks preflight on a fresh CI runner where stdin
+# isn't a TTY and the migration prompt can't be answered. `help` and `login`
+# likewise never touch the store.
+NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS = frozenset({"backend", "help", "login"})
+
+__all__ = ["COMMANDS", "NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS"]

bot_bottle/cli/commands/active.py

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-"""list: list available agents or active bottles."""
+"""active: list currently-running bot-bottle bottles."""
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import argparse
 import os
 import sys
 
-from ..backend import enumerate_active_agents
+from ...backend import enumerate_active_agents
-from ..manifest import ManifestIndex
+from ..constants import PROG
-from ._common import PROG, USER_CWD
 
 _ANSI_COLOR_CODES: dict[str, str] = {
     "red": "\033[91m",
@@ -34,20 +32,13 @@ def _ansi_label(text: str, color: str) -> str:
     return f"{code}{text}{_ANSI_RESET}"
 
 
-def cmd_list(argv: list[str]) -> int:
+def cmd_active(argv: list[str]) -> int:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=f"{PROG} list", add_help=True)
+    if argv and argv[0] in ("-h", "--help"):
-    parser.add_argument("scope", choices=["available", "active"])
+        sys.stderr.write(f"usage: {PROG} active\n")
-    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+        sys.stderr.write("\nList all currently-running bot-bottle bottles.\n")
-
+        sys.stderr.write("Output: <backend>\\t<slug>\\t<label>\\t<services>\n")
-    if args.scope == "available":
-        manifest = ManifestIndex.resolve(USER_CWD)
-        for name in manifest.all_agent_names:
-            print(name)
         return 0
 
-    # `active` enumerates every backend (docker, firecracker,
-    # macos-container) so non-docker bottles aren't hidden behind
-    # the env var.
     active = enumerate_active_agents()
     if not active:
         print("no active bot-bottle bottles", file=sys.stderr)

bot_bottle/cli/commands/backend.py

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
 
-from ..backend import get_bottle_backend, known_backend_names
+from ...backend import get_bottle_backend, known_backend_names
-from ._common import PROG
+from ..constants import PROG
 
 
 def cmd_backend(args: list[str]) -> int:

bot_bottle/cli/commands/cleanup.py

@@ -21,16 +21,20 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys
 
-from ..backend import get_bottle_backend, known_backend_names
+from ...backend import get_bottle_backend, has_backend, known_backend_names
-from ..log import info
+from ...log import info
-from ._common import read_tty_line
+from ...util import read_tty_line
 
 
 def cmd_cleanup(_argv: list[str]) -> int:
     # Order: stable backend iteration so the y/N output is
-    # deterministic across runs.
+    # deterministic across runs. Skip backends whose runtime
+    # isn't available on this host so e.g. macos-container
+    # doesn't error on Linux.
     plans = [
-        (name, get_bottle_backend(name)) for name in known_backend_names()
+        (name, get_bottle_backend(name))
+        for name in known_backend_names()
+        if has_backend(name)
     ]
     prepared = [(name, b, b.prepare_cleanup()) for name, b in plans]
 

bot_bottle/cli/commands/commit.py

@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
 
-from ..backend import enumerate_active_agents
+from ...backend import enumerate_active_agents
-from ..backend.freeze import CommitCancelled, get_freezer
+from ...backend.freeze import CommitCancelled, get_freezer
-from ..bottle_state import read_metadata
+from ...bottle_state import read_metadata
-from ..log import die
+from ...log import die
-from ._common import PROG
+from ..constants import PROG
-from . import tui
+from .. import tui
 
 
 def cmd_commit(argv: list[str]) -> int:
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def cmd_commit(argv: list[str]) -> int:
         nargs="?",
         default=None,
         help=(
-            "bottle slug from `cli.py list active` "
+            "bottle slug from `cli.py active` "
             "(omit to pick interactively)"
         ),
     )

bot_bottle/cli/commands/edit.py

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import json
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from ..log import die
+from ...log import die
-from ._common import PROG, USER_CWD
+from ..constants import PROG
 
 
 def cmd_edit(argv: list[str]) -> int:
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def cmd_edit(argv: list[str]) -> int:
     if args.scope == "user":
         target_file = Path(os.environ["HOME"]) / "bot-bottle.json"
     else:
-        target_file = Path(USER_CWD) / "bot-bottle.json"
+        target_file = Path(os.getcwd()) / "bot-bottle.json"
 
     if not target_file.is_file():
         die(f"{target_file} does not exist")

bot_bottle/cli/commands/help.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+"""help: print the top-level command list and usage.
+
+Rendered by the dispatcher for the `help` command and for its
+`-h`/`--help`, no-args, and unknown-command fallbacks. The per-command
+summaries live here; keep them in sync with the COMMANDS table in
+`bot_bottle.cli`.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+from ..constants import PROG
+
+
+def cmd_help(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    """Write the top-level usage + command list to stderr. Returns 0;
+    the dispatcher chooses the process exit code per entry path (0 for an
+    explicit `help`/`-h`, 2 for the bare no-args usage error)."""
+    del argv  # help takes no arguments
+    w = sys.stderr.write
+    w(f"usage: {PROG} <command> [args...]\n\n")
+    w("Commands:\n")
+    w("  active    list currently-running bot-bottle bottles\n")
+    w("  backend   set up / check / undo a backend's host prerequisites (setup|status|teardown)\n")
+    w("  cleanup   stop and remove all active bot-bottle containers\n")
+    w("  commit    snapshot a running bottle's container state to a Docker image\n")
+    w("  edit      open an agent in vim for editing\n")
+    w("  help      show this command list\n")
+    w("  init      interactively create a new agent and add it to bot-bottle.json\n")
+    w("  list      list available agents from bot-bottle.json\n")
+    w("  login     register this host with a bot-bottle console\n")
+    w("  resume    re-launch a bottle by its identity (continues state from PRD 0016)\n")
+    w("  start     boot a container for a named agent and attach an interactive session\n")
+    w("  supervise view + approve/modify/reject pending supervise proposals (PRD 0013)\n\n")
+    w(f"Run '{PROG} <command> --help' for command-specific usage.\n")
+    return 0

bot_bottle/cli/commands/init.py

@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
-from ..log import die, info, warn
+from ...log import die, info, warn
-from ._common import PROG, USER_CWD, read_tty_line
+from ..constants import PROG
+from ...util import read_tty_line
 
 
 def cmd_init(argv: list[str]) -> int:
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ def cmd_init(argv: list[str]) -> int:
     if args.scope == "user":
         target_file = Path(os.environ["HOME"]) / "bot-bottle.json"
     else:
-        target_file = Path(USER_CWD) / "bot-bottle.json"
+        target_file = Path(os.getcwd()) / "bot-bottle.json"
 
     print(file=sys.stderr)
     info(f"bot-bottle init — adding a new agent to {target_file}")

bot_bottle/cli/commands/list.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""list: list available agents."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from ...manifest import ManifestIndex
+from ..constants import PROG
+
+
+def cmd_list(argv: list[str]) -> int:
+    if argv and argv[0] in ("-h", "--help"):
+        sys.stderr.write(f"usage: {PROG} list\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\nList all available agents from bot-bottle.json.\n")
+        return 0
+
+    manifest = ManifestIndex.resolve(os.getcwd())
+    for name in manifest.all_agent_names:
+        print(name)
+    return 0

bot_bottle/cli/commands/login.py

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+"""bb login — register this host with a bot-bottle console.
+
+Opens a device-authorization flow against the target console, waits for the
+operator to approve, then writes access and refresh tokens to
+~/.bot-bottle/console.json (or $BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT/console.json).
+
+Usage:
+  bb login [--console-url URL] [--label LABEL]
+
+Flags:
+  --console-url URL   Target console URL (overrides BB_CONSOLE_URL env var)
+  --label LABEL       Host label shown in the console (default: hostname)
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import time
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...paths import bot_bottle_root
+
+_CONSOLE_URL_ENV = "BB_CONSOLE_URL"
+_POLL_SLEEP = 2  # seconds between polls; matches console's poll_interval default
+
+
+def _usage() -> None:
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        "usage: bb login [--console-url URL] [--label LABEL]\n"
+        "\n"
+        "Options:\n"
+        "  --console-url URL  Console base URL (or BB_CONSOLE_URL env var)\n"
+        "  --label LABEL      Host label shown in the console (default: hostname)\n"
+    )
+
+
+def _flag(argv: list[str], name: str) -> str | None:
+    for i, arg in enumerate(argv):
+        if arg == name and i + 1 < len(argv):
+            return argv[i + 1]
+        if arg.startswith(f"{name}="):
+            return arg[len(name) + 1:]
+    return None
+
+
+def _post(url: str, payload: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    data = json.dumps(payload).encode()
+    req = urllib.request.Request(
+        url, data=data, headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+    )
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10) as resp:
+        return json.loads(resp.read())
+
+
+def _get(url: str) -> tuple[int, dict[str, Any]]:
+    req = urllib.request.Request(url)
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10) as resp:
+            return resp.status, json.loads(resp.read())
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+        return e.code, {}
+
+
+def _save_credentials(
+    console_url: str, host_id: str, access_token: str, refresh_token: str
+) -> Path:
+    path = bot_bottle_root() / "console.json"
+    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    content = (
+        json.dumps(
+            {
+                "url": console_url,
+                "host_id": host_id,
+                "access_token": access_token,
+                "refresh_token": refresh_token,
+            },
+            indent=2,
+        )
+        + "\n"
+    )
+    fd, tmp_path_str = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=path.parent, prefix=".console-")
+    tmp = Path(tmp_path_str)
+    try:
+        tmp.chmod(0o600)
+        with os.fdopen(fd, "w") as f:
+            f.write(content)
+        os.replace(tmp, path)
+    except OSError:
+        try:
+            tmp.unlink()
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        raise
+    return path
+
+
+def cmd_login(argv: list[str]) -> int:
+    if "--help" in argv or "-h" in argv:
+        _usage()
+        return 0
+
+    console_url = _flag(argv, "--console-url") or os.environ.get(_CONSOLE_URL_ENV)
+    if not console_url:
+        sys.stderr.write(
+            "bb login: --console-url or BB_CONSOLE_URL is required\n"
+        )
+        return 1
+    console_url = console_url.rstrip("/")
+
+    label = _flag(argv, "--label") or socket.gethostname()
+
+    try:
+        resp = _post(f"{console_url}/api/v1/hosts/authorize", {"label": label})
+    except (OSError, ValueError) as exc:
+        sys.stderr.write(f"bb login: failed to start authorization: {exc}\n")
+        return 1
+
+    device_code = resp["device_code"]
+    user_code = resp["user_code"]
+    expires_in = resp.get("expires_in", 300)
+    poll_sleep = max(1, min(int(resp.get("poll_interval", _POLL_SLEEP)), 60))
+
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        f"\nOpen this URL in your browser to authorize this host:\n\n"
+        f"  {console_url}/hosts/authorize?code={user_code}\n\n"
+        f"Waiting for approval"
+    )
+
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + expires_in
+    while time.monotonic() < deadline:
+        sys.stderr.write(".")
+        sys.stderr.flush()
+        time.sleep(poll_sleep)
+
+        try:
+            code, result = _get(
+                f"{console_url}/api/v1/hosts/authorize/{device_code}"
+            )
+        except (OSError, ValueError):
+            continue
+
+        if code == 410:
+            break
+
+        st = result.get("status")
+        if st == "approved":
+            sys.stderr.write("\n\nApproved.\n")
+            path = _save_credentials(
+                console_url,
+                result["host_id"],
+                result["access_token"],
+                result["refresh_token"],
+            )
+            sys.stderr.write(f"Credentials saved to {path}\n")
+            return 0
+        if st == "denied":
+            sys.stderr.write("\n\nDenied by operator.\n")
+            return 1
+
+    sys.stderr.write("\n\nAuthorization timed out.\n")
+    return 1

bot_bottle/cli/commands/resume.py

@@ -15,12 +15,13 @@ to bring up the replacement from the recorded state.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
+import os
 
-from ..backend import BottleSpec
+from ...backend import BottleSpec
-from ..bottle_state import read_metadata
+from ...bottle_state import read_metadata
-from ..log import die
+from ...log import die
-from ..manifest import ManifestIndex
+from ...manifest import ManifestIndex
-from ._common import PROG, USER_CWD
+from ..constants import PROG
 from .start import _launch_bottle
 
 
@@ -40,14 +41,14 @@ def cmd_resume(argv: list[str]) -> int:
             f"check ~/.bot-bottle/state/ or run `cli.py start` to create a new bottle"
         )
 
-    manifest = ManifestIndex.resolve(USER_CWD)
+    manifest = ManifestIndex.resolve(os.getcwd())
     manifest.require_agent(metadata.agent_name)
 
     spec = BottleSpec(
         manifest=manifest,
         agent_name=metadata.agent_name,
         copy_cwd=metadata.copy_cwd,
-        user_cwd=metadata.cwd or USER_CWD,
+        user_cwd=metadata.cwd or os.getcwd(),
         identity=metadata.identity,
         bottle_names=tuple(metadata.bottle_names),
     )

bot_bottle/cli/commands/start.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ the private orchestrator `_launch_bottle`.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
+import io
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
@@ -21,25 +22,26 @@ import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Callable
 
-from ..agent_provider import get_provider, runtime_for
+from ...agent_provider import get_provider, runtime_for
-from ..backend import (
+from ...backend import (
     Bottle,
     BottleSpec,
     enumerate_active_agents,
     get_bottle_backend,
-    known_backend_names,
 )
-from ..backend.docker import util as docker_mod
+from ...backend.docker import util as docker_mod
-from ..backend.docker.bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
+from ...backend.docker.bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
-from ..bottle_state import (
+from ...bottle_state import (
     cleanup_state,
     is_preserved,
     mark_preserved,
 )
-from ..log import info, die
+from ...image_cache import StaleImageError
-from ..manifest import Manifest, ManifestIndex
+from ...log import info, die
-from ._common import PROG, USER_CWD, read_tty_line
+from ...manifest import Manifest, ManifestIndex
-from . import tui
+from ..constants import PROG
+from ...util import read_tty_line
+from .. import tui
 
 
 def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
@@ -57,15 +59,6 @@ def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
             "into a cached layer."
         ),
     )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--backend",
-        choices=known_backend_names(),
-        default=None,
-        help=(
-            "backend to launch the bottle on (default: $BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND "
-            "or host auto-selection). Overrides the env var when set."
-        ),
-    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--headless",
         action="store_true",
@@ -74,6 +67,14 @@ def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
             "skip all prompts. For orchestrators, CI, and webhooks."
         ),
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--cached-images",
+        action="store_true",
+        help=(
+            "quickstart with existing local agent and sidecar images; "
+            "only valid with --headless"
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--bottle",
         action="append",
@@ -106,6 +107,8 @@ def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
         help="agent name defined in bot-bottle.json (omit to pick interactively)",
     )
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    if args.cached_images and not args.headless:
+        die("--cached-images is only supported with --headless")
 
     dry_run = args.dry_run or os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_DRY_RUN") == "1"
     if args.no_cache or os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_NO_CACHE") == "1":
@@ -114,12 +117,11 @@ def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
         # threading a no_cache field through every backend's plan dataclass.
         os.environ["BOT_BOTTLE_NO_CACHE"] = "1"
 
-    manifest = ManifestIndex.resolve(USER_CWD)
+    manifest = ManifestIndex.resolve(os.getcwd())
-    backend_name: str | None = args.backend
 
     if args.headless:
         return _start_headless(
-            manifest, args, dry_run=dry_run, backend_name=backend_name
+            manifest, args, dry_run=dry_run
         )
 
     agent_name: str | None = args.name
@@ -158,19 +160,23 @@ def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
     label, color = tui.name_color_modal(default_label=agent_name)
     label, color = _resolve_unique_label(label, color)
 
+    image_policy = _select_image_policy()
+    if image_policy is None:
+        return 0
+
     spec = BottleSpec(
         manifest=manifest,
         agent_name=agent_name,
         copy_cwd=args.cwd,
-        user_cwd=USER_CWD,
+        user_cwd=os.getcwd(),
         label=label,
         color=color,
         bottle_names=bottle_names,
+        image_policy=image_policy,
     )
     return _launch_bottle(
         spec,
         dry_run=dry_run,
-        backend_name=backend_name,
     )
 
 
@@ -182,7 +188,6 @@ def _start_headless(
     args: argparse.Namespace,
     *,
     dry_run: bool,
-    backend_name: str | None,
 ) -> int:
     """Non-interactive launch path for orchestrators / CI / webhooks.
 
@@ -192,6 +197,16 @@ def _start_headless(
     path, so the agent still execs on the inherited stdio/PTY — an
     orchestrator allocates that PTY and relays it to its
     desktop/mobile clients."""
+    try:
+        stdin_fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
+    except io.UnsupportedOperation:
+        stdin_fd = -1
+    if not os.isatty(stdin_fd):
+        die(
+            "--headless requires a PTY on stdin; run via:\n"
+            "  script -q /dev/null ./cli.py start ..."
+        )
+
     agent_name = args.name
     if not agent_name:
         die("--headless requires an agent name: ./cli.py start <agent> --headless")
@@ -221,16 +236,16 @@ def _start_headless(
         manifest=manifest,
         agent_name=agent_name,
         copy_cwd=args.cwd,
-        user_cwd=USER_CWD,
+        user_cwd=os.getcwd(),
         label=label,
         color=args.color or "",
         bottle_names=bottle_names,
         headless=True,
+        image_policy="cached" if args.cached_images else "fresh",
     )
     return _launch_bottle(
         spec,
         dry_run=dry_run,
-        backend_name=backend_name,
         assume_yes=True,
         headless_prompt_text=prompt,
     )
@@ -268,15 +283,18 @@ def prepare_with_preflight(
     injected callable, prompt y/N via the injected callable.
 
     `backend_name` selects which backend prepares the plan
-    (`None` → `$BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND` → host auto-selection). The CLI
+    (`None` → `$BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND` → host auto-selection).
-    passes whatever `--backend` resolved to.
+
+    When `spec.headless` is True the docker-fallback prompt is suppressed:
+    auto-selection dies with an actionable message rather than blocking
+    on a TTY read (which would hang CI, webhook dispatch, and orchestrators).
 
     Returns `(plan, identity)`. `plan` is None on dry-run or
     operator-N, but `identity` is set as soon as `backend.prepare`
     returns so callers can reap the prepare-time state dir via
     `settle_state(identity)` in their finally — exactly the existing
     semantics."""
-    backend = get_bottle_backend(backend_name)
+    backend = get_bottle_backend(backend_name, prompt=not spec.headless)
     plan = backend.prepare(spec, stage_dir=stage_dir)
     identity = _identity_from_plan(plan)
 
@@ -363,8 +381,8 @@ def _peek_agent_bottle(manifest: ManifestIndex, agent_name: str) -> str:
             return manifest.agents[agent_name].bottle
         return ""
 
-    from ..manifest_loader import scan_agent_names
+    from ...manifest.loader import scan_agent_names
-    from ..yaml_subset import YamlSubsetError, parse_frontmatter
+    from ...yaml_subset import YamlSubsetError, parse_frontmatter
 
     home_agents = scan_agent_names(manifest.home_md / "agents")
     cwd_agents: dict[str, Path] = {}
@@ -406,6 +424,13 @@ def _text_prompt_yes() -> bool:
     return reply in ("y", "Y", "yes", "YES")
 
 
+def _select_image_policy() -> str | None:
+    return tui.filter_select(
+        ["fresh", "cached"],
+        title="Select image startup mode",
+    )
+
+
 def _text_render_preflight():
     def _render(plan: DockerBottlePlan, backend_name: str) -> None:
         print(file=sys.stderr)
@@ -425,7 +450,7 @@ def _bottle_lineage(manifest: ManifestIndex) -> dict[str, str]:
     if not bottles_dir.is_dir():
         return {}
 
-    from ..yaml_subset import YamlSubsetError, parse_frontmatter
+    from ...yaml_subset import YamlSubsetError, parse_frontmatter
 
     extends_of: dict[str, str] = {}
     for path in bottles_dir.glob("*.md"):
@@ -511,6 +536,8 @@ def _manifest_to_yaml(manifest: Manifest) -> str:
                 lines.append(f"          scheme: {r.AuthScheme}")
 
     lines.append(f"  supervise: {'true' if bottle.supervise else 'false'}")
+    if bottle.nested_containers:
+        lines.append("  nested_containers: true")
 
     return "\n".join(lines)
 
@@ -548,6 +575,15 @@ def _launch_bottle(
             return 0
 
         backend = get_bottle_backend(backend_name)
+        try:
+            backend.prelaunch_checks(plan)
+        except StaleImageError as exc:
+            if assume_yes:
+                die(str(exc))
+            sys.stderr.write(f"bot-bottle: {exc}\nLaunch anyway? [y/N] ")
+            sys.stderr.flush()
+            if read_tty_line() not in ("y", "Y", "yes", "YES"):
+                return 0
         with backend.launch(plan) as bottle:
             agent_provider_template = getattr(plan, "agent_provider_template", "claude")
             extra_args: tuple[str, ...] = ()
@@ -566,10 +602,6 @@ def _launch_bottle(
                 f"session ended (exit {exit_code}); "
                 f"container {bottle.name} will be removed"
             )
-            # While the container is still alive: always snapshot the
-            # transcript and — if the agent exited non-zero — mark
-            # the state for preservation. This picks up crashes /
-            # Ctrl-Cs / OOM kills before cleanup removes the state dir.
             if agent_provider_template == "claude":
                 capture_claude_session_state(identity, exit_code)
         return 0

bot_bottle/cli/commands/supervise.py

@@ -19,22 +19,22 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from ..paths import bot_bottle_root
+from ...paths import bot_bottle_root
-from ..log import Die, error, info
+from ...log import Die, error, info
-from ..orchestrator.client import (
+from ...orchestrator.client import (
     OrchestratorClient,
     OrchestratorClientError,
     discover_orchestrator_url,
 )
 
-from ..supervise import (
+from ...supervisor.types import (
     Proposal,
     TOOL_EGRESS_ALLOW,
     TOOL_EGRESS_BLOCK,
     TOOL_GITLEAKS_ALLOW,
     TOOL_EGRESS_TOKEN_ALLOW,
 )
-from ._common import PROG
+from ..constants import PROG
 
 
 _REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS = 1000
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def _resolve_orchestrator_url() -> str:
     try:
         return discover_orchestrator_url()
     except OrchestratorClientError:
-        from ..backend import get_bottle_backend
+        from ...backend import get_bottle_backend
         backend = get_bottle_backend()
         info(f"no orchestrator control plane running; starting one ({backend.name})…")
         return backend.ensure_orchestrator()

bot_bottle/cli/constants.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""Shared CLI constants.
+
+Kept as a leaf module (imports nothing from the `cli` package) so both the
+dispatcher (`cli/__init__.py`) and the command modules it imports can share
+`PROG` without a circular import.
+"""
+
+PROG = "cli.py"

bot_bottle/cli/info.py

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-"""info: print env, skills, and prompt details for a named agent."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import argparse
-
-from ..log import info
-from ..manifest import ManifestIndex
-from ._common import PROG, USER_CWD
-
-
-def cmd_info(argv: list[str]) -> int:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=f"{PROG} info", add_help=True)
-    parser.add_argument("name", help="agent name defined in bot-bottle.json")
-    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
-
-    names = ManifestIndex.resolve(USER_CWD)
-    names.require_agent(args.name)
-    manifest = names.load_for_agent(args.name)
-
-    agent = manifest.agent
-    bottle = manifest.bottle
-    env_names = list(bottle.env.keys())
-    prompt_first_line = agent.prompt.splitlines()[0] if agent.prompt else ""
-
-    print()
-    info(f"agent           : {args.name}")
-    info(f"env (names only): {', '.join(env_names) if env_names else '(none)'}")
-    info(f"skills          : {' '.join(agent.skills) if agent.skills else '(none)'}")
-    info(
-        f"prompt          : {len(agent.prompt)} chars; "
-        f"first line: {prompt_first_line or '(empty)'}"
-    )
-    info(f"bottle             : {agent.bottle}")
-    identity = manifest.git_identity_summary()
-    if identity:
-        info(f"  git identity  : {identity}")
-    if bottle.git:
-        for e in bottle.git:
-            info(
-                f"  git remote    : {e.Name} -> {e.Upstream} "
-                f"(IdentityFile={e.IdentityFile})"
-            )
-            if e.KnownHostKey:
-                info(f"    KnownHostKey: {e.KnownHostKey}")
-    else:
-        info("  git remotes   : (none)")
-    print()
-    return 0

bot_bottle/constants.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""Shared wire-protocol constants for gateway-bundled modules.
+
+Single source of truth for values that appear across the egress addon,
+git-http backend, supervise server, and git-gate renderer. Importing
+from this module instead of duplicating the literals means a rename is
+a one-line change and is caught by the type checker at the import site."""
+
+# App-layer identity token header. Delivered as proxy credentials
+# (HTTPS_PROXY=http://<bottle_id>:<token>@gw) by launch; the egress
+# addon reads and strips it, the supervise server and git-http backend
+# read it for attribution, and none of them forward it upstream.
+IDENTITY_HEADER = "x-bot-bottle-identity"
+
+# Shared timeout (seconds) for all git-gate subprocess and CGI calls:
+# git daemon (--timeout/--init-timeout), the access-hook subprocess in
+# git_http_backend, and the git http-backend CGI subprocess.
+GIT_GATE_TIMEOUT_SECS = 15

bot_bottle/contrib/claude/Dockerfile

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 # Current Node LTS; slim variant keeps the image small while still
 # providing apt-get for any future additions.
-FROM node:22-slim
+FROM node:22-trixie-slim
 
 # Install runtime system deps. claude-code shells out to git for several
 # features (status checks, commits, PR creation) — without git in the
@@ -21,7 +21,14 @@ FROM node:22-slim
 # to it) works against egress's bumped TLS without the agent needing
 # local DNS.
 RUN apt-get update \
-  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends git ca-certificates curl ripgrep iproute2 dnsutils \
+  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+  git \
+  ca-certificates \
+  curl \
+  openssh-client \
+  ripgrep \
+  iproute2 \
+  dnsutils \
   && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
 # App-specific deps. Python isn't required by claude-code itself
@@ -39,6 +46,11 @@ RUN apt-get update \
 RUN npm install -g --no-fund --no-audit @anthropic-ai/claude-code@2.1.172 \
   && npm cache clean --force
 
+# Git reads both ~/.gitconfig and ~/.config/git/config. Keep its XDG config
+# path traversable by the non-root runtime user so permission errors do not
+# suppress bot-bottle's git-gate insteadOf rules.
+RUN install -d -o node -g node -m 755 /home/node/.config /home/node/.config/git
+
 # Run as a non-root user. The node image already provides a `node` user
 # (uid 1000) with a home directory, which is where claude-code will write
 # its session state.

bot_bottle/contrib/claude/agent_provider.py

@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ from ...agent_provider import (
     provider_startup_args,
 )
 from ...backend.docker import util as docker_mod
-from ...egress import EgressRoute
+from ...egress import CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF, EgressRoute
 from ...log import die, info, warn
+from .claude_auth import claude_host_access_token
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -34,6 +35,11 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 _SUPERVISE_MCP_NAME = "supervise"
 # App-layer identity token header (mirrors egress_addon / git_http_backend).
 _IDENTITY_HEADER = "x-bot-bottle-identity"
+# Placeholder stood in for the real identity token in the manual-recovery hint.
+# The token is a per-bottle credential, so it must never be rendered into the
+# host-side launch log (#476 review); the operator substitutes the value from
+# inside the bottle (it rides in the agent's HTTPS_PROXY credentials).
+_IDENTITY_TOKEN_PLACEHOLDER = "<bottle-identity-token>"
 
 
 def _skills_dir(guest_home: str) -> str:
@@ -118,7 +124,6 @@ class ClaudeAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
         color: str = "",
         provider_settings: dict[str, object] | None = None,
     ) -> AgentProvisionPlan:
-        del forward_host_credentials, host_env
         resolved_guest_env = dict(guest_env or {})
         startup_args = provider_startup_args(provider_settings)
         guest_home = self.guest_home
@@ -180,13 +185,24 @@ class ClaudeAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
                 claude_settings,
                 f"{guest_home}/.claude/settings.json",
             ))
+        provisioned_env: dict[str, str] = {}
+        if forward_host_credentials:
+            _host_env = host_env or dict(os.environ)
+            provisioned_env[CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF] = (
+                claude_host_access_token(_host_env)
+            )
+
+        cred_token_ref = (
+            CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF if forward_host_credentials
+            else auth_token
+        )
         egress_routes = (EgressRoute(
             host="api.anthropic.com",
-            auth_scheme="Bearer" if auth_token else "",
+            auth_scheme="Bearer" if (auth_token or forward_host_credentials) else "",
-            token_ref=auth_token,
+            token_ref=cred_token_ref,
         ),)
         hidden_env_names: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
-        if auth_token:
+        if auth_token or forward_host_credentials:
             env_vars["CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN"] = "egress-placeholder"
             hidden_env_names = frozenset({"CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN"})
 
@@ -208,6 +224,7 @@ class ClaudeAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
             files=tuple(files),
             egress_routes=egress_routes,
             hidden_env_names=hidden_env_names,
+            provisioned_env=provisioned_env,
         )
 
     def provision_skills(self, plan: "BottlePlan", bottle: "Bottle") -> None:
@@ -315,11 +332,20 @@ class ClaudeAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
             user="node",
         )
         if r.returncode != 0:
+            # A placeholder — never the real token — keeps this per-bottle
+            # credential out of the host launch log (#476 review). The operator
+            # substitutes it from inside the bottle (it rides in the agent's
+            # HTTPS_PROXY credentials).
+            manual_header = (
+                f" --header {shlex.quote(f'{_IDENTITY_HEADER}: {_IDENTITY_TOKEN_PLACEHOLDER}')}"
+                if token else ""
+            )
             warn(
                 f"`claude mcp add supervise` failed (exit {r.returncode}): "
                 f"{(r.stderr or r.stdout or '').strip()}. Inside the bottle, "
-                f"register manually with: "
+                f"register manually (substitute the bottle's identity token) with: "
-                f"claude mcp add --scope user --transport http supervise {supervise_url}"
+                f"claude mcp add --scope user --transport http "
+                f"supervise {supervise_url}{manual_header}"
             )
 
     def headless_prompt(self, prompt: str) -> list[str]:

bot_bottle/contrib/claude/claude_auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+"""Host Claude auth helpers.
+
+Reads the host's Claude Code credentials and returns only the access
+token needed by egress. Does not expose refresh tokens or raw payloads.
+
+Credential storage by platform:
+  Linux  — ~/.claude/.credentials.json
+  macOS  — macOS Keychain, service "Claude Code-credentials"
+            (file path is tried first; Keychain is the fallback)
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ...log import die
+
+
+_KEYCHAIN_SERVICE = "Claude Code-credentials"
+
+
+def claude_auth_path(host_env: dict[str, str] | None = None) -> Path:
+    env = os.environ if host_env is None else host_env
+    home = env.get("HOME")
+    if home:
+        return Path(home) / ".claude" / ".credentials.json"
+    return Path.home() / ".claude" / ".credentials.json"
+
+
+def _read_keychain() -> dict[str, object] | None:
+    """Try the macOS Keychain. Returns parsed JSON dict or None."""
+    if sys.platform != "darwin":
+        return None
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            ["security", "find-generic-password", "-s", _KEYCHAIN_SERVICE, "-w"],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+            timeout=10,
+        )
+    except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
+        return None
+    if result.returncode != 0 or not result.stdout.strip():
+        return None
+    try:
+        raw = json.loads(result.stdout.strip())
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        return None
+    return raw if isinstance(raw, dict) else None
+
+
+def claude_host_access_token(
+    host_env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    *,
+    now: datetime | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    path = claude_auth_path(host_env)
+    raw: dict[str, object] | None = None
+
+    if path.is_file():
+        try:
+            raw = json.loads(path.read_text())
+        except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError) as e:
+            die(f"claude host credentials: could not read valid JSON at {path}: {e}")
+        if not isinstance(raw, dict):
+            die(f"claude host credentials: {path} must contain a JSON object")
+    else:
+        raw = _read_keychain()
+        if raw is None:
+            die(
+                f"claude host credentials: auth file missing at {path} and "
+                f"macOS Keychain lookup for '{_KEYCHAIN_SERVICE}' failed. "
+                "Run `claude login` on the host or disable "
+                "agent_provider.forward_host_credentials."
+            )
+
+    oauth = raw.get("claudeAiOauth")
+    if not isinstance(oauth, dict):
+        die(
+            "claude host credentials: claudeAiOauth is missing from credentials. "
+            "Run `claude login` on the host or disable "
+            "agent_provider.forward_host_credentials."
+        )
+
+    access_token = oauth.get("accessToken")
+    if not isinstance(access_token, str) or not access_token:
+        die(
+            "claude host credentials: claudeAiOauth.accessToken is missing or empty. "
+            "Run `claude login` on the host and restart the bottle."
+        )
+
+    # expiresAt is in milliseconds
+    expires_at = oauth.get("expiresAt")
+    if isinstance(expires_at, (int, float)):
+        check_now = now or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        exp_dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(float(expires_at) / 1000.0, timezone.utc)
+        if exp_dt <= check_now:
+            die(
+                "claude host credentials: host Claude access token is expired. "
+                "Run `claude login` on the host and restart the bottle."
+            )
+
+    return access_token
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "claude_auth_path",
+    "claude_host_access_token",
+]

bot_bottle/contrib/codex/Dockerfile

@@ -3,10 +3,16 @@
 # Mirrors the default Claude image shape: Node LTS, git/network tooling,
 # non-root node user, and the provider CLI installed for that user.
 
-FROM node:22-slim
+FROM node:22-trixie-slim
 
 RUN apt-get update \
-  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends git ca-certificates curl procps ripgrep \
+  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+  git \
+  ca-certificates \
+  curl \
+  openssh-client \
+  procps \
+  ripgrep \
   && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
 # App-specific deps. Python isn't required by codex itself
@@ -17,6 +23,8 @@ RUN apt-get update \
   && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends python3 python3-pip python3-venv \
   && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
+RUN install -d -o node -g node -m 755 /home/node/.config /home/node/.config/git
+
 USER node
 WORKDIR /home/node
 

bot_bottle/contrib/pi/Dockerfile

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #
 # Node LTS, git/network tooling, and the Pi coding-agent CLI installed globally.
 
-FROM node:22-slim
+FROM node:22-trixie-slim
 
 RUN apt-get update \
   && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ RUN apt-get update \
   ca-certificates \
   curl \
   fd-find \
+  openssh-client \
   ripgrep \
   && ln -s /usr/bin/fdfind /usr/local/bin/fd \
   && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
@@ -21,7 +22,8 @@ RUN apt-get update \
 RUN npm install -g --ignore-scripts --no-fund --no-audit @earendil-works/pi-coding-agent \
   && npm cache clean --force
 
-RUN mkdir -p /home/node/.pi/agent \
+RUN install -d -o node -g node -m 755 /home/node/.config /home/node/.config/git \
+  && mkdir -p /home/node/.pi/agent \
   /home/node/.pi/context-mode/sessions \
   /tmp/pi-subagents-uid-1000 \
   && chown -R node:node /home/node/.pi /tmp \