Add tire inner-boundary three-colour conjecture

Introduce Conjecture 1.31 (tire inner-boundary three-colour) as a
decomposition-native weakening of the level-cycle conjecture 1.29:
every maximal planar graph admits a vertex source and proper 4-colouring
under which each tire inner boundary omits a colour. Remark 1.32 shows
inner boundaries are single-level cycles, so the vertex-source form of
1.29 implies it on 2-connected boundaries.

Extend check_level_cycle_three_color.py with --restriction inner-boundary
(reconstructs the tire-tree decomposition from the embedding; inner
boundary = level-(d+1) vertices of each depth-d dual component) and a
--min-connectivity flag for the 5-connected slice.

Verified: full census 4<=n<=13 (57716 triangulations) and 5-connected
slice 14<=n<=24 (9732 graphs) all admit witnesses; no counterexample.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
2026-06-01 15:29:34 -04:00
parent 31186a1f8c
commit 88c74efd28
7 changed files with 637 additions and 121 deletions
@@ -1,24 +1,34 @@
"""Empirical test for the level-cycle three-colour conjecture.
"""Empirical test for the level-cycle three-colour conjecture and its
tire inner-boundary refinement.
The weakened conjecture says: for every maximal planar graph G, there
is some level source S and some proper 4-vertex-colouring c such that
every simple cycle contained in a single level G[L_d] uses at most
three colours.
The level-cycle conjecture (``--restriction level-cycle``, the default)
says: for every maximal planar graph G, there is some level source S and
some proper 4-vertex-colouring c such that every simple cycle contained
in a single level G[L_d] uses at most three colours.
Important: this checks the cycle-by-cycle version. Two cycles in the
same level or the same inner outerplanar component may omit different
colours.
The inner-boundary conjecture (``--restriction inner-boundary``) is the
weakening that constrains only the inner boundaries B_in of the tires in
a tire-tree decomposition rooted at a vertex source: for every G there is
a vertex source v0 and a proper 4-colouring c such that every tire inner
boundary uses at most three colours. Because the inner outerplanar graph
O of a depth-d tire satisfies O = G[component faces] cap L_{d+1} and is
outerplanar, V(B_in) is exactly the level-(d+1) vertices of the tire's
dual component (see the inner-boundary remark in the paper).
Important: both checks are cycle-by-cycle. Two cycles in the same level
or the same inner outerplanar component may omit different colours.
Run examples:
sage -python experiments/check_level_cycle_three_color.py 4 9
sage -python experiments/check_level_cycle_three_color.py 4 8 --quantifier all-sources
sage -python experiments/check_level_cycle_three_color.py 4 8 --sources all
sage -python experiments/check_level_cycle_three_color.py 4 9 --restriction inner-boundary
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import argparse
from collections import deque
from collections import defaultdict, deque
from itertools import combinations
from typing import Any, Iterable, Iterator, Sequence, cast
@@ -131,10 +141,93 @@ def level_cycle_violation(
return None
def inner_boundary_vertex_sets(g: Graph, source: Source) -> list[frozenset[Any]]:
"""Inner-boundary vertex sets of the tire-tree decomposition at a vertex.
The tire-tree decomposition is defined only for a single-vertex source
placed on the outer face. Each tire is a connected component of the
depth-d dual subgraph G'_d (faces whose minimum vertex level is d). Because
a depth-d face has its three vertex levels in {d, d+1} (adjacent vertices
differ by at most one level), and because the inner outerplanar graph O of
the tire is outerplanar (so every vertex of O lies on its inner-boundary
walk), the inner-boundary vertex set equals the level-(d+1) vertices of the
component: V(B_in) = V(O) = V(component) cap L_{d+1}.
We work on the sphere dual (all faces). The choice of outer face does not
change any inner-boundary set: depth->=1 components are untouched by removing
a depth-0 face, and the root tire always has O = G[L_1].
Only sets of size >= 4 are returned; smaller sets can never use four colours.
"""
if len(source) != 1:
raise ValueError("inner-boundary restriction requires a vertex source")
distances = distances_from_source(g, source)
emb = cast(Graph, g.copy())
if not emb.is_planar(set_embedding=True):
raise ValueError("graph is not planar; cannot build tire decomposition")
faces = emb.faces()
face_vertices: list[set[Any]] = []
for face in faces:
verts: set[Any] = set()
for edge in face:
verts.add(edge[0])
verts.add(edge[1])
face_vertices.append(verts)
depths = [min(distances[v] for v in verts) for verts in face_vertices]
edge_faces: dict[frozenset[Any], list[int]] = defaultdict(list)
for i, face in enumerate(faces):
for edge in face:
edge_faces[frozenset((edge[0], edge[1]))].append(i)
dual_adj: dict[int, set[int]] = defaultdict(set)
for incident in edge_faces.values():
for a in range(len(incident)):
for b in range(a + 1, len(incident)):
dual_adj[incident[a]].add(incident[b])
dual_adj[incident[b]].add(incident[a])
targets: list[frozenset[Any]] = []
seen = [False] * len(faces)
for start in range(len(faces)):
if seen[start]:
continue
depth = depths[start]
component = [start]
seen[start] = True
stack = [start]
while stack:
f = stack.pop()
for h in dual_adj[f]:
if not seen[h] and depths[h] == depth:
seen[h] = True
component.append(h)
stack.append(h)
inner: set[Any] = set()
for f in component:
inner.update(v for v in face_vertices[f] if distances[v] == depth + 1)
if len(inner) >= 4:
targets.append(frozenset(inner))
return targets
def first_inner_boundary_violation(
targets: Sequence[frozenset[Any]], coloring: Coloring
) -> tuple[frozenset[Any], set[int]] | None:
"""Return the first inner boundary using all four colours, if any."""
for inner in targets:
used = {coloring[v] for v in inner}
if len(used) > 3:
return inner, used
return None
def coloring_witness(
g: Graph,
source: Source,
max_colorings: int | None,
restriction: str,
) -> tuple[Coloring | None, int, bool]:
"""Find a proper 4-colouring satisfying the conjectured restriction.
@@ -142,11 +235,20 @@ def coloring_witness(
exhausted is False, max_colorings was reached before a decision.
"""
distances = distances_from_source(g, source)
targets = (
inner_boundary_vertex_sets(g, source)
if restriction == "inner-boundary"
else None
)
checked = 0
for raw in all_graph_colorings(g, 4, vertex_color_dict=True):
coloring = cast(Coloring, raw)
checked += 1
if level_cycle_violation(g, distances, coloring) is None:
if restriction == "inner-boundary":
violated = first_inner_boundary_violation(cast(Sequence, targets), coloring)
else:
violated = level_cycle_violation(g, distances, coloring)
if violated is None:
return coloring, checked, True
if max_colorings is not None and checked >= max_colorings:
return None, checked, False
@@ -165,6 +267,7 @@ def test_graph(
max_colorings: int | None,
stop_first: bool,
quantifier: str,
restriction: str,
) -> tuple[bool, bool, int]:
"""Test a graph over selected sources.
@@ -175,7 +278,9 @@ def test_graph(
found_any_source = False
for source in sources:
checked_sources += 1
witness, n_checked, exhausted = coloring_witness(g, source, max_colorings)
witness, n_checked, exhausted = coloring_witness(
g, source, max_colorings, restriction
)
if witness is None:
if not exhausted:
complete = False
@@ -185,11 +290,16 @@ def test_graph(
f"colorings_checked={n_checked}"
)
if exhausted and quantifier == "all-sources":
distances = distances_from_source(g, source)
first = next(all_graph_colorings(g, 4, vertex_color_dict=True), None)
if first is not None:
violation = level_cycle_violation(g, distances, cast(Coloring, first))
print(f" first_coloring_violation={violation}")
if restriction == "level-cycle":
distances = distances_from_source(g, source)
first = next(
all_graph_colorings(g, 4, vertex_color_dict=True), None
)
if first is not None:
violation = level_cycle_violation(
g, distances, cast(Coloring, first)
)
print(f" first_coloring_violation={violation}")
return False, complete, checked_sources
if stop_first:
if quantifier == "all-sources":
@@ -232,12 +342,31 @@ def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
"the stronger earlier version"
),
)
parser.add_argument(
"--restriction",
choices=("level-cycle", "inner-boundary"),
default="level-cycle",
help=(
"level-cycle constrains every simple level cycle; inner-boundary "
"constrains only the tire inner boundaries of a vertex-rooted "
"tire-tree decomposition"
),
)
parser.add_argument(
"--max-cycle-source-size",
type=int,
default=None,
help="optional cap on induced cycle source size",
)
parser.add_argument(
"--min-connectivity",
type=int,
default=None,
help=(
"restrict to triangulations of at least this vertex connectivity "
"(e.g. 5 for the 5-connected slice); passed to plantri via Sage"
),
)
parser.add_argument(
"--max-colorings",
type=int,
@@ -255,20 +384,37 @@ def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
def main() -> int:
args = parse_args()
stop_first = not args.full
if args.restriction == "inner-boundary" and args.sources != "vertex":
print(
"note: inner-boundary restriction is vertex-rooted; "
f"overriding --sources {args.sources} with vertex"
)
args.sources = "vertex"
total_graphs = 0
total_sources = 0
unknown = 0
triangulation_kwargs = {}
if args.min_connectivity is not None:
triangulation_kwargs["minimum_connectivity"] = args.min_connectivity
for n in range(args.n_min, args.n_max + 1):
print(f"=== n={n} ===")
for idx, g in enumerate(graphs.triangulations(n), start=1):
for idx, g in enumerate(
graphs.triangulations(n, **triangulation_kwargs), start=1
):
total_graphs += 1
source_list = list(
level_sources(g, args.sources, args.max_cycle_source_size)
)
print(f" graph #{idx}: sources={len(source_list)}")
passed, complete, checked_sources = test_graph(
g, source_list, args.max_colorings, stop_first, args.quantifier
g,
source_list,
args.max_colorings,
stop_first,
args.quantifier,
args.restriction,
)
total_sources += checked_sources
if not complete:
@@ -276,7 +422,8 @@ def main() -> int:
if not passed:
print(
f"COUNTEREXAMPLE candidate: n={n}, graph_index={idx}, "
f"source_mode={args.sources}, quantifier={args.quantifier}"
f"source_mode={args.sources}, quantifier={args.quantifier}, "
f"restriction={args.restriction}"
)
print(f" edges={sorted(tuple(sorted(e)) for e in g.edges(labels=False))}")
return 1
+25 -8
View File
@@ -41,19 +41,36 @@
\newlabel{rem:level-cycle-motivation}{{1.25}{16}}
\newlabel{def:level-cycle-three-colour-restriction}{{1.26}{16}}
\newlabel{conj:false-universal-level-cycle-three-colour}{{1.27}{17}}
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\newlabel{fig:universal-level-cycle-counterexample}{{6}{17}}
\newlabel{ex:universal-level-cycle-counterexample}{{1.28}{17}}
\newlabel{conj:level-cycle-three-colour}{{1.29}{17}}
\newlabel{def:seam}{{1.30}{17}}
\newlabel{def:partial-tire-tree}{{1.31}{18}}
\newlabel{lem:seam-edge-shared}{{1.32}{18}}
\newlabel{conj:seam-counterexample}{{1.33}{18}}
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\newlabel{tab:level-cycle-three-colour-counts}{{1}{18}}
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\newlabel{def:tire-inner-boundary-three-colour}{{1.30}{18}}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces The $5$-connected triangulations at $14 \leq n \leq 24$ generated by \texttt {plantri -c5 -a}. All $9732$ graphs in this slice admit a vertex source witnessing the level-cycle three-colour conjecture.}}{19}{}\protected@file@percent }
\newlabel{tab:level-cycle-three-colour-c5-14-16}{{2}{19}}
\newlabel{conj:tire-inner-boundary-three-colour}{{1.31}{19}}
\newlabel{rem:inner-boundary-vs-level-cycle}{{1.32}{19}}
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\newlabel{def:partial-tire-tree}{{1.34}{21}}
\newlabel{lem:seam-edge-shared}{{1.35}{21}}
\newlabel{conj:seam-counterexample}{{1.36}{21}}
\bibcite{tait-original}{1}
\bibcite{bauerfeld-depth}{2}
\bibcite{bauerfeld-nested-tire-duals}{3}
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@@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@ with the level-cycle three-colour restriction with respect to $S$.
\subsection*{Enumeration for small $n$}
We exhaustively enumerated all plane triangulation isomorphism classes with
$4 \leq n \leq 12$ vertices and searched the vertex sources for each graph.
$4 \leq n \leq 13$ vertices and searched the vertex sources for each graph.
No counterexample to Conjecture~\ref{conj:level-cycle-three-colour} appeared
in this range. Table~\ref{tab:level-cycle-three-colour-counts} records the
size of the search space and the number of triangulations that admit a
@@ -1369,11 +1369,187 @@ $9$ & $50$ & $50$ \\
$10$ & $233$ & $233$ \\
$11$ & $1249$ & $1249$ \\
$12$ & $7595$ & $7595$ \\
$13$ & $49566$ & $49566$ \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{Exhaustive vertex-source search for the level-cycle three-colour conjecture on all triangulation isomorphism classes with $4 \leq n \leq 12$. Every triangulation in this range admits at least one vertex source witnessing the conjecture.}
\caption{Exhaustive vertex-source search for the level-cycle three-colour conjecture on all triangulation isomorphism classes with $4 \leq n \leq 13$. Every triangulation in this range admits at least one vertex source witnessing the conjecture.}
\label{tab:level-cycle-three-colour-counts}
\end{table}
We also tested the six dual triangulations of the Holton--McKay graphs,
which lie just beyond this census, and found witnesses in each case.
\subsection*{The $5$-connected slice at $n \leq 24$}
As a compact test above the full small-$n$ census, we also enumerated the
$5$-connected triangulations at $14 \leq n \leq 24$ with \texttt{plantri
-c5 -a}. These are especially rigid triangulations, and the slice remains
small enough to check exhaustively. Every graph in this slice admits a
vertex source witnessing Conjecture~\ref{conj:level-cycle-three-colour}.
\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\small
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{4pt}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
$n$ & $5$-connected triangulations & with witness \\\hline
$14$ & $1$ & $1$ \\
$15$ & $1$ & $1$ \\
$16$ & $3$ & $3$ \\
$17$ & $4$ & $4$ \\
$18$ & $12$ & $12$ \\
$19$ & $23$ & $23$ \\
$20$ & $71$ & $71$ \\
$21$ & $187$ & $187$ \\
$22$ & $627$ & $627$ \\
$23$ & $1970$ & $1970$ \\
$24$ & $6833$ & $6833$ \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{The $5$-connected triangulations at $14 \leq n \leq 24$ generated by
\texttt{plantri -c5 -a}. All $9732$ graphs in this slice admit a vertex
source witnessing the level-cycle three-colour conjecture.}
\label{tab:level-cycle-three-colour-c5-14-16}
\end{table}
\subsection*{An inner-boundary refinement}
The level-cycle restriction constrains \emph{every} simple cycle in
every level. For the tire-tree program, the cycles that actually carry
boundary state are fewer: each tire transfers colour information across
its tread between its two boundaries
(Theorem~\ref{thm:tire-chromatic-polynomial-transfer}), so it is the tire
\emph{inner boundaries} $B_{\mathrm{in}}^{(T)}$ --- not all level cycles
--- that one wishes to compress. This motivates a restriction stated
directly in the objects of the decomposition.
\begin{definition}[Tire inner-boundary three-colour restriction]
\label{def:tire-inner-boundary-three-colour}
Let $G$ be a maximal planar graph, let $v_0 \in V(G)$ be a vertex source
on the outer face of $\Pi_G$, and let $c \colon V(G) \to \{1,2,3,4\}$ be
a proper $4$-vertex-colouring of $G$. We say $c$ has the \emph{tire
inner-boundary three-colour restriction} with respect to
$\mathcal{T}(G, \{v_0\})$ if every tire tread $T \in
\mathcal{T}(G, \{v_0\})$ satisfies
\[
|c(V(B_{\mathrm{in}}^{(T)}))| \leq 3,
\]
i.e.\ the inner boundary of every tire omits at least one of the four
colours. (A degenerate inner boundary is a single vertex and the
condition is then vacuous.)
\end{definition}
\begin{conjecture}[Tire inner-boundary three-colour conjecture]
\label{conj:tire-inner-boundary-three-colour}
Every maximal planar graph $G$ admits a vertex source $v_0 \in V(G)$ and
a proper $4$-vertex-colouring $c$ of $G$ such that $c$ has the tire
inner-boundary three-colour restriction with respect to
$\mathcal{T}(G, \{v_0\})$.
\end{conjecture}
\begin{remark}[Relation to the level-cycle conjecture]
\label{rem:inner-boundary-vs-level-cycle}
For a depth-$d$ tire $T$, the inner outerplanar graph satisfies
$O^{(T)} \subseteq G[L_{d+1}]$: a depth-$d$ face has its three vertex
levels in $\{d, d+1\}$ (adjacent vertices differ by at most one level),
so the level-$(d+1)$ vertices of the tire's dual component are exactly
$V(O^{(T)})$. Since $O^{(T)}$ is outerplanar, every one of its vertices
lies on the inner-boundary walk, whence $V(B_{\mathrm{in}}^{(T)}) =
V(O^{(T)}) \subseteq L_{d+1}$ is supported on a single level, and is a
simple level cycle when $O^{(T)}$ is $2$-connected.
Consequently the vertex-source form of
Conjecture~\ref{conj:level-cycle-three-colour} implies
Conjecture~\ref{conj:tire-inner-boundary-three-colour} on every
$2$-connected inner boundary: the witnessing colouring already makes
each such cycle omit a colour. The present conjecture is thus a
\emph{weakening}, constraining only the inner-boundary cycles of one
tire-tree decomposition rather than all level cycles of some level
source. It is no harder than the vertex-source form of
Conjecture~\ref{conj:level-cycle-three-colour}, while targeting exactly
the interface the chromatic-transfer machinery of
Theorem~\ref{thm:tire-chromatic-polynomial-transfer} runs across.
(The non-$2$-connected case --- an
inner boundary whose walk traverses a bridge or cut-vertex of $O^{(T)}$
--- is not covered by the simple-cycle statement of
Conjecture~\ref{conj:level-cycle-three-colour} and must be argued
separately.)
\end{remark}
\subsection*{Enumeration for the inner-boundary conjecture}
We repeated the exhaustive search of
Conjecture~\ref{conj:level-cycle-three-colour} for the inner-boundary
restriction, testing for each triangulation whether some vertex source
$v_0$ admits a proper $4$-colouring whose tire inner boundaries each omit
a colour. For a depth-$d$ tire the inner-boundary vertex set is computed
directly as the level-$(d+1)$ vertices of the corresponding depth-$d$
dual component, using
Remark~\ref{rem:inner-boundary-vs-level-cycle}. No counterexample
appeared on the full small-$n$ census $4 \leq n \leq 13$
(Table~\ref{tab:inner-boundary-three-colour-counts}) or on the
$5$-connected slice $14 \leq n \leq 24$
(Table~\ref{tab:inner-boundary-three-colour-c5}).
\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\small
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{4pt}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
$n$ & triangulations & with witness \\\hline
$4$ & $1$ & $1$ \\
$5$ & $1$ & $1$ \\
$6$ & $2$ & $2$ \\
$7$ & $5$ & $5$ \\
$8$ & $14$ & $14$ \\
$9$ & $50$ & $50$ \\
$10$ & $233$ & $233$ \\
$11$ & $1249$ & $1249$ \\
$12$ & $7595$ & $7595$ \\
$13$ & $49566$ & $49566$ \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{Exhaustive vertex-source search for the tire inner-boundary
three-colour conjecture
(Conjecture~\ref{conj:tire-inner-boundary-three-colour}) on all
triangulation isomorphism classes with $4 \leq n \leq 13$. Every
triangulation in this range admits at least one vertex source
witnessing the conjecture.}
\label{tab:inner-boundary-three-colour-counts}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\small
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{4pt}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
$n$ & $5$-connected triangulations & with witness \\\hline
$14$ & $1$ & $1$ \\
$15$ & $1$ & $1$ \\
$16$ & $3$ & $3$ \\
$17$ & $4$ & $4$ \\
$18$ & $12$ & $12$ \\
$19$ & $23$ & $23$ \\
$20$ & $71$ & $71$ \\
$21$ & $187$ & $187$ \\
$22$ & $627$ & $627$ \\
$23$ & $1970$ & $1970$ \\
$24$ & $6833$ & $6833$ \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{The $5$-connected triangulations at $14 \leq n \leq 24$
generated by \texttt{plantri -c5 -a}. All $9732$ graphs in this slice
admit a vertex source witnessing the tire inner-boundary three-colour
conjecture.}
\label{tab:inner-boundary-three-colour-c5}
\end{table}
Unlike the small-$n$ census, where the first source and colouring tried
typically already witness the restriction, the source choice is
genuinely active in the $5$-connected slice: many vertex sources fail
exhaustively before a witness is found. For instance, in the unique
$n=16$ $5$-connected triangulation two sources exhaust all proper
$4$-colourings with no compatible colouring before a third source
succeeds. This is consistent with the failure of the universal-source
form (Conjecture~\ref{conj:false-universal-level-cycle-three-colour}):
the existential quantifier over the root is doing real work.
\begin{definition}[Seam]
\label{def:seam}
A \emph{seam} of a maximal planar graph $G$ is a simple cycle