feat(secrets): encrypt egress tokens at rest with per-bottle ENV_VAR_SECRET

Implements the interim secret-provider design (PRD prd-new-secret-provider):
each agent receives a random ENV_VAR_SECRET injected into its container env
at launch. The host uses this key to encrypt each egress auth token value
(HMAC-SHA256 CTR mode, stdlib-only) and store it in a new
bottled_agent_secrets table (one row per env var, key column plaintext for
auditing). The key never touches the DB.

On infra container restart the in-memory token map is lost. launch_consolidated
now calls _reprovision_running_bottles after ensure_running: for each
registered bottle still alive on the gateway network it execs
`printenv ENV_VAR_SECRET` into the agent container and posts the result to the
new POST /bottles/<id>/reprovision_gateway control-plane endpoint, which
decrypts the stored rows and restores _tokens — no manual intervention needed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.coveragerc

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 [run]
 branch = True
 source = .
+# Store paths relative to the project root so .coverage.* files produced on
+# different runners (ubuntu-latest vs self-hosted KVM) can be combined by the
+# coverage job without a [paths] remapping section.
+relative_files = True
 
 [report]
 # Coverage policy: see docs/decisions/0004-coverage-policy.md.

.gitea/workflows/test.yml

@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@
 #   tests/canaries/     — upstream regression canaries; run on a separate
 #                         schedule (see canaries.yml), not here
 #
-# Integration tests run once per backend in separate jobs. Each job sets
-# BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND explicitly so the test suite uses the right backend.
-# Backends that aren't available on the runner fail the preflight step
-# rather than silently skipping inside the test output.
+# Each test job runs once under coverage and uploads a small .coverage.*
+# artifact. The `coverage` job combines them — no test reruns, no KVM
+# dependency on that job. For main-branch pushes only, the tested rootfs
+# and matching dropbear are uploaded so `publish-infra` can publish the
+# byte-identical artifact that was tested. PRs avoid the ~194 MB rootfs
+# transfer entirely.
 
 name: test
 
@@ -40,53 +42,6 @@ on:
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
-  stage-firecracker-inputs:
-    runs-on: [self-hosted, kvm]
-    # Same guard as the other KVM-runner jobs: don't spin the privileged
-    # runner for fork PRs (this only copies a non-secret static binary, but
-    # keep the posture consistent — build-infra/integration/coverage all
-    # depend on it, so gating here gates the whole Firecracker chain).
-    if: >-
-      github.event_name == 'push' ||
-      github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||
-      (github.event_name == 'pull_request' &&
-       github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository)
-    steps:
-      - name: Stage the provisioned static dropbear
-        run: |
-          mkdir -p firecracker-inputs
-          cp /var/cache/bot-bottle-fc/dropbear firecracker-inputs/dropbear
-
-      - name: Upload Firecracker build inputs
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: firecracker-inputs
-          path: firecracker-inputs/
-
-  build-infra:
-    needs: stage-firecracker-inputs
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Download Firecracker build inputs
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: firecracker-inputs
-          path: firecracker-inputs
-
-      - name: Build infra candidate from this checkout
-        env:
-          BOT_BOTTLE_FC_DROPBEAR: ${{ github.workspace }}/firecracker-inputs/dropbear
-        run: python3 -m bot_bottle.backend.firecracker.publish_infra --output infra-candidate
-
-      - name: Upload infra candidate
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: infra-candidate
-          path: infra-candidate/
-
   unit:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
@@ -101,12 +56,29 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install dev requirements
         run: python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages -r requirements-dev.txt
 
-      - name: Run unit tests
+      - name: Run unit tests with coverage
+        env:
+          COVERAGE_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/.coverage.unit
         run: python3 -m coverage run -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/unit -v
 
       - name: Report unit coverage
+        env:
+          COVERAGE_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/.coverage.unit
         run: python3 -m coverage report -m
 
+      # upload-artifact@v3's glob skips dotfiles, so a bare `.coverage.unit`
+      # silently uploads nothing ("No files were found"). Stage it under a
+      # non-dot name; the coverage job renames it back before `coverage
+      # combine`. `cp` also fails loudly if coverage never wrote the file.
+      - name: Stage unit coverage for upload
+        run: cp .coverage.unit coverage-unit.dat
+
+      - name: Upload unit coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-unit
+          path: coverage-unit.dat
+
   integration-docker:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
@@ -115,6 +87,9 @@ jobs:
 
       # No actions/setup-python (see the note in the `unit` job); the
       # container's system Python 3.12 runs the stdlib test suite directly.
+      - name: Install coverage
+        run: python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages coverage
+
       - name: Show environment
         run: |
           python3 --version
@@ -124,10 +99,21 @@ jobs:
             echo "docker not on PATH — integration tests will skip"
           fi
 
-      - name: Run integration tests (docker)
+      - name: Run integration tests (docker) with coverage
         env:
           BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND: docker
-        run: python3 -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/integration -v
+          COVERAGE_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/.coverage.docker
+        run: python3 -m coverage run -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/integration -v
+
+      # Non-dot name so upload-artifact's dotfile-skipping glob picks it up.
+      - name: Stage docker coverage for upload
+        run: cp .coverage.docker coverage-docker.dat
+
+      - name: Upload docker coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-docker
+          path: coverage-docker.dat
 
   # Integration tests against the Firecracker backend. Runs on a self-hosted
   # KVM runner (label `kvm`) where /dev/kvm and the TAP/nft pool are available.
@@ -137,9 +123,16 @@ jobs:
   #
   # Runner prerequisites (provision once; see README "Firecracker on Linux"):
   # `firecracker` on PATH, `/dev/kvm` accessible, cached kernel +
-  # static dropbear, and the pool as a persistent systemd unit.
+  # static dropbear at /var/cache/bot-bottle-fc/dropbear, and the pool as a
+  # persistent systemd unit.
+  #
+  # The infra candidate is built here directly (no artifact download) to
+  # eliminate the ~70 s ubuntu-latest upload + ~83 s combined download that
+  # the old build-infra → integration-firecracker + coverage chain incurred.
+  # For main-branch pushes the tested rootfs and matching dropbear are
+  # uploaded so publish-infra can publish the byte-identical artifact; PRs
+  # skip those uploads entirely.
   integration-firecracker:
-    needs: build-infra
     runs-on: [self-hosted, kvm]
     if: >-
       github.event_name == 'push' ||
@@ -159,49 +152,65 @@ jobs:
           # range overlap; it prints the exact `backend setup` fix.
           python3 cli.py backend status --backend=firecracker
 
-      - name: Download the candidate built from this checkout
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: infra-candidate
-          path: infra-candidate
+      - name: Build infra candidate from this checkout
+        env:
+          BOT_BOTTLE_FC_DROPBEAR: /var/cache/bot-bottle-fc/dropbear
+        run: python3 -m bot_bottle.backend.firecracker.publish_infra --output infra-candidate --reuse-published
 
       - name: Replace the persistent infra VM with the candidate
         run: python3 -c 'from bot_bottle.backend.firecracker import infra_vm; infra_vm.stop()'
 
-      # No dev-requirements install: the integration suite runs on stdlib
-      # `unittest` (pylint/pyright are lint.yml's concern, not this job's),
-      # and the self-hosted runner's Nix python env has no `pip` module
-      # (`python3 -m pip` → "No module named pip"). Nothing to install.
-      - name: Run integration tests (firecracker)
+      # No dev-requirements install: `coverage` is already provided by the
+      # self-hosted runner's Nix python env, and that env has no `pip`
+      # module to install into anyway.
+      - name: Run integration tests (firecracker) with coverage
         env:
           BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND: firecracker
           BOT_BOTTLE_INFRA_ARTIFACT_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/infra-candidate
-        run: python3 -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/integration -v
+          COVERAGE_FILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/.coverage.firecracker
+        run: python3 -m coverage run -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/integration -v
 
-  # Combined unit+integration coverage + the diff-coverage gate (the hard
-  # gate: new/changed lines >= 90%). See docs/decisions/0004-coverage-policy.md.
+      # Non-dot name so upload-artifact's dotfile-skipping glob picks it up.
+      - name: Stage firecracker coverage for upload
+        run: cp .coverage.firecracker coverage-firecracker.dat
+
+      - name: Upload firecracker coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-firecracker
+          path: coverage-firecracker.dat
+
+      # Only upload the large rootfs artifact on main-branch pushes;
+      # PRs avoid the ~194 MB transfer. publish-infra only runs on main
+      # and downloads these to publish the byte-identical tested rootfs.
+      - name: Upload tested rootfs (main branch only)
+        if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: infra-candidate
+          path: infra-candidate/
+
+      - name: Upload dropbear for publish verification (main branch only)
+        if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: firecracker-inputs
+          path: /var/cache/bot-bottle-fc/dropbear
+
+  # Combined coverage gate: aggregates .coverage.* artifacts uploaded by each
+  # test job, then runs the diff-coverage gate (new/changed lines >= 90%).
   #
-  # This runs on a self-hosted KVM runner (label `kvm`), NOT ubuntu-latest,
-  # because the Firecracker backend's subprocess/VM orchestration
-  # (launch/boot/SSH/isolation-probe) is covered by the integration suite,
-  # and that suite needs `/dev/kvm` + the provisioned TAP/nft pool — which a
-  # container-based runner doesn't have. On such a runner the firecracker
-  # integration test skips and its ~230 orchestration lines read as
-  # uncovered, so the gate can't pass there.
+  # Runs on ubuntu-latest — no KVM needed, no test reruns. Coverage files use
+  # relative_files = True (.coveragerc) so they combine cleanly across runners.
+  # Each test job sets COVERAGE_FILE to an absolute path so coverage.py writes
+  # to a known location that upload-artifact can find regardless of runner env.
   #
-  # Restricted to the same events as integration-firecracker (same-repo PRs,
-  # push, workflow_dispatch) for the same security reason.
-  #
-  # See #414 for the planned follow-up: artifact-based coverage combination
-  # (run tests once in their respective jobs, combine .coverage files here).
-  #
-  # build-infra creates one candidate from the checkout. This job boots that
-  # same candidate after integration-firecracker has exercised it; the main
-  # push path publishes the identical bytes only after every required job.
+  # Restricted to the same events as integration-firecracker: it depends on
+  # that job's coverage artifact and skips for fork PRs alongside it.
   coverage:
-    needs: [build-infra, integration-firecracker]
+    needs: [unit, integration-docker, integration-firecracker]
     timeout-minutes: 15
-    runs-on: [self-hosted, kvm]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: >-
       github.event_name == 'push' ||
       github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||
@@ -213,29 +222,37 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
-      - name: Preflight — Firecracker host is ready
-        run: |
-          command -v firecracker >/dev/null || {
-            echo "firecracker not on PATH — provision the runner (README: Firecracker on Linux)"; exit 1; }
-          test -e /dev/kvm || { echo "/dev/kvm missing — KVM not available on this runner"; exit 1; }
-          # `backend status` exits non-zero unless the TAP pool is up + no
-          # range overlap; it prints the exact `backend setup` fix.
-          python3 cli.py backend status --backend=firecracker
+      - name: Install coverage
+        run: python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages coverage
 
-      - name: Download the candidate already exercised by integration
+      - name: Download unit coverage artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
         with:
-          name: infra-candidate
-          path: infra-candidate
+          name: coverage-unit
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
+
+      - name: Download docker coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-docker
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
+
+      - name: Download firecracker coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage-firecracker
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}
+
+      # Rename the non-dot upload names back to the .coverage.* files that
+      # `coverage combine` discovers (see the staging steps in each test job).
+      - name: Reassemble coverage data files
+        run: |
+          mv coverage-unit.dat .coverage.unit
+          mv coverage-docker.dat .coverage.docker
+          mv coverage-firecracker.dat .coverage.firecracker
 
-      # No dev-requirements install: `coverage` is already provided by the
-      # self-hosted runner's Nix python env, and that env has no `pip`
-      # module to install into anyway. `scripts/coverage.sh` +
-      # `diff_coverage.py` need only `coverage` (not pylint/pyright).
       - name: Combined coverage (unit + integration, incl. firecracker)
-        env:
-          BOT_BOTTLE_CI_INFRA_ARTIFACT_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/infra-candidate
-        run: PYTHON=python3 bash scripts/coverage.sh critical
+        run: PYTHON=python3 bash scripts/coverage.sh aggregate critical
 
       - name: Diff-coverage gate (changed lines >= 90%)
         run: |
@@ -243,14 +260,14 @@ jobs:
           python3 scripts/diff_coverage.py --base origin/main --min 90
 
   publish-infra:
-    needs: [stage-firecracker-inputs, build-infra, unit, integration-docker, integration-firecracker, coverage]
+    needs: [unit, integration-docker, integration-firecracker, coverage]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
     steps:
       - name: Checkout the tested revision
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Download the tested candidate
+      - name: Download the tested rootfs
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
         with:
           name: infra-candidate
@@ -258,9 +275,10 @@ jobs:
 
       # publish_infra re-derives the version from the checkout to confirm the
       # bundle matches before uploading, and the version hashes the dropbear
-      # bytes. Stage the SAME dropbear build-infra used, or the recheck
-      # computes a "<missing>"-dropbear version and rejects the candidate.
-      - name: Download the staged dropbear (matches build-infra's version)
+      # bytes. Download the SAME dropbear integration-firecracker used, or
+      # the recheck computes a "<missing>"-dropbear version and rejects the
+      # candidate.
+      - name: Download the staged dropbear (matches build's version)
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
         with:
           name: firecracker-inputs

.gitea/workflows/update-badges.yml

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ on:
 jobs:
   update-badges:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:

bot_bottle/agent_provider.py

@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ PROVIDER_TEMPLATES = frozenset({PROVIDER_CLAUDE, PROVIDER_CODEX, PROVIDER_PI})
 # forward_host_credentials is enabled. Pipelock must pass these through
 # (no TLS MITM) or its header DLP blocks the injected JWT.
 CODEX_HOST_CREDENTIAL_HOSTS = ("api.openai.com", "chatgpt.com")
+
+# Host that egress injects the host Claude bearer on when Claude
+# forward_host_credentials is enabled.
+CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_HOSTS = ("api.anthropic.com",)
 PromptMode = Literal[
     "append_file",
     "read_prompt_file",
@@ -257,7 +261,28 @@ class AgentProvider(ABC):
         Default: Debian/node — writes the git-gate insteadOf gitconfig
         and sets user.name/email as node. Workspace copy runs through
         BottleBackend.provision_workspace against the running bottle."""
-        from .log import info
+        from .log import die, info
+
+        # Firecracker exports image rootfs files through an unprivileged host
+        # tar extraction, so image-time ownership of XDG directories is not
+        # preserved.  Git consults ~/.config/git even when the actual config
+        # is ~/.gitconfig; an unreadable directory there can prevent the
+        # git-gate insteadOf rules below from taking effect.  Repair this at
+        # runtime, after every backend's copy/export path has completed.
+        git_xdg_dir = f"{plan.guest_home}/.config/git"
+        repair = bottle.exec(
+            f"chown node:node {shlex.quote(plan.guest_home)} && "
+            f"chmod 755 {shlex.quote(plan.guest_home)} && "
+            f"mkdir -p {shlex.quote(git_xdg_dir)} && "
+            f"chown -R node:node {shlex.quote(f'{plan.guest_home}/.config')} && "
+            f"chmod -R u+rwX,go+rX {shlex.quote(f'{plan.guest_home}/.config')}",
+            user="root",
+        )
+        if repair.returncode != 0:
+            die(
+                "git provisioning: could not make the runtime Git config "
+                f"directory readable: {(repair.stderr or repair.stdout).strip()}"
+            )
 
         manifest_bottle = plan.manifest.bottle
         if manifest_bottle.git:
@@ -280,11 +305,27 @@ class AgentProvider(ABC):
                 f"{len(manifest_bottle.git)} insteadOf rule(s)"
             )
             bottle.cp_in(str(config_file), guest_gitconfig)
-            bottle.exec(
+            permissions = bottle.exec(
                 f"chown node:node {shlex.quote(guest_gitconfig)} && "
                 f"chmod 644 {shlex.quote(guest_gitconfig)}",
                 user="root",
             )
+            if permissions.returncode != 0:
+                die(
+                    "git provisioning: could not set ownership on "
+                    f"{guest_gitconfig}: "
+                    f"{(permissions.stderr or permissions.stdout).strip()}"
+                )
+            configured = bottle.exec(
+                "git config --global --get-regexp '^url\\..*\\.insteadof$'",
+                user="node",
+            )
+            if configured.returncode != 0:
+                die(
+                    "git provisioning: the runtime user cannot read the "
+                    f"git-gate insteadOf rules from {guest_gitconfig}: "
+                    f"{(configured.stderr or configured.stdout).strip()}"
+                )
 
         gu = manifest_bottle.git_user
         if not gu.is_empty():

bot_bottle/backend/__init__.py

@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ import os
 import shlex
 import sys
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
+from contextlib import AbstractContextManager, contextmanager
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic, Sequence, TypeVar
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generator, Generic, Sequence, TypeVar
 
 from ..agent_provider import AgentProvisionPlan, get_provider, build_agent_provision_plan
 from ..egress import EgressPlan
@@ -83,6 +83,9 @@ class BottleSpec:
     # True when launched via --headless (no TTY, no interactive prompts).
     # The git-gate host-key preflight uses this to error rather than prompt.
     headless: bool = False
+    # Image startup policy. "fresh" preserves the normal build path;
+    # "cached" reuses the current local image/artifact without rebuilding.
+    image_policy: str = "fresh"
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -278,6 +281,18 @@ PlanT = TypeVar("PlanT", bound=BottlePlan)
 CleanupT = TypeVar("CleanupT", bound=BottleCleanupPlan)
 
 
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BottleImages:
+    """Resolved image references (or artifact paths) for a bottle launch.
+
+    For Docker/macOS-container backends, `agent` and `sidecar` are string
+    image refs. For the smolmachines backend they are Path objects pointing
+    to pre-built `.smolmachine` artifacts."""
+
+    agent: str | Path
+    sidecar: str | Path = ""
+
+
 class BottleBackend(ABC, Generic[PlanT, CleanupT]):
     """Abstract base for selectable bottle backends. Concrete subclasses
     (e.g. DockerBottleBackend) own their own prepare/launch impls.
@@ -437,9 +452,27 @@ class BottleBackend(ABC, Generic[PlanT, CleanupT]):
         prompt file, Dockerfile path, and guest home all live on
         `agent_provision_plan` — the source of truth."""
 
+    def prelaunch_checks(self, plan: PlanT) -> None:
+        """Raise StaleImageError if any cached image used by this plan is stale.
+        No-op default; backends override to call the shared check_stale*
+        helpers on their image/artifact timestamps. Called by the CLI before
+        launch so the operator can be prompted outside the launch context."""
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def launch(self, plan: PlanT) -> Generator[Bottle, None, None]:
+        """Template: build or load images, then delegate to _launch_impl."""
+        images = self._build_or_load_images(plan)
+        with self._launch_impl(plan, images) as bottle:
+            yield bottle
+
     @abstractmethod
-    def launch(self, plan: PlanT) -> AbstractContextManager[Bottle]:
-        """Build/run the bottle and yield a handle; tear down on exit."""
+    def _build_or_load_images(self, plan: PlanT) -> BottleImages:
+        """Return the agent and sidecar image references (or artifact paths)
+        for this plan, building fresh images when the policy requires it."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _launch_impl(self, plan: PlanT, images: BottleImages) -> AbstractContextManager[Bottle]:
+        """Bring up the bottle using pre-resolved images; yield a handle; tear down on exit."""
 
     def provision(self, plan: PlanT, bottle: "Bottle") -> str | None:
         """Copy host-side files (CA cert, prompt, skills, .git) into

bot_bottle/backend/consolidated_util.py

@@ -7,10 +7,13 @@ imports it rather than re-implementing it.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import dataclasses
+
 from ..egress import EgressPlan
 from ..git_gate import GitGatePlan
-from ..orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient
+from ..orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient, RegisteredBottle
 from ..orchestrator.registration import registration_inputs
+from ..orchestrator.secret_store import new_env_var_secret
 from .docker.gateway_provision import GatewayTransport, deprovision_git_gate, provision_git_gate
 
 
@@ -23,21 +26,26 @@ def provision_bottle(
     *,
     image_ref: str = "",
     tokens: dict[str, str] | None = None,
-):
+) -> RegisteredBottle:
     """Register the bottle and provision its git-gate state. Rolls back the
-    registration if provisioning fails so no orphan is left. Returns the
-    `RegisteredBottle` from the orchestrator."""
+    registration if provisioning fails so no orphan is left.
+
+    Generates a fresh ENV_VAR_SECRET, passes it to the orchestrator so it can
+    encrypt the token values at rest, and stamps the secret onto the returned
+    ``RegisteredBottle`` so callers can inject it into the agent container's
+    environment."""
     inputs = registration_inputs(egress_plan)
+    env_var_secret = new_env_var_secret()
     reg = client.register_bottle(
         source_ip, image_ref=image_ref, policy=inputs.policy,
-        metadata=inputs.metadata, tokens=tokens,
+        metadata=inputs.metadata, tokens=tokens, env_var_secret=env_var_secret,
     )
     try:
         provision_git_gate(transport, reg.bottle_id, git_gate_plan)
     except Exception:
         client.teardown_bottle(reg.bottle_id)
         raise
-    return reg
+    return dataclasses.replace(reg, env_var_secret=env_var_secret)
 
 
 def teardown_consolidated(

bot_bottle/backend/docker/backend.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ from ...env import ResolvedEnv
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
 from ...supervise import SupervisePlan
 from ...manifest import Manifest
-from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleSpec
+from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleImages, BottleSpec
 from . import cleanup as _cleanup
 from . import enumerate as _enumerate
 from . import launch as _launch
@@ -100,9 +100,15 @@ class DockerBottleBackend(BottleBackend["DockerBottlePlan", "DockerBottleCleanup
             stage_dir=stage_dir,
         )
 
+    def prelaunch_checks(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> None:
+        _launch.stale_checks(plan)
+
+    def _build_or_load_images(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+        return _launch.build_or_load_images(plan)
+
     @contextmanager
-    def launch(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> Generator[DockerBottle, None, None]:
-        with _launch.launch(plan, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
+    def _launch_impl(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan, images: BottleImages) -> Generator[DockerBottle, None, None]:
+        with _launch.launch(plan, images, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
             yield bottle
 
     def ensure_orchestrator(self) -> str:

bot_bottle/backend/docker/bottle_plan.py

@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ class DockerBottlePlan(BottlePlan):
     # (egress proxy credentials, git-gate/supervise headers); set by launch
     # from the orchestrator registration. Empty pre-registration.
     identity_token: str = ""
+    # Encryption key for the agent's stored egress secrets; injected into the
+    # agent container as ENV_VAR_SECRET via the compose subprocess env (bare
+    # name — value never written to the compose file). Empty pre-registration.
+    env_var_secret: str = ""
 
     @property
     def container_name(self) -> str:

bot_bottle/backend/docker/consolidated_compose.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from typing import Any
 
 from ...egress import egress_agent_env_entries
+from ...orchestrator.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME
 from ..util import AGENT_CA_BUNDLE, AGENT_CA_PATH
 from .bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
 from .egress import EGRESS_PORT
@@ -58,6 +59,10 @@ def consolidated_agent_compose(
     # the secret value never lands on argv or in the compose file.
     for name in sorted(plan.forwarded_env.keys()):
         env.append(name)
+    # ENV_VAR_SECRET: bare name so the value comes from the compose subprocess
+    # env (set in launch.py) and is never written to the compose file on disk.
+    if getattr(plan, "env_var_secret", ""):
+        env.append(ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME)
     env.extend(egress_agent_env_entries(plan.egress_plan))
 
     service: dict[str, Any] = {

bot_bottle/backend/docker/consolidated_launch.py

@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
+from ... import log
 from ...docker_cmd import run_docker
 from ...egress import EgressPlan
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
 from ...orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient
 from ...orchestrator.gateway import GATEWAY_NETWORK
 from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import INFRA_NAME, OrchestratorService
+from ...orchestrator.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME
 from ..consolidated_util import provision_bottle
 from ..consolidated_util import teardown_consolidated as _teardown_util
 from .gateway_provision import DockerGatewayTransport
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ class LaunchContext:
     network: str            # the shared gateway network to attach to
     gateway_ip: str         # the gateway's address — the agent's proxy target
     orchestrator_url: str
+    env_var_secret: str = ""  # encryption key injected into the agent's env
 
 
 def _network_cidr(network: str) -> str:
@@ -85,6 +88,66 @@ def _network_container_ips(network: str) -> list[str]:
     return ips
 
 
+def _reprovision_running_bottles(
+    orchestrator_url: str,
+    network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+    infra_name: str = INFRA_NAME,
+) -> None:
+    """Re-inject egress tokens for any registered bottles that lost their
+    in-memory tokens (e.g., after an infra container restart).
+
+    For each registered bottle whose source IP maps to a live container on the
+    gateway network, reads ENV_VAR_SECRET via ``docker exec … printenv`` and
+    calls ``POST /bottles/<id>/reprovision_gateway``. Idempotent — a no-op
+    when the orchestrator already has all tokens loaded. Best-effort: a single
+    container exec failure never blocks a new bottle launch."""
+    client = OrchestratorClient(orchestrator_url)
+    bottles = client.list_bottles()
+    if not bottles:
+        return
+
+    # Build {source_ip: container_name} from live containers on the gateway
+    # network, excluding the infra container itself.
+    proc = run_docker([
+        "docker", "network", "inspect",
+        "--format", "{{range .Containers}}{{.Name}} {{.IPv4Address}}\n{{end}}",
+        network,
+    ])
+    ip_to_container: dict[str, str] = {}
+    for line in proc.stdout.splitlines():
+        parts = line.strip().split()
+        if len(parts) >= 2 and parts[0] != infra_name:
+            ip = parts[1].split("/", 1)[0]
+            if ip:
+                ip_to_container[ip] = parts[0]
+
+    reprovisioned = 0
+    for bottle in bottles:
+        bottle_id = bottle.get("bottle_id")
+        source_ip = bottle.get("source_ip")
+        if not isinstance(bottle_id, str) or not isinstance(source_ip, str):
+            continue
+        container_name = ip_to_container.get(source_ip)
+        if not container_name:
+            continue
+        proc = run_docker(
+            ["docker", "exec", container_name, "printenv", ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME]
+        )
+        if proc.returncode != 0 or not proc.stdout.strip():
+            continue
+        try:
+            if client.reprovision_gateway(bottle_id, proc.stdout.strip()):
+                reprovisioned += 1
+        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 — best-effort, never block a launch
+            pass
+
+    if reprovisioned:
+        log.info(
+            "reprovisioned egress tokens",
+            context={"count": reprovisioned},
+        )
+
+
 def launch_consolidated(
     egress_plan: EgressPlan,
     git_gate_plan: GitGatePlan,
@@ -96,9 +159,14 @@ def launch_consolidated(
     network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
 ) -> LaunchContext:
     """Ensure the infra container is up, allocate + register the bottle, and
-    provision its git-gate state. Returns the agent's attach context."""
+    provision its git-gate state. Returns the agent's attach context.
+
+    Also reprovisiones egress tokens for any already-running bottles that lost
+    their in-memory credentials (e.g. after an infra container restart), so
+    they regain egress access before the new bottle is registered."""
     service = service or OrchestratorService()
     url = service.ensure_running()
+    _reprovision_running_bottles(url, network=network, infra_name=infra_name)
     client = OrchestratorClient(url)
 
     cidr = _network_cidr(network)
@@ -117,6 +185,7 @@ def launch_consolidated(
         network=network,
         gateway_ip=gateway_ip,
         orchestrator_url=url,
+        env_var_secret=reg.env_var_secret,
     )
 
 

bot_bottle/backend/docker/launch.py

@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ from ...git_gate import (
     provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys,
     revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys,
 )
-from ...log import info, warn
+from ...image_cache import check_stale
+from ...log import die, info, warn
+from .. import BottleImages
 from . import util as docker_mod
 from .bottle import DockerBottle
 from .bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
@@ -71,16 +73,47 @@ from ...orchestrator.gateway import DockerGateway
 _REPO_DIR = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent.parent)
 
 
+def build_or_load_images(plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+    """Resolve the agent image ref for this plan.
+
+    Returns the committed snapshot if one exists, the cached image when the
+    policy is 'cached', or builds a fresh image and returns that."""
+    committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
+    if committed and docker_mod.image_exists(committed):
+        info(f"using committed image {committed!r}")
+        return BottleImages(agent=committed)
+    if plan.spec.image_policy == "cached":
+        if not docker_mod.image_exists(plan.image):
+            die(
+                f"cached agent image {plan.image!r} not found; "
+                "run without --cached-images to build it"
+            )
+        info(f"using cached agent image {plan.image!r}")
+        return BottleImages(agent=plan.image)
+    docker_mod.build_image(plan.image, _REPO_DIR, dockerfile=plan.dockerfile_path)
+    docker_mod.verify_agent_image(
+        plan.image, runtime_for(plan.agent_provider_template).smoke_test,
+    )
+    return BottleImages(agent=plan.image)
+
+
 @contextmanager
 def launch(
     plan: DockerBottlePlan,
+    images: BottleImages,
     *,
     provision: Callable[[DockerBottlePlan, "DockerBottle"], str | None],
 ) -> Generator[DockerBottle, None, None]:
-    """Build, launch, and provision a Docker bottle via compose.
-    Teardown on exit."""
+    """Launch and provision a Docker bottle via compose. Teardown on exit."""
     stack = ExitStack()
 
+    # Stamp the resolved agent image ref into the plan so compose rendering
+    # picks up the right image (may be a committed snapshot or cached ref).
+    plan = dataclasses.replace(
+        plan,
+        agent_provision=dataclasses.replace(plan.agent_provision, image=str(images.agent)),
+    )
+
     _bottle_for_revoke = plan.manifest.bottle
     _git_gate_dir_for_revoke = git_gate_state_dir(plan.slug)
 
@@ -97,25 +130,6 @@ def launch(
         )
 
     try:
-        # Step 1: agent image. Use a committed snapshot when one exists
-        # and is present in the local daemon; otherwise build from the
-        # Dockerfile. (The gateway image is built by the orchestrator.)
-        committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
-        if committed and docker_mod.image_exists(committed):
-            info(f"using committed image {committed!r}")
-            plan = dataclasses.replace(
-                plan,
-                agent_provision=dataclasses.replace(plan.agent_provision, image=committed),
-            )
-        else:
-            docker_mod.build_image(
-                plan.image, _REPO_DIR,
-                dockerfile=plan.dockerfile_path,
-            )
-            docker_mod.verify_agent_image(
-                plan.image, runtime_for(plan.agent_provider_template).smoke_test,
-            )
-
         # Step 2: mint the git-gate dynamic (gitea) deploy keys, if any, before
         # provisioning the bottle's repos into the shared gateway.
         git_gate_plan = plan.git_gate_plan
@@ -172,6 +186,7 @@ def launch(
             agent_git_gate_url=git_gate_url,
             agent_supervise_url=supervise_url,
             identity_token=ctx.identity_token,
+            env_var_secret=ctx.env_var_secret,
         )
 
         # Step 5: render + up the agent-only compose, pinned on the shared
@@ -184,7 +199,12 @@ def launch(
         project = compose_project_name(plan.slug)
         # Forwarded vars (OAuth token, host interpolations) flow through the
         # subprocess env as bare names so values never land in the file.
+        # ENV_VAR_SECRET follows the same pattern: bare name in the compose
+        # spec, value only in the subprocess env so it is never written to disk.
         compose_env: dict[str, str] = {**os.environ, **plan.forwarded_env}
+        if plan.env_var_secret:
+            from ...orchestrator.secret_store import ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME
+            compose_env[ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME] = plan.env_var_secret
         info(
             f"docker compose up -d  (project {project}, agent on shared "
             f"gateway {ctx.gateway_ip}, ip {ctx.source_ip})"
@@ -211,3 +231,21 @@ def launch(
         yield bottle
     finally:
         teardown()
+
+
+def stale_checks(plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> None:
+    """Raise StaleImageError if a cached image is older than the configured
+    threshold. Only runs when image_policy is 'cached'. Called by the backend
+    class's _image_stale_checks before _launch_impl starts any resources."""
+    if plan.spec.image_policy != "cached":
+        return
+    committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
+    if committed and docker_mod.image_exists(committed):
+        ts = docker_mod.image_created_at(committed)
+        if ts is not None:
+            check_stale(f"agent image {committed!r}", ts)
+        return
+    if docker_mod.image_exists(plan.image):
+        ts = docker_mod.image_created_at(plan.image)
+        if ts is not None:
+            check_stale(f"agent image {plan.image!r}", ts)

bot_bottle/backend/docker/util.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ existence, and building images."""
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
@@ -197,3 +198,46 @@ def commit_container(container_name: str, image_tag: str) -> None:
             f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
         )
     info(f"committed {container_name!r} → {image_tag!r}")
+
+
+def image_created_at(ref: str) -> datetime | None:
+    """Return Docker's image Created timestamp as an aware UTC datetime, or
+    None when the field is absent or unparseable. Callers should skip the
+    stale check when None is returned."""
+    r = subprocess.run(
+        ["docker", "image", "inspect", "--format", "{{.Created}}", ref],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        check=False,
+    )
+    if r.returncode != 0:
+        die(
+            f"docker image inspect for {ref!r} failed: "
+            f"{(r.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+        )
+    raw = r.stdout.strip()
+    if not raw:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return _parse_docker_timestamp(raw)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _parse_docker_timestamp(raw: str) -> datetime:
+    text = raw.strip()
+    if text.endswith("Z"):
+        text = text[:-1] + "+00:00"
+    dot = text.find(".")
+    if dot != -1:
+        tz_plus = text.find("+", dot)
+        tz_minus = text.find("-", dot)
+        tz_candidates = [pos for pos in (tz_plus, tz_minus) if pos != -1]
+        if tz_candidates:
+            tz_pos = min(tz_candidates)
+            frac = text[dot + 1:tz_pos]
+            text = text[:dot + 1] + frac[:6].ljust(6, "0") + text[tz_pos:]
+    dt = datetime.fromisoformat(text)
+    if dt.tzinfo is None:
+        dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+    return dt.astimezone(timezone.utc)

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/backend.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from ...env import ResolvedEnv
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
 from ...manifest import Manifest
 from ...supervise import SupervisePlan
-from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleSpec
+from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleImages, BottleSpec
 from . import cleanup as _cleanup
 from . import enumerate as _enumerate
 from . import launch as _launch
@@ -92,11 +92,18 @@ class FirecrackerBottleBackend(
             stage_dir=stage_dir,
         )
 
+    def _build_or_load_images(self, plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+        return BottleImages(agent=_launch.build_or_load_agent_base(plan))
+
+    def prelaunch_checks(self, plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan) -> None:
+        _launch.stale_checks(plan)
+
     @contextmanager
-    def launch(
-        self, plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan
+    def _launch_impl(
+        self, plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan, images: BottleImages,
     ) -> Generator[FirecrackerBottle, None, None]:
-        with _launch.launch(plan, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
+        assert isinstance(images.agent, Path)
+        with _launch.launch(plan, images.agent, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
             yield bottle
 
     def prepare_cleanup(self) -> FirecrackerBottleCleanupPlan:

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/consolidated_launch.py

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ class LaunchContext:
     source_ip: str          # the VM's guest IP — the attribution key
     gateway_ca_pem: str     # the shared gateway CA the provisioner installs
     orchestrator_url: str
+    env_var_secret: str = ""  # encryption key injected into the agent's env
 
 
 def launch_consolidated(
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ def launch_consolidated(
         source_ip=guest_ip,
         gateway_ca_pem=infra.gateway_ca_pem(),
         orchestrator_url=url,
+        env_var_secret=reg.env_var_secret,
     )
 
 

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/freezer.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ backend — we stream the guest root filesystem out over the control
 channel (SSH here). Unlike the other backends this needs no Docker: the
 tar *is* the resumable artifact. `resume` extracts it and rebuilds a
 fresh per-bottle ext4 with `mke2fs -d` (see `util.build_committed_rootfs_dir`
-and `launch._build_agent_base`). The bottle keeps running after the
+and `launch.build_or_load_agent_base`). The bottle keeps running after the
 snapshot.
 """
 

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/image_builder.py

@@ -58,6 +58,12 @@ def _rootfs_digest(dockerfile: Path) -> str:
     return h.hexdigest()[:16]
 
 
+def cached_agent_rootfs_dir(dockerfile: Path) -> Path | None:
+    """Return the ready cached rootfs for ``dockerfile``, if one exists."""
+    base = util.cache_dir() / "rootfs" / f"agent-{_rootfs_digest(dockerfile)}"
+    return base if (base / ".bb-ready").is_file() else None
+
+
 def build_agent_rootfs_dir(
     dockerfile: Path, *, image_tag: str, smoke_test: tuple[str, ...] = (),
 ) -> Path:
@@ -72,7 +78,7 @@ def build_agent_rootfs_dir(
     silent-failure image at build time rather than at first agent use."""
     digest = _rootfs_digest(dockerfile)
     base = util.cache_dir() / "rootfs" / f"agent-{digest}"
-    if (base / ".bb-ready").is_file():
+    if cached_agent_rootfs_dir(dockerfile) is not None:
         info(f"using cached agent rootfs {base.name}")
         return base
 

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/launch.py

@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ from ...git_gate import (
     provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys,
     revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys,
 )
-from ...log import info, warn
+from ...image_cache import check_stale_path
+from ...log import die, info, warn
 from ...supervise import SUPERVISE_PORT
 from ..docker.egress import EGRESS_PORT
 from ..util import AGENT_CA_BUNDLE, AGENT_CA_PATH
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ _GIT_HTTP_PORT = 9420
 @contextmanager
 def launch(
     plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan,
+    agent_base: Path,
     *,
     provision: Callable[[FirecrackerBottlePlan, "FirecrackerBottle"], str | None],
 ) -> Generator[FirecrackerBottle, None, None]:
@@ -86,11 +88,9 @@ def launch(
             raise teardown_exc
 
     try:
-        # Step 1: agent rootfs. Built from the Dockerfile inside a Firecracker
-        # builder VM (buildah, no host docker); a committed snapshot is reused
-        # when present. Returns the base dir the per-bottle ext4 is made from.
-        plan, agent_base = _build_agent_base(plan)
-
+        # Step 1 (rootfs resolution/build) runs in BottleBackend.launch before
+        # this context starts resources. ``agent_base`` is the selected cache,
+        # fresh build, or committed snapshot.
         # Step 2: mint the git-gate dynamic (gitea) deploy keys, if any.
         git_gate_plan = plan.git_gate_plan
         if git_gate_plan.upstreams:
@@ -209,9 +209,7 @@ def launch(
         teardown()
 
 
-def _build_agent_base(
-    plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan,
-) -> tuple[FirecrackerBottlePlan, Path]:
+def build_or_load_agent_base(plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan) -> Path:
     """Produce the agent's base rootfs dir. Primary path: build the Dockerfile
     inside a Firecracker builder VM (buildah, no host docker), smoke-testing
     the image before export. A committed snapshot (freeze/migrate) is resumed
@@ -220,13 +218,36 @@ def _build_agent_base(
     committed_tar = committed_rootfs_path(plan.slug)
     if committed and committed_tar.is_file():
         info(f"resuming from committed rootfs {committed_tar}")
-        return plan, util.build_committed_rootfs_dir(committed_tar)
-    base = image_builder.build_agent_rootfs_dir(
-        Path(plan.dockerfile_path),
+        return util.build_committed_rootfs_dir(committed_tar)
+    dockerfile = Path(plan.dockerfile_path)
+    if plan.spec.image_policy == "cached":
+        cached = image_builder.cached_agent_rootfs_dir(dockerfile)
+        if cached is None:
+            die(
+                f"cached agent rootfs for {plan.image!r} not found; "
+                "run without --cached-images to build it"
+            )
+        info(f"using cached agent rootfs {cached.name}")
+        return cached
+    return image_builder.build_agent_rootfs_dir(
+        dockerfile,
         image_tag=plan.image,
         smoke_test=runtime_for(plan.agent_provider_template).smoke_test,
     )
-    return plan, base
+
+
+def stale_checks(plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan) -> None:
+    """Raise when the cached rootfs selected by this plan is stale."""
+    if plan.spec.image_policy != "cached":
+        return
+    committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
+    committed_tar = committed_rootfs_path(plan.slug)
+    if committed and committed_tar.is_file():
+        check_stale_path(f"agent rootfs {committed_tar}", committed_tar)
+        return
+    cached = image_builder.cached_agent_rootfs_dir(Path(plan.dockerfile_path))
+    if cached is not None:
+        check_stale_path(f"agent rootfs {cached}", cached / ".bb-ready")
 
 
 # --- agent guest env -------------------------------------------------
@@ -242,6 +263,11 @@ def _agent_guest_env(plan: FirecrackerBottlePlan, host_ip: str) -> dict[str, str
         "HTTPS_PROXY": proxy_url, "HTTP_PROXY": proxy_url,
         "https_proxy": proxy_url, "http_proxy": proxy_url,
         "NO_PROXY": no_proxy, "no_proxy": no_proxy,
+        # Rootfs export can leave Git's implicit XDG paths unreadable even
+        # after the runtime repair. Bypass that discovery and name the
+        # provisioned global config explicitly so insteadOf can never fall
+        # through to the credential-bearing upstream URL.
+        "GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL": f"{plan.guest_home}/.gitconfig",
         "NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS": AGENT_CA_PATH,
         "SSL_CERT_FILE": AGENT_CA_BUNDLE,
         "REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE": AGENT_CA_BUNDLE,

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/publish_infra.py

@@ -131,6 +131,29 @@ def build_artifact(out_dir: Path) -> tuple[str, Path, Path]:
     return version, gz, sha
 
 
+def _try_download_published(out_dir: Path) -> tuple[str, Path, Path] | None:
+    """If this version's artifact is already in the registry, download the gz
+    and sha to out_dir and return (version, gz_path, sha_path). Returns None
+    when not yet published."""
+    version = infra_artifact.infra_artifact_version(infra_vm._infra_init())
+    sha_url = infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, "rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256")
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(infra_artifact._open(sha_url)):
+            pass
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+        if e.code == 404:
+            return None
+        raise SystemExit(f"registry check failed (HTTP {e.code}): {sha_url}")
+    except urllib.error.URLError as e:
+        raise SystemExit(f"registry unreachable: {sha_url} ({e.reason})")
+    print(f"infra rootfs {version} already published — downloading instead of building")
+    gz = out_dir / "rootfs.ext4.gz"
+    sha = out_dir / "rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256"
+    infra_artifact._download(infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, "rootfs.ext4.gz"), gz)
+    infra_artifact._download(infra_artifact.artifact_url(version, "rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256"), sha)
+    return version, gz, sha
+
+
 def _publish_bundle(root: Path, token: str) -> str:
     version_file = root / "version.txt"
     # Guard the read so a missing version.txt is a clean error, not a raw
@@ -187,6 +210,8 @@ def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
                       help="build a candidate bundle in DIR without publishing")
     mode.add_argument("--publish-dir", type=Path,
                       help="publish an already-built and tested candidate bundle")
+    parser.add_argument("--reuse-published", action="store_true",
+                        help="with --output: download from registry if already published instead of building")
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
 
     _, _, token = infra_artifact._config()
@@ -197,6 +222,14 @@ def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
 
     if args.output is not None:
         args.output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        reused = None
+        if args.reuse_published:
+            reused = _try_download_published(args.output)
+        if reused is not None:
+            version, _, _ = reused
+            (args.output / "version.txt").write_text(version + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+            print(f"reused published infra rootfs candidate {version}")
+            return 0
         version, _gz, _sha = build_artifact(args.output)
         (args.output / "version.txt").write_text(version + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
         print(f"built infra rootfs candidate {version}")

bot_bottle/backend/firecracker/util.py

@@ -373,6 +373,12 @@ mount -o remount,rw / 2>/dev/null
 # scratch dirs there — git worktrees, build temp, `git init /tmp/...`, etc.
 mkdir -p /tmp && chmod 1777 /tmp
 
+# Rootfs export also maps the image's original owners to the unprivileged
+# host build uid. That uid is not guaranteed to be node's uid in the guest;
+# restore the home-directory boundary before any SSH provisioning runs.
+chown node:node /home/node 2>/dev/null || true
+chmod 755 /home/node 2>/dev/null || true
+
 # Install the per-bottle SSH pubkey from the kernel cmdline.
 KEY=$(sed -n 's/.*bb_pubkey=\([^ ]*\).*/\1/p' /proc/cmdline | base64 -d 2>/dev/null)
 if [ -n "$KEY" ]; then

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/backend.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from ...env import ResolvedEnv
 from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
 from ...supervise import SupervisePlan
 from ...manifest import Manifest
-from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleSpec
+from .. import ActiveAgent, BottleBackend, BottleImages, BottleSpec
 from . import cleanup as _cleanup
 from . import enumerate as _enumerate
 from . import launch as _launch
@@ -82,11 +82,17 @@ class MacosContainerBottleBackend(
             stage_dir=stage_dir,
         )
 
+    def prelaunch_checks(self, plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> None:
+        _launch.stale_checks(plan)
+
+    def _build_or_load_images(self, plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+        return _launch.build_or_load_images(plan)
+
     @contextmanager
-    def launch(
-        self, plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan
+    def _launch_impl(
+        self, plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan, images: BottleImages
     ) -> Generator[MacosContainerBottle, None, None]:
-        with _launch.launch(plan, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
+        with _launch.launch(plan, images, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
             yield bottle
 
     def ensure_orchestrator(self) -> str:

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/consolidated_launch.py

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ class LaunchContext:
     gateway_ip: str
     network: str
     orchestrator_url: str
+    env_var_secret: str = ""  # encryption key injected into the agent's env
 
 
 def ensure_gateway(
@@ -152,6 +153,7 @@ def register_agent(
         gateway_ip=endpoint.gateway_ip,
         network=endpoint.network,
         orchestrator_url=endpoint.orchestrator_url,
+        env_var_secret=reg.env_var_secret,
     )
 
 

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/infra.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from ... import log
-from ...orchestrator.gateway import GATEWAY_CA_CERT
+from ...orchestrator.gateway import GATEWAY_CA_CERT, MITMPROXY_HOME
 from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import (
     DEFAULT_PORT,
     DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ from ...paths import (
     CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV,
     HOST_DB_FILENAME,
     host_control_plane_token,
+    host_gateway_ca_dir,
 )
 from .. import util as backend_util
 from . import util as container_mod
@@ -218,6 +219,14 @@ class MacosInfraService:
             # Container-only DB volume: one kernel writes bot-bottle.db, never
             # shared with the host or another guest.
             "--volume", f"{self._db_volume}:{_DB_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            # The DB needs a container-only ext4 volume for coherent SQLite
+            # locking, but the CA has no such constraint. Keep it in the host
+            # app-data root so infra-container recreation and Apple Container
+            # volume pruning cannot silently rotate every bottle's trust
+            # anchor (issue #450).
+            "--mount",
+            container_mod.bind_mount_spec(
+                str(host_gateway_ca_dir()), MITMPROXY_HOME),
             # Bind-mount the control-plane source (read-only); a code change
             # takes effect on relaunch with no image rebuild.
             "--mount",
@@ -261,9 +270,9 @@ class MacosInfraService:
 
     def ca_cert_pem(self, *, timeout: float = DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) -> str:
         """The gateway's mitmproxy CA (PEM) agents install to trust its TLS
-        interception. Read out of the container (the CA lives on a
-        container-internal path, not a host mount); polls because mitmproxy
-        writes it a beat after start."""
+        interception. Read through the container path backed by the persistent
+        host CA directory; polls because mitmproxy writes it a beat after
+        start."""
         def _fetch() -> str | None:
             result = container_mod.run_container_argv(
                 ["container", "exec", self._name, "cat", GATEWAY_CA_CERT])

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/launch.py

@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ from ...git_gate import (
     revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys,
 )
 from ...git_http_backend import DEFAULT_PORT as _GIT_HTTP_PORT
+from ...image_cache import check_stale
 from ...log import die, info, warn
+from .. import BottleImages
 from ...supervise import SUPERVISE_PORT
 from ..docker.egress import EGRESS_PORT
 from ..util import AGENT_CA_BUNDLE, AGENT_CA_PATH
@@ -77,18 +79,43 @@ _REPO_DIR = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent.parent)
 _AGENT_SLEEP_SECONDS = "2147483647"
 
 
+def build_or_load_images(plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> BottleImages:
+    """Resolve the agent image ref for this plan. The gateway's own image is
+    built by `ensure_gateway` — it belongs to the shared singleton."""
+    committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
+    if committed and container_mod.image_exists(committed):
+        info(f"using committed image {committed!r}")
+        return BottleImages(agent=committed)
+    if plan.spec.image_policy == "cached":
+        if not container_mod.image_exists(plan.image):
+            die(
+                f"cached agent image {plan.image!r} not found; "
+                "run without --cached-images to build it"
+            )
+        info(f"using cached agent image {plan.image!r}")
+        return BottleImages(agent=plan.image)
+    container_mod.build_image(plan.image, _REPO_DIR, dockerfile=plan.dockerfile_path)
+    return BottleImages(agent=plan.image)
+
+
 @contextmanager
 def launch(
     plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan,
+    images: BottleImages,
     *,
     provision: Callable[[MacosContainerBottlePlan, "MacosContainerBottle"], str | None],
 ) -> Generator[MacosContainerBottle, None, None]:
-    """Build, run, register, provision, and yield an Apple Container bottle on
-    the shared per-host gateway."""
+    """Run, register, provision, and yield an Apple Container bottle on the
+    shared per-host gateway."""
     stack = ExitStack()
     bottle_for_revoke = plan.manifest.bottle
     git_gate_dir_for_revoke = git_gate_state_dir(plan.slug)
 
+    plan = dataclasses.replace(
+        plan,
+        agent_provision=dataclasses.replace(plan.agent_provision, image=str(images.agent)),
+    )
+
     def teardown() -> None:
         teardown_exc: BaseException | None = None
         try:
@@ -101,8 +128,6 @@ def launch(
             raise teardown_exc
 
     try:
-        plan = _build_images(plan)
-
         # Step 1: the per-host singletons. Must precede the agent run — its
         # proxy env needs the gateway's address at `container run` time.
         endpoint = ensure_gateway()
@@ -193,22 +218,23 @@ def launch(
         teardown()
 
 
-def _build_images(plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> MacosContainerBottlePlan:
-    """Build the agent image. The gateway's own image is built by
-    `ensure_gateway` — it belongs to the shared singleton, not to a bottle."""
+
+def stale_checks(plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> None:
+    """Raise StaleImageError if a cached image is older than the configured
+    threshold. Only runs when image_policy is 'cached'. Called by the backend
+    class's _image_stale_checks before _launch_impl starts any resources."""
+    if plan.spec.image_policy != "cached":
+        return
     committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
     if committed and container_mod.image_exists(committed):
-        info(f"using committed image {committed!r}")
-        return dataclasses.replace(
-            plan,
-            agent_provision=dataclasses.replace(
-                plan.agent_provision, image=committed,
-            ),
-        )
-    container_mod.build_image(
-        plan.image, _REPO_DIR, dockerfile=plan.dockerfile_path,
-    )
-    return plan
+        ts = container_mod.image_created_at(committed)
+        if ts is not None:
+            check_stale(f"agent image {committed!r}", ts)
+        return
+    if container_mod.image_exists(plan.image):
+        ts = container_mod.image_created_at(plan.image)
+        if ts is not None:
+            check_stale(f"agent image {plan.image!r}", ts)
 
 
 def _provision_git_gate_keys(

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/util.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
 import time
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from typing import Iterable
 
 from ...log import die, info
@@ -661,6 +662,39 @@ def image_id(ref: str) -> str:
     raise AssertionError("unreachable")
 
 
+def image_created_at(ref: str) -> datetime | None:
+    """Return the image creation timestamp as an aware UTC datetime, or None
+    when the field is absent or unparseable (e.g. FROM-scratch images, images
+    pulled from registries that omit the field). Callers should skip the stale
+    check when None is returned rather than treating it as an error."""
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        [_CONTAINER, "image", "inspect", ref],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        check=False,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        die(
+            f"container image inspect for {ref!r} failed: "
+            f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+        )
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(result.stdout or "{}")
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as exc:
+        die(f"container image inspect for {ref!r} returned malformed JSON: {exc}")
+    if isinstance(data, list) and data:
+        data = data[0]
+    if isinstance(data, dict):
+        value = data.get("created") or data.get("Created")
+        if isinstance(value, str) and value:
+            try:
+                ts = value.rstrip("Z")
+                return datetime.fromisoformat(ts).replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+    return None
+
+
 def save(ref: str, output: str) -> None:
     subprocess.run([_CONTAINER, "image", "save", ref, "-o", output], check=True)
 

bot_bottle/cli/__init__.py

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ from .commit import cmd_commit
 from .edit import cmd_edit
 from .info import cmd_info
 from .init import cmd_init
+from .login import cmd_login
 from .resume import cmd_resume
 from .start import cmd_start
 from .supervise import cmd_supervise
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ COMMANDS = {
     "info": cmd_info,
     "init": cmd_init,
     "list": cmd_list,
+    "login": cmd_login,
     "resume": cmd_resume,
     "start": cmd_start,
     "supervise": cmd_supervise,
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ COMMANDS = {
 # the host (TAP pool, /dev/kvm, firecracker) and never opens the store, so
 # gating it on the schema breaks preflight on a fresh CI runner where stdin
 # isn't a TTY and the migration prompt can't be answered.
-NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS = frozenset({"backend"})
+NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS = frozenset({"backend", "login"})
 
 
 def usage() -> None:
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ def usage() -> None:
     sys.stderr.write("  info      print env, skills, and prompt details for a named agent\n")
     sys.stderr.write("  init      interactively create a new agent and add it to bot-bottle.json\n")
     sys.stderr.write("  list      list available agents or active containers\n")
+    sys.stderr.write("  login     register this host with a bot-bottle console\n")
     sys.stderr.write(
         "  resume    re-launch a bottle by its identity "
         "(continues state from PRD 0016)\n"
@@ -111,7 +114,3 @@ def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
         return e.code if isinstance(e.code, int) else 1
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         return 130
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    sys.exit(main())

bot_bottle/cli/__main__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""Entry point for `python -m bot_bottle.cli`.
+
+`cli.py` at the repo root is the usual way in; this makes the package
+runnable too, so the CLI works from an installed copy where there is no
+`cli.py` on disk to point at.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+from . import main
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())

bot_bottle/cli/login.py

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+"""bb login — register this host with a bot-bottle console.
+
+Opens a device-authorization flow against the target console, waits for the
+operator to approve, then writes access and refresh tokens to
+~/.bot-bottle/console.json (or $BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT/console.json).
+
+Usage:
+  bb login [--console-url URL] [--label LABEL]
+
+Flags:
+  --console-url URL   Target console URL (overrides BB_CONSOLE_URL env var)
+  --label LABEL       Host label shown in the console (default: hostname)
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import time
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from ..paths import bot_bottle_root
+
+_CONSOLE_URL_ENV = "BB_CONSOLE_URL"
+_POLL_SLEEP = 2  # seconds between polls; matches console's poll_interval default
+
+
+def _usage() -> None:
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        "usage: bb login [--console-url URL] [--label LABEL]\n"
+        "\n"
+        "Options:\n"
+        "  --console-url URL  Console base URL (or BB_CONSOLE_URL env var)\n"
+        "  --label LABEL      Host label shown in the console (default: hostname)\n"
+    )
+
+
+def _flag(argv: list[str], name: str) -> str | None:
+    for i, arg in enumerate(argv):
+        if arg == name and i + 1 < len(argv):
+            return argv[i + 1]
+        if arg.startswith(f"{name}="):
+            return arg[len(name) + 1:]
+    return None
+
+
+def _post(url: str, payload: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    data = json.dumps(payload).encode()
+    req = urllib.request.Request(
+        url, data=data, headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+    )
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10) as resp:
+        return json.loads(resp.read())
+
+
+def _get(url: str) -> tuple[int, dict[str, Any]]:
+    req = urllib.request.Request(url)
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10) as resp:
+            return resp.status, json.loads(resp.read())
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+        return e.code, {}
+
+
+def _save_credentials(
+    console_url: str, host_id: str, access_token: str, refresh_token: str
+) -> Path:
+    path = bot_bottle_root() / "console.json"
+    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    content = (
+        json.dumps(
+            {
+                "url": console_url,
+                "host_id": host_id,
+                "access_token": access_token,
+                "refresh_token": refresh_token,
+            },
+            indent=2,
+        )
+        + "\n"
+    )
+    fd, tmp_path_str = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=path.parent, prefix=".console-")
+    tmp = Path(tmp_path_str)
+    try:
+        tmp.chmod(0o600)
+        with os.fdopen(fd, "w") as f:
+            f.write(content)
+        os.replace(tmp, path)
+    except OSError:
+        try:
+            tmp.unlink()
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        raise
+    return path
+
+
+def cmd_login(argv: list[str]) -> int:
+    if "--help" in argv or "-h" in argv:
+        _usage()
+        return 0
+
+    console_url = _flag(argv, "--console-url") or os.environ.get(_CONSOLE_URL_ENV)
+    if not console_url:
+        sys.stderr.write(
+            "bb login: --console-url or BB_CONSOLE_URL is required\n"
+        )
+        return 1
+    console_url = console_url.rstrip("/")
+
+    label = _flag(argv, "--label") or socket.gethostname()
+
+    try:
+        resp = _post(f"{console_url}/api/v1/hosts/authorize", {"label": label})
+    except (OSError, ValueError) as exc:
+        sys.stderr.write(f"bb login: failed to start authorization: {exc}\n")
+        return 1
+
+    device_code = resp["device_code"]
+    user_code = resp["user_code"]
+    expires_in = resp.get("expires_in", 300)
+    poll_sleep = max(1, min(int(resp.get("poll_interval", _POLL_SLEEP)), 60))
+
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        f"\nOpen this URL in your browser to authorize this host:\n\n"
+        f"  {console_url}/hosts/authorize?code={user_code}\n\n"
+        f"Waiting for approval"
+    )
+
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + expires_in
+    while time.monotonic() < deadline:
+        sys.stderr.write(".")
+        sys.stderr.flush()
+        time.sleep(poll_sleep)
+
+        try:
+            code, result = _get(
+                f"{console_url}/api/v1/hosts/authorize/{device_code}"
+            )
+        except (OSError, ValueError):
+            continue
+
+        if code == 410:
+            break
+
+        st = result.get("status")
+        if st == "approved":
+            sys.stderr.write("\n\nApproved.\n")
+            path = _save_credentials(
+                console_url,
+                result["host_id"],
+                result["access_token"],
+                result["refresh_token"],
+            )
+            sys.stderr.write(f"Credentials saved to {path}\n")
+            return 0
+        if st == "denied":
+            sys.stderr.write("\n\nDenied by operator.\n")
+            return 1
+
+    sys.stderr.write("\n\nAuthorization timed out.\n")
+    return 1

bot_bottle/cli/start.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from ..bottle_state import (
     is_preserved,
     mark_preserved,
 )
+from ..image_cache import StaleImageError
 from ..log import info, die
 from ..manifest import Manifest, ManifestIndex
 from ._common import PROG, USER_CWD, read_tty_line
@@ -64,6 +65,14 @@ def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
             "skip all prompts. For orchestrators, CI, and webhooks."
         ),
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--cached-images",
+        action="store_true",
+        help=(
+            "quickstart with existing local agent and sidecar images; "
+            "only valid with --headless"
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--bottle",
         action="append",
@@ -96,6 +105,8 @@ def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
         help="agent name defined in bot-bottle.json (omit to pick interactively)",
     )
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    if args.cached_images and not args.headless:
+        die("--cached-images is only supported with --headless")
 
     dry_run = args.dry_run or os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_DRY_RUN") == "1"
     if args.no_cache or os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_NO_CACHE") == "1":
@@ -147,6 +158,10 @@ def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
     label, color = tui.name_color_modal(default_label=agent_name)
     label, color = _resolve_unique_label(label, color)
 
+    image_policy = _select_image_policy()
+    if image_policy is None:
+        return 0
+
     spec = BottleSpec(
         manifest=manifest,
         agent_name=agent_name,
@@ -155,6 +170,7 @@ def cmd_start(argv: list[str]) -> int:
         label=label,
         color=color,
         bottle_names=bottle_names,
+        image_policy=image_policy,
     )
     return _launch_bottle(
         spec,
@@ -213,6 +229,7 @@ def _start_headless(
         color=args.color or "",
         bottle_names=bottle_names,
         headless=True,
+        image_policy="cached" if args.cached_images else "fresh",
     )
     return _launch_bottle(
         spec,
@@ -395,6 +412,13 @@ def _text_prompt_yes() -> bool:
     return reply in ("y", "Y", "yes", "YES")
 
 
+def _select_image_policy() -> str | None:
+    return tui.filter_select(
+        ["fresh", "cached"],
+        title="Select image startup mode",
+    )
+
+
 def _text_render_preflight():
     def _render(plan: DockerBottlePlan, backend_name: str) -> None:
         print(file=sys.stderr)
@@ -537,6 +561,15 @@ def _launch_bottle(
             return 0
 
         backend = get_bottle_backend(backend_name)
+        try:
+            backend.prelaunch_checks(plan)
+        except StaleImageError as exc:
+            if assume_yes:
+                die(str(exc))
+            sys.stderr.write(f"bot-bottle: {exc}\nLaunch anyway? [y/N] ")
+            sys.stderr.flush()
+            if read_tty_line() not in ("y", "Y", "yes", "YES"):
+                return 0
         with backend.launch(plan) as bottle:
             agent_provider_template = getattr(plan, "agent_provider_template", "claude")
             extra_args: tuple[str, ...] = ()
@@ -555,10 +588,6 @@ def _launch_bottle(
                 f"session ended (exit {exit_code}); "
                 f"container {bottle.name} will be removed"
             )
-            # While the container is still alive: always snapshot the
-            # transcript and — if the agent exited non-zero — mark
-            # the state for preservation. This picks up crashes /
-            # Ctrl-Cs / OOM kills before cleanup removes the state dir.
             if agent_provider_template == "claude":
                 capture_claude_session_state(identity, exit_code)
         return 0

bot_bottle/config_store.py

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+"""SQLite-backed bot-bottle configuration store."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+try:
+    from .db_store import DbStore
+    from .migrations import TableMigrations
+    from .paths import host_db_path
+except ImportError:
+    from db_store import DbStore  # type: ignore[import-not-found]  # pylint: disable=import-error,no-name-in-module
+    from migrations import TableMigrations  # type: ignore[import-not-found]  # pylint: disable=import-error,no-name-in-module
+    from paths import host_db_path  # type: ignore[import-not-found]  # pylint: disable=import-error,no-name-in-module
+
+
+DEFAULT_CACHED_IMAGE_STALE_WARNING_DAYS = 1
+
+
+class ConfigStore(DbStore):
+    """SQLite configuration for host-side bot-bottle settings."""
+
+    def __init__(self, db_path: Path | None = None) -> None:
+        migrations = TableMigrations("config_store", [
+            # v1 — host-side bot-bottle settings
+            """
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bot_bottle_config (
+                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY CHECK (id = 1),
+                cached_image_stale_warning_days INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1
+            )
+            """,
+        ])
+        super().__init__(db_path or host_db_path(), migrations)
+
+    def cached_image_stale_warning_days(self) -> int:
+        if not self.db_path.is_file():
+            return DEFAULT_CACHED_IMAGE_STALE_WARNING_DAYS
+        with self._connect() as conn:
+            row = conn.execute(
+                """
+                SELECT cached_image_stale_warning_days
+                FROM bot_bottle_config
+                WHERE id = 1
+                """,
+            ).fetchone()
+        if row is None:
+            return DEFAULT_CACHED_IMAGE_STALE_WARNING_DAYS
+        try:
+            return int(row["cached_image_stale_warning_days"])
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            return DEFAULT_CACHED_IMAGE_STALE_WARNING_DAYS
+
+    def set_cached_image_stale_warning_days(self, days: int) -> Path:
+        with self._connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                """
+                INSERT INTO bot_bottle_config (id, cached_image_stale_warning_days)
+                VALUES (1, ?)
+                ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET
+                    cached_image_stale_warning_days = excluded.cached_image_stale_warning_days
+                """,
+                (days,),
+            )
+        self._chmod()
+        return self.db_path
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DEFAULT_CACHED_IMAGE_STALE_WARNING_DAYS",
+    "ConfigStore",
+]

bot_bottle/contrib/claude/Dockerfile

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 # Current Node LTS; slim variant keeps the image small while still
 # providing apt-get for any future additions.
-FROM node:22-slim
+FROM node:22-trixie-slim
 
 # Install runtime system deps. claude-code shells out to git for several
 # features (status checks, commits, PR creation) — without git in the
@@ -21,7 +21,15 @@ FROM node:22-slim
 # to it) works against egress's bumped TLS without the agent needing
 # local DNS.
 RUN apt-get update \
-  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends git ca-certificates curl ripgrep iproute2 dnsutils \
+  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+  git \
+  ca-certificates \
+  curl \
+  openssh-client \
+  podman \
+  ripgrep \
+  iproute2 \
+  dnsutils \
   && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
 # App-specific deps. Python isn't required by claude-code itself
@@ -39,6 +47,11 @@ RUN apt-get update \
 RUN npm install -g --no-fund --no-audit @anthropic-ai/claude-code@2.1.172 \
   && npm cache clean --force
 
+# Git reads both ~/.gitconfig and ~/.config/git/config. Keep its XDG config
+# path traversable by the non-root runtime user so permission errors do not
+# suppress bot-bottle's git-gate insteadOf rules.
+RUN install -d -o node -g node -m 755 /home/node/.config /home/node/.config/git
+
 # Run as a non-root user. The node image already provides a `node` user
 # (uid 1000) with a home directory, which is where claude-code will write
 # its session state.

bot_bottle/contrib/claude/agent_provider.py

@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ from ...agent_provider import (
     provider_startup_args,
 )
 from ...backend.docker import util as docker_mod
-from ...egress import EgressRoute
+from ...egress import CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF, EgressRoute
 from ...log import die, info, warn
+from .claude_auth import claude_host_access_token
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -118,7 +119,6 @@ class ClaudeAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
         color: str = "",
         provider_settings: dict[str, object] | None = None,
     ) -> AgentProvisionPlan:
-        del forward_host_credentials, host_env
         resolved_guest_env = dict(guest_env or {})
         startup_args = provider_startup_args(provider_settings)
         guest_home = self.guest_home
@@ -180,13 +180,24 @@ class ClaudeAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
                 claude_settings,
                 f"{guest_home}/.claude/settings.json",
             ))
+        provisioned_env: dict[str, str] = {}
+        if forward_host_credentials:
+            _host_env = host_env or dict(os.environ)
+            provisioned_env[CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF] = (
+                claude_host_access_token(_host_env)
+            )
+
+        cred_token_ref = (
+            CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF if forward_host_credentials
+            else auth_token
+        )
         egress_routes = (EgressRoute(
             host="api.anthropic.com",
-            auth_scheme="Bearer" if auth_token else "",
-            token_ref=auth_token,
+            auth_scheme="Bearer" if (auth_token or forward_host_credentials) else "",
+            token_ref=cred_token_ref,
         ),)
         hidden_env_names: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
-        if auth_token:
+        if auth_token or forward_host_credentials:
             env_vars["CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN"] = "egress-placeholder"
             hidden_env_names = frozenset({"CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN"})
 
@@ -208,6 +219,7 @@ class ClaudeAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
             files=tuple(files),
             egress_routes=egress_routes,
             hidden_env_names=hidden_env_names,
+            provisioned_env=provisioned_env,
         )
 
     def provision_skills(self, plan: "BottlePlan", bottle: "Bottle") -> None:

bot_bottle/contrib/claude/claude_auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+"""Host Claude auth helpers.
+
+Reads the host's Claude Code credentials and returns only the access
+token needed by egress. Does not expose refresh tokens or raw payloads.
+
+Credential storage by platform:
+  Linux  — ~/.claude/.credentials.json
+  macOS  — macOS Keychain, service "Claude Code-credentials"
+            (file path is tried first; Keychain is the fallback)
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ...log import die
+
+
+_KEYCHAIN_SERVICE = "Claude Code-credentials"
+
+
+def claude_auth_path(host_env: dict[str, str] | None = None) -> Path:
+    env = os.environ if host_env is None else host_env
+    home = env.get("HOME")
+    if home:
+        return Path(home) / ".claude" / ".credentials.json"
+    return Path.home() / ".claude" / ".credentials.json"
+
+
+def _read_keychain() -> dict[str, object] | None:
+    """Try the macOS Keychain. Returns parsed JSON dict or None."""
+    if sys.platform != "darwin":
+        return None
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            ["security", "find-generic-password", "-s", _KEYCHAIN_SERVICE, "-w"],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+            timeout=10,
+        )
+    except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
+        return None
+    if result.returncode != 0 or not result.stdout.strip():
+        return None
+    try:
+        raw = json.loads(result.stdout.strip())
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        return None
+    return raw if isinstance(raw, dict) else None
+
+
+def claude_host_access_token(
+    host_env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    *,
+    now: datetime | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    path = claude_auth_path(host_env)
+    raw: dict[str, object] | None = None
+
+    if path.is_file():
+        try:
+            raw = json.loads(path.read_text())
+        except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError) as e:
+            die(f"claude host credentials: could not read valid JSON at {path}: {e}")
+        if not isinstance(raw, dict):
+            die(f"claude host credentials: {path} must contain a JSON object")
+    else:
+        raw = _read_keychain()
+        if raw is None:
+            die(
+                f"claude host credentials: auth file missing at {path} and "
+                f"macOS Keychain lookup for '{_KEYCHAIN_SERVICE}' failed. "
+                "Run `claude login` on the host or disable "
+                "agent_provider.forward_host_credentials."
+            )
+
+    oauth = raw.get("claudeAiOauth")
+    if not isinstance(oauth, dict):
+        die(
+            "claude host credentials: claudeAiOauth is missing from credentials. "
+            "Run `claude login` on the host or disable "
+            "agent_provider.forward_host_credentials."
+        )
+
+    access_token = oauth.get("accessToken")
+    if not isinstance(access_token, str) or not access_token:
+        die(
+            "claude host credentials: claudeAiOauth.accessToken is missing or empty. "
+            "Run `claude login` on the host and restart the bottle."
+        )
+
+    # expiresAt is in milliseconds
+    expires_at = oauth.get("expiresAt")
+    if isinstance(expires_at, (int, float)):
+        check_now = now or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        exp_dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(float(expires_at) / 1000.0, timezone.utc)
+        if exp_dt <= check_now:
+            die(
+                "claude host credentials: host Claude access token is expired. "
+                "Run `claude login` on the host and restart the bottle."
+            )
+
+    return access_token
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "claude_auth_path",
+    "claude_host_access_token",
+]

bot_bottle/contrib/codex/Dockerfile

@@ -3,10 +3,17 @@
 # Mirrors the default Claude image shape: Node LTS, git/network tooling,
 # non-root node user, and the provider CLI installed for that user.
 
-FROM node:22-slim
+FROM node:22-trixie-slim
 
 RUN apt-get update \
-  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends git ca-certificates curl procps ripgrep \
+  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+  git \
+  ca-certificates \
+  curl \
+  openssh-client \
+  podman \
+  procps \
+  ripgrep \
   && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
 # App-specific deps. Python isn't required by codex itself
@@ -17,6 +24,8 @@ RUN apt-get update \
   && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends python3 python3-pip python3-venv \
   && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
+RUN install -d -o node -g node -m 755 /home/node/.config /home/node/.config/git
+
 USER node
 WORKDIR /home/node
 

bot_bottle/contrib/pi/Dockerfile

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #
 # Node LTS, git/network tooling, and the Pi coding-agent CLI installed globally.
 
-FROM node:22-slim
+FROM node:22-trixie-slim
 
 RUN apt-get update \
   && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ RUN apt-get update \
   ca-certificates \
   curl \
   fd-find \
+  openssh-client \
+  podman \
   ripgrep \
   && ln -s /usr/bin/fdfind /usr/local/bin/fd \
   && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
@@ -21,7 +23,8 @@ RUN apt-get update \
 RUN npm install -g --ignore-scripts --no-fund --no-audit @earendil-works/pi-coding-agent \
   && npm cache clean --force
 
-RUN mkdir -p /home/node/.pi/agent \
+RUN install -d -o node -g node -m 755 /home/node/.config /home/node/.config/git \
+  && mkdir -p /home/node/.pi/agent \
   /home/node/.pi/context-mode/sessions \
   /tmp/pi-subagents-uid-1000 \
   && chown -R node:node /home/node/.pi /tmp \

bot_bottle/egress.py

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .manifest import ManifestBottle
 
 CODEX_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF = "BOT_BOTTLE_CODEX_HOST_ACCESS_TOKEN"
+CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF = "BOT_BOTTLE_CLAUDE_HOST_ACCESS_TOKEN"
 
 EGRESS_HOSTNAME = "egress"
 
@@ -145,6 +146,7 @@ def egress_manifest_routes(
             outbound_detectors=r.OutboundDetectors,
             inbound_detectors=r.InboundDetectors,
             outbound_on_match=r.OutboundOnMatch,
+            preserve_auth=r.PreserveAuth,
         ))
     return tuple(out)
 
@@ -400,6 +402,7 @@ class Egress(ABC):
         )
 
 __all__ = [
+    "CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF",
     "CODEX_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF",
     "EGRESS_HOSTNAME",
     "EGRESS_ROUTES_FILENAME",

bot_bottle/egress_addon.py

@@ -367,7 +367,10 @@ class EgressAddon:
 
         # Strip agent-set Authorization after DLP scan so smuggled tokens
         # are caught above; the route may inject gateway-owned auth below.
-        flow.request.headers.pop("authorization", None)
+        # Routes with preserve_auth=True pass the header through as-is so the
+        # agent's own credentials (e.g. registry bearer tokens) reach the upstream.
+        if route is None or not route.preserve_auth:
+            flow.request.headers.pop("authorization", None)
 
         # Build headers mapping for match evaluation
         req_headers = {k.lower(): v for k, v in flow.request.headers.items()}

bot_bottle/egress_addon_core.py

@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ class Route:
     inbound_detectors: tuple[str, ...] | None = None
     # "" means unset → DEFAULT_OUTBOUND_ON_MATCH. See OUTBOUND_ON_MATCH_VALUES.
     outbound_on_match: str = ""
+    preserve_auth: bool = False
 
 
 LOG_OFF = 0    # no logging
@@ -308,11 +309,18 @@ def _parse_one(idx: int, raw: object) -> Route:
         idx, host, raw_dict,
     )
 
+    preserve_auth_raw = raw_dict.get("preserve_auth", False)
+    if preserve_auth_raw is not True and preserve_auth_raw is not False:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{label} ({host}): 'preserve_auth' must be a boolean"
+        )
+    preserve_auth: bool = preserve_auth_raw
+
     for k in raw_dict:
-        if k not in ("host", "matches", "auth_scheme", "token_env", "dlp", "git"):
+        if k not in ("host", "matches", "auth_scheme", "token_env", "dlp", "git", "preserve_auth"):
             raise ValueError(
                 f"{label} ({host}): unknown key {k!r}; accepted keys "
-                f"are 'host', 'matches', 'auth_scheme', 'token_env', 'dlp', 'git'"
+                f"are 'host', 'matches', 'auth_scheme', 'token_env', 'dlp', 'git', 'preserve_auth'"
             )
 
     return Route(
@@ -324,6 +332,7 @@ def _parse_one(idx: int, raw: object) -> Route:
         outbound_detectors=outbound_detectors,
         inbound_detectors=inbound_detectors,
         outbound_on_match=outbound_on_match,
+        preserve_auth=preserve_auth,
     )
 
 
@@ -376,6 +385,8 @@ def route_to_yaml_dict(r: Route) -> dict[str, object]:
         dlp["outbound_on_match"] = r.outbound_on_match
     if dlp:
         d["dlp"] = dlp
+    if r.preserve_auth:
+        d["preserve_auth"] = True
     return d
 
 

bot_bottle/image_cache.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"""Shared helpers for cached-image quickstart stale checks."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
+
+try:
+    from .config_store import ConfigStore
+except ImportError:
+    from config_store import ConfigStore  # type: ignore[import-not-found]  # pylint: disable=import-error,no-name-in-module
+
+
+class StaleImageError(Exception):
+    """Raised when a cached image or artifact exceeds the configured staleness
+    threshold. Callers can catch this to prompt interactively; headless paths
+    let it propagate as a fatal error."""
+
+
+def check_stale(label: str, created_at: datetime) -> None:
+    """Raise StaleImageError if `created_at` is older than the configured
+    stale-warning threshold. Negative threshold disables the check."""
+    threshold_days = ConfigStore().cached_image_stale_warning_days()
+    if threshold_days < 0:
+        return
+    now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+    created = created_at.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+    age = now - created
+    if age.total_seconds() <= threshold_days * 86400:
+        return
+    raise StaleImageError(
+        f"cached {label} is {age.days} day(s) old; "
+        "quickstart does not verify it matches the current Dockerfile/context"
+    )
+
+
+def check_stale_path(label: str, path: Path) -> None:
+    """Raise StaleImageError if `path`'s mtime exceeds the staleness threshold."""
+    check_stale(label, datetime.fromtimestamp(path.stat().st_mtime, tz=timezone.utc))
+
+
+__all__ = ["StaleImageError", "check_stale", "check_stale_path"]

bot_bottle/manifest_agent.py

@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ class ManifestAgentProvider:
     header, and sets a placeholder CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN in the agent
     so the Claude Code CLI starts.
 
-    `forward_host_credentials` forwards the host Codex auth token into
-    the egress daemon (Codex only).
+    `forward_host_credentials` forwards the host provider auth token into
+    the egress sidecar (Codex and Claude). For Codex this reads
+    `~/.codex/auth.json`; for Claude it reads `~/.claude/.credentials.json`.
     """
 
     template: str = "claude"
@@ -92,10 +93,15 @@ class ManifestAgentProvider:
                 f"is only supported for built-in templates "
                 f"({', '.join(sorted(PROVIDER_TEMPLATES))})"
             )
-        if forward_host_credentials and template != "codex":
+        if forward_host_credentials and template not in {"codex", "claude"}:
             raise ManifestError(
                 f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.forward_host_credentials "
-                "is currently only supported for template 'codex'"
+                "is only supported for templates 'codex' and 'claude'"
+            )
+        if forward_host_credentials and auth_token:
+            raise ManifestError(
+                f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.forward_host_credentials "
+                "and auth_token both set; use one or the other"
             )
         settings = _parse_provider_settings(bottle_name, template, d.get("settings"))
         return cls(

bot_bottle/manifest_egress.py

@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ class ManifestEgressRoute:
     OutboundDetectors: tuple[str, ...] | None = None
     InboundDetectors: tuple[str, ...] | None = None
     OutboundOnMatch: str = ""
+    PreserveAuth: bool = False
 
     @classmethod
     def from_dict(cls, bottle_name: str, idx: int, raw: object) -> "ManifestEgressRoute":
@@ -190,11 +191,22 @@ class ManifestEgressRoute:
                         f"only 'fetch' is accepted"
                     )
 
+        # --- preserve_auth ---
+        preserve_auth = False
+        if "preserve_auth" in d:
+            raw_preserve_auth = d.get("preserve_auth")
+            if not isinstance(raw_preserve_auth, bool):
+                raise ManifestError(
+                    f"{label} preserve_auth must be a boolean "
+                    f"(was {type(raw_preserve_auth).__name__})"
+                )
+            preserve_auth = raw_preserve_auth
+
         for k in d:
-            if k not in ("host", "matches", "auth", "role", "dlp", "git"):
+            if k not in ("host", "matches", "auth", "role", "dlp", "git", "preserve_auth"):
                 raise ManifestError(
                     f"{label} has unknown key {k!r}; accepted keys are "
-                    f"'host', 'matches', 'auth', 'role', 'dlp', 'git'"
+                    f"'host', 'matches', 'auth', 'role', 'dlp', 'git', 'preserve_auth'"
                 )
 
         return cls(
@@ -207,6 +219,7 @@ class ManifestEgressRoute:
             OutboundDetectors=outbound_detectors,
             InboundDetectors=inbound_detectors,
             OutboundOnMatch=outbound_on_match,
+            PreserveAuth=preserve_auth,
         )
 
 

bot_bottle/orchestrator/client.py

@@ -41,10 +41,13 @@ class OrchestratorClientError(RuntimeError):
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class RegisteredBottle:
     """What `POST /bottles` returns: the minted bottle id and the per-bottle
-    identity token the agent presents for app-layer attribution."""
+    identity token the agent presents for app-layer attribution. `env_var_secret`
+    is set by the caller (not from the server response) and carries the
+    encryption key so it can be injected into the agent container's env."""
 
     bottle_id: str
     identity_token: str
+    env_var_secret: str = ""
 
 
 class OrchestratorClient:
@@ -120,17 +123,21 @@ class OrchestratorClient:
         metadata: str = "",
         policy: str = "",
         tokens: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        env_var_secret: str = "",
     ) -> RegisteredBottle:
         """Register a bottle and broker its launch (`POST /bottles`). `tokens`
         are the per-bottle egress auth values (env_name -> value) the
-        orchestrator holds in memory for the gateway to inject. Returns the
-        minted id + identity token."""
+        orchestrator holds in memory for the gateway to inject. When
+        *env_var_secret* is provided, the orchestrator also encrypts the token
+        values and stores them in ``bottled_agent_secrets`` for restart
+        recovery. Returns the minted id + identity token."""
         payload = self._ok("POST", "/bottles", {
             "source_ip": source_ip,
             "image_ref": image_ref,
             "metadata": metadata,
             "policy": policy,
             "tokens": tokens or {},
+            "env_var_secret": env_var_secret,
         })
         bottle_id = payload.get("bottle_id")
         token = payload.get("identity_token")
@@ -138,6 +145,24 @@ class OrchestratorClient:
             raise OrchestratorClientError("register: response missing bottle_id/identity_token")
         return RegisteredBottle(bottle_id=bottle_id, identity_token=token)
 
+    def reprovision_gateway(self, bottle_id: str, env_var_secret: str) -> bool:
+        """Re-inject a bottle's egress tokens from its ENV_VAR_SECRET
+        (`POST /bottles/<id>/reprovision_gateway`). Returns True when the
+        orchestrator successfully decrypted and restored the tokens, False
+        when it had no stored secrets for this bottle (404)."""
+        status, _ = self._request(
+            "POST",
+            f"/bottles/{bottle_id}/reprovision_gateway",
+            {"env_var_secret": env_var_secret},
+        )
+        if status == 404:
+            return False
+        if not 200 <= status < 300:
+            raise OrchestratorClientError(
+                f"reprovision_gateway {bottle_id}: HTTP {status}"
+            )
+        return True
+
     def teardown_bottle(self, bottle_id: str) -> bool:
         """Tear a bottle down (`DELETE /bottles/<id>`). False if the
         orchestrator didn't know it (404) — idempotent for cleanup paths."""

bot_bottle/orchestrator/control_plane.py

@@ -9,9 +9,13 @@ vsock / unix-socket portability caveats):
     GET    /bottles                   -> 200 {"bottles": [ <redacted record>, ...]}
     POST   /bottles                   -> 201 {"bottle_id","identity_token"}  (launch)
                                          body: {"source_ip", ["image_ref"],
-                                                ["metadata"], ["policy"]}
+                                                ["metadata"], ["policy"],
+                                                ["tokens"], ["env_var_secret"]}
     PUT    /bottles/<bottle_id>/policy -> 200 {"updated": true} | 404  (live reload)
                                          body: {"policy"}
+    POST   /bottles/<bottle_id>/reprovision_gateway
+                                      -> 200 {"reprovisioned": true} | 404
+                                         body: {"env_var_secret"}
     DELETE /bottles/<bottle_id>        -> 200 {"torn_down": true} | 404  (teardown)
     POST   /reconcile                 -> 200 {"reaped": [bottle_id, ...]}
                                          body: {"live_source_ips": [...],
@@ -116,12 +120,14 @@ def dispatch(  # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements,too-many-branches
         tokens = {
             k: v for k, v in raw_tokens.items() if isinstance(k, str) and isinstance(v, str)
         } if isinstance(raw_tokens, dict) else {}
+        env_var_secret = data.get("env_var_secret", "")
         rec = orch.launch_bottle(
             source_ip,
             image_ref=image_ref if isinstance(image_ref, str) else "",
             metadata=metadata if isinstance(metadata, str) else "",
             policy=policy if isinstance(policy, str) else "",
             tokens=tokens,
+            env_var_secret=env_var_secret if isinstance(env_var_secret, str) else "",
         )
         return 201, {"bottle_id": rec.bottle_id, "identity_token": rec.identity_token}
 
@@ -138,6 +144,23 @@ def dispatch(  # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements,too-many-branches
             return 200, {"updated": True}
         return 404, {"error": "no such bottle"}
 
+    if (
+        method == "POST"
+        and route.startswith("/bottles/")
+        and route.endswith("/reprovision_gateway")
+    ):
+        bottle_id = route[len("/bottles/") : -len("/reprovision_gateway")]
+        try:
+            data = _parse_json_object(body)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            return 400, {"error": f"invalid JSON: {e}"}
+        env_var_secret = data.get("env_var_secret")
+        if not isinstance(env_var_secret, str) or not env_var_secret:
+            return 400, {"error": "env_var_secret (string) is required"}
+        if orch.reprovision_from_secret(bottle_id, env_var_secret):
+            return 200, {"reprovisioned": True}
+        return 404, {"error": "no stored secrets for this bottle"}
+
     if method == "DELETE" and route.startswith("/bottles/"):
         bottle_id = route[len("/bottles/"):]
         if orch.teardown_bottle(bottle_id):

bot_bottle/orchestrator/gateway.py

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ from ..paths import (
     CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV,
     host_control_plane_token,
     host_db_path,
+    host_gateway_ca_dir,
 )
 from ..supervise import DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER
 
@@ -48,14 +49,23 @@ GATEWAY_LABEL = "bot-bottle-orch-gateway=1"
 # the source IP the gateway attributes by is the address on this network.
 GATEWAY_NETWORK = "bot-bottle-gateway"
 
-# mitmproxy's CA dir in the bundle. A persistent named volume here keeps the
-# gateway's self-generated CA STABLE across container recreation — every agent
-# installs this one CA to trust the shared gateway's TLS interception, so it
-# must not rotate when the gateway restarts.
+# mitmproxy's CA dir in the bundle. The host's gateway-CA dir (see
+# `host_gateway_ca_dir`) is bind-mounted here so the gateway's self-generated
+# CA stays STABLE across container recreation — every agent installs this one
+# CA to trust the shared gateway's TLS interception, so it must not rotate when
+# the gateway restarts. A host bind-mount rather than a named volume: a named
+# volume is silently wiped by `docker volume prune`, minting a fresh CA that
+# breaks every running bottle (issue #450).
 MITMPROXY_HOME = "/home/mitmproxy/.mitmproxy"
-GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME = "bot-bottle-gateway-mitmproxy"
 GATEWAY_CA_CERT = f"{MITMPROXY_HOME}/mitmproxy-ca-cert.pem"
 
+# The CA material mitmproxy writes into its confdir. mitmproxy reuses these on
+# startup when present and generates them only on first run, so persisting them
+# is what makes the CA stable; deleting them (see `rotate_gateway_ca`) forces a
+# fresh CA on the next start. `mitmproxy-ca.pem` (cert + private key) is the
+# signing identity; the rest are derived encodings agents/clients consume.
+GATEWAY_CA_GLOB = "mitmproxy-ca*"
+
 # The gateway data-plane image + its Dockerfile. Kept as a local constant
 # rather than imported from the backend layer, which would drag
 # the whole backend layer into the lean orchestrator (see #359); unify when
@@ -73,6 +83,26 @@ def _host_db_dir() -> str:
     return str(db_dir)
 
 
+def rotate_gateway_ca(ca_dir: Path | None = None) -> list[Path]:
+    """Delete the persisted mitmproxy CA so the next gateway start mints a
+    fresh one — the explicit, deliberate CA-rollover path (issue #450).
+
+    Persistence keeps the CA stable across restarts precisely because mitmproxy
+    reuses the on-disk CA; rotation is therefore just removing that material.
+    Returns the files removed (empty when there was no CA yet); idempotent.
+
+    This only clears the on-disk CA. It does NOT stop the running gateway (whose
+    mitmproxy still holds the old CA in memory) or re-provision agents — the
+    caller recreates the gateway to mint the new CA and re-attaches bottles.
+    `rotate-ca` on the orchestrator CLI wires those steps together."""
+    ca_dir = ca_dir if ca_dir is not None else host_gateway_ca_dir()
+    removed: list[Path] = []
+    for path in sorted(ca_dir.glob(GATEWAY_CA_GLOB)):
+        path.unlink()
+        removed.append(path)
+    return removed
+
+
 class GatewayError(Exception):
     """The shared gateway failed to build/start/stop (non-zero `docker` exit)."""
 
@@ -221,9 +251,10 @@ class DockerGateway(Gateway):
             "--name", self.name,
             "--label", GATEWAY_LABEL,
             "--network", self.network,
-            # Persist the self-generated CA so it survives restarts (agents
-            # trust it) — see GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME.
-            "--volume", f"{GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME}:{MITMPROXY_HOME}",
+            # Persist the self-generated CA on the host so it survives both
+            # container recreation AND docker volume pruning (agents trust it)
+            # — see host_gateway_ca_dir / issue #450.
+            "--volume", f"{host_gateway_ca_dir()}:{MITMPROXY_HOME}",
             # Share the one host DB: the supervise daemon queues proposals
             # into the same file the orchestrator (and the operator, over
             # HTTP) reads — no second, disconnected DB in the container.
@@ -272,7 +303,7 @@ class DockerGateway(Gateway):
 
 
 __all__ = [
-    "Gateway", "DockerGateway", "GatewayError",
+    "Gateway", "DockerGateway", "GatewayError", "rotate_gateway_ca",
     "GATEWAY_NAME", "GATEWAY_LABEL", "GATEWAY_IMAGE", "GATEWAY_NETWORK",
-    "GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME", "GATEWAY_CA_CERT",
+    "GATEWAY_CA_CERT", "GATEWAY_CA_GLOB",
 ]

bot_bottle/orchestrator/lifecycle.py

@@ -23,10 +23,14 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 from .. import log
 from ..docker_cmd import run_docker
-from ..paths import CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV, bot_bottle_root, host_control_plane_token
+from ..paths import (
+    CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV,
+    bot_bottle_root,
+    host_control_plane_token,
+    host_gateway_ca_dir,
+)
 from ..supervise import DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER
 from .gateway import (
-    GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME,
     GATEWAY_DOCKERFILE,
     GATEWAY_IMAGE,
     GATEWAY_NETWORK,
@@ -194,8 +198,10 @@ class OrchestratorService:
             # gateway_init always starts the orchestrator on DEFAULT_PORT (8099)
             # inside the container; self.port is the host-side published port.
             "--publish", f"127.0.0.1:{self.port}:{DEFAULT_PORT}",
-            # Persist the mitmproxy CA so it survives container recreation.
-            "--volume", f"{GATEWAY_CA_VOLUME}:{MITMPROXY_HOME}",
+            # Persist the mitmproxy CA on the host so it survives container
+            # recreation AND docker volume pruning (issue #450): every agent
+            # trusts this one CA, so a fresh one would break all running bottles.
+            "--volume", f"{host_gateway_ca_dir()}:{MITMPROXY_HOME}",
             # Shared supervise DB (same file the operator reads over HTTP).
             "--volume", f"{_host_db_dir()}:{_SUPERVISE_DB_DIR_IN_CONTAINER}",
             "--env", f"SUPERVISE_DB_PATH={DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER}",

bot_bottle/orchestrator/registry.py

@@ -113,6 +113,22 @@ _MIGRATIONS = TableMigrations(
         # egress allowlist / routes / git config selected by source IP. The
         # multi-tenant gateway resolves it per request via `attribute`.
         "ALTER TABLE orchestrator_bottles ADD COLUMN policy TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''",
+        # v4 — per-bottle encrypted egress secrets (PRD prd-new-secret-provider).
+        # One row per env-var: key (env-var name) is plaintext for auditing;
+        # value is the encrypted token string. The encryption key (ENV_VAR_SECRET)
+        # lives only in the agent's environment — a row alone cannot recover the
+        # credential.
+        """
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bottled_agent_secrets (
+            bottled_agent_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+            key              TEXT NOT NULL,
+            value            TEXT NOT NULL,
+            type             TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'injected_env_var'
+        )
+        """,
+        # v5 — index for fast per-bottle lookups and bulk DELETE on teardown.
+        "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_bottled_agent_secrets_id "
+        "ON bottled_agent_secrets (bottled_agent_id, type)",
     ],
 )
 
@@ -326,6 +342,57 @@ class RegistryStore(DbStore):
             return None
         return rec
 
+    # --- encrypted egress secret store ------------------------------------
+
+    def store_agent_secrets(
+        self,
+        bottle_id: str,
+        encrypted_values: dict[str, str],
+        secret_type: str = "injected_env_var",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Replace all stored secrets for *bottle_id* with *encrypted_values*
+        (env-var name → encrypted ciphertext). Deletes then re-inserts so a
+        re-registration is always consistent with the current token set."""
+        with self._connection() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                "DELETE FROM bottled_agent_secrets "
+                "WHERE bottled_agent_id = ? AND type = ?",
+                (bottle_id, secret_type),
+            )
+            conn.executemany(
+                "INSERT INTO bottled_agent_secrets "
+                "(bottled_agent_id, key, value, type) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)",
+                [(bottle_id, k, v, secret_type) for k, v in encrypted_values.items()],
+            )
+        self._chmod()
+
+    def get_agent_secrets(
+        self,
+        bottle_id: str,
+        secret_type: str = "injected_env_var",
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Return {env_var_name: encrypted_value} for *bottle_id*, or {} if none."""
+        with self._connection() as conn:
+            rows = conn.execute(
+                "SELECT key, value FROM bottled_agent_secrets "
+                "WHERE bottled_agent_id = ? AND type = ?",
+                (bottle_id, secret_type),
+            ).fetchall()
+        return {row[0]: row[1] for row in rows}
+
+    def delete_agent_secrets(
+        self,
+        bottle_id: str,
+        secret_type: str = "injected_env_var",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Remove all stored secrets for *bottle_id* (e.g. on teardown)."""
+        with self._connection() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                "DELETE FROM bottled_agent_secrets "
+                "WHERE bottled_agent_id = ? AND type = ?",
+                (bottle_id, secret_type),
+            )
+
 
 __all__ = [
     "BottleRecord",

bot_bottle/orchestrator/rotate_ca.py

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+"""Rotate the shared gateway's mitmproxy CA (issue #450).
+
+    python -m bot_bottle.orchestrator.rotate_ca
+
+A deliberate CA rollover has two halves: drop the *persisted* CA so a fresh one
+is minted, and drop the *running* gateway so its mitmproxy (which holds the old
+CA in memory) is replaced. This one-shot command does both:
+
+  1. Delete the persisted CA under the host gateway-CA dir — the next gateway
+     start generates a new one (mitmproxy reuses an existing CA, generates only
+     when absent).
+  2. Force-remove the infra / standalone-gateway containers so the stale
+     in-memory CA is gone; the next bottle launch's idempotent `ensure_running`
+     brings the gateway back up and mints the fresh CA.
+
+It does NOT re-provision the new CA into already-running bottles — those must be
+re-attached so they install the new trust anchor. Rotation is thus an explicit,
+operator-driven action with a brief egress interruption, not an automatic one.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ..docker_cmd import run_docker
+from ..paths import host_gateway_ca_dir
+from .gateway import GATEWAY_NAME, rotate_gateway_ca
+from .lifecycle import INFRA_NAME
+
+# The containers whose mitmproxy would still be serving the old CA from memory:
+# the consolidated infra container and the standalone per-host gateway.
+_GATEWAY_CONTAINERS = (INFRA_NAME, GATEWAY_NAME)
+
+
+def _out(msg: str) -> None:
+    sys.stdout.write(f"rotate-ca: {msg}\n")
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    del argv  # no flags — a single deliberate action
+    ca_dir: Path = host_gateway_ca_dir()
+    removed = rotate_gateway_ca(ca_dir)
+    if removed:
+        _out(f"removed {len(removed)} CA file(s) from {ca_dir}")
+    else:
+        _out(f"no persisted CA under {ca_dir}; a fresh one is minted on next start")
+
+    # Drop any running gateway so its in-memory (now-stale) CA is replaced on
+    # the next launch. `rm --force` on an absent name is a tolerated no-op.
+    for name in _GATEWAY_CONTAINERS:
+        proc = run_docker(["docker", "rm", "--force", name])
+        if proc.returncode == 0 and proc.stdout.strip():
+            _out(f"removed running container {name}")
+
+    _out("done — the next bottle launch remints the CA; re-attach bottles to "
+         "install the new trust anchor")
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

bot_bottle/orchestrator/secret_store.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+"""Symmetric encryption for per-bottle egress secrets (PRD prd-new-secret-provider).
+
+Each agent receives a random ENV_VAR_SECRET at startup — passed as an env var,
+never logged or persisted. The host uses this key to encrypt each egress auth
+token value before writing it to the bottled_agent_secrets table; the DB rows
+(ciphertext, plaintext env-var name) without the key are insufficient to
+recover the credentials.
+
+On orchestrator restart the in-memory token map is lost. The host-side
+reattachment path reads ENV_VAR_SECRET from the running agent container via
+``docker exec … printenv ENV_VAR_SECRET`` and posts it to
+``POST /bottles/<id>/reprovision_gateway``; the orchestrator decrypts the
+stored rows and re-populates ``_tokens``.
+
+Encryption scheme: HMAC-SHA256 used as a PRF in CTR mode (stdlib-only,
+no external deps). Each value is encrypted independently. The output blob is
+``nonce (16 bytes) || ciphertext`` encoded as URL-safe base64 (no padding).
+
+    keystream_block_i = HMAC-SHA256(key, nonce || i.to_bytes(4, "big"))
+    ciphertext_i      = plaintext_i XOR keystream_block_i[:len(plaintext_i)]
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import hashlib
+import hmac
+import secrets
+
+_KEY_BYTES = 32    # 256-bit key from ENV_VAR_SECRET
+_NONCE_BYTES = 16  # 128-bit random nonce per encrypt call
+_BLOCK = 32        # HMAC-SHA256 output width == one keystream block
+
+# Env-var name the agent container receives at startup.
+ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME = "ENV_VAR_SECRET"
+
+
+def new_env_var_secret() -> str:
+    """Generate a fresh ENV_VAR_SECRET: 32 random bytes as URL-safe base64."""
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(secrets.token_bytes(_KEY_BYTES)).rstrip(b"=").decode()
+
+
+def _b64dec(s: str) -> bytes:
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(s + "=" * (-len(s) % 4))
+
+
+def _keystream(key: bytes, nonce: bytes, block_index: int) -> bytes:
+    return hmac.new(
+        key, nonce + block_index.to_bytes(4, "big"), hashlib.sha256
+    ).digest()
+
+
+def encrypt_value(secret_b64: str, plaintext: str) -> str:
+    """Encrypt a single string value with *secret_b64* (the ENV_VAR_SECRET).
+
+    Returns a URL-safe base64 blob ``nonce || ciphertext`` suitable for
+    the ``bottled_agent_secrets.value`` column."""
+    key = _b64dec(secret_b64)
+    pt = plaintext.encode()
+    nonce = secrets.token_bytes(_NONCE_BYTES)
+    ct = bytearray()
+    for i in range(0, len(pt), _BLOCK):
+        chunk = pt[i : i + _BLOCK]
+        ks = _keystream(key, nonce, i)[: len(chunk)]
+        ct.extend(p ^ k for p, k in zip(chunk, ks))
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(nonce + bytes(ct)).rstrip(b"=").decode()
+
+
+def decrypt_value(secret_b64: str, blob_b64: str) -> str:
+    """Decrypt a blob produced by :func:`encrypt_value`.
+
+    Returns the original plaintext string. Raises ``ValueError`` for malformed
+    input or a key mismatch (wrong key produces garbage, not an error, unless
+    the plaintext is non-UTF-8 — treat all such failures as wrong key)."""
+    key = _b64dec(secret_b64)
+    try:
+        blob = _b64dec(blob_b64)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        raise ValueError(f"invalid ciphertext blob: {exc}") from exc
+    if len(blob) < _NONCE_BYTES:
+        raise ValueError("ciphertext blob too short")
+    nonce, ciphertext = blob[:_NONCE_BYTES], blob[_NONCE_BYTES:]
+    pt = bytearray()
+    for i in range(0, len(ciphertext), _BLOCK):
+        chunk = ciphertext[i : i + _BLOCK]
+        ks = _keystream(key, nonce, i)[: len(chunk)]
+        pt.extend(c ^ k for c, k in zip(chunk, ks))
+    try:
+        return bytes(pt).decode()
+    except UnicodeDecodeError as exc:
+        raise ValueError(f"decryption produced non-UTF-8 output (wrong key?): {exc}") from exc
+
+
+__all__ = ["ENV_VAR_SECRET_NAME", "new_env_var_secret", "encrypt_value", "decrypt_value"]

bot_bottle/orchestrator/service.py

@@ -87,13 +87,22 @@ class Orchestrator:
         metadata: str = "",
         policy: str = "",
         tokens: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        env_var_secret: str = "",
     ) -> BottleRecord:
         """Register a bottle (with its gateway policy + in-memory egress auth
         tokens) and broker its launch. Rolls the registry entry back if the
-        launch doesn't take, so a failure leaves no orphan."""
+        launch doesn't take, so a failure leaves no orphan.
+
+        When *env_var_secret* is provided alongside *tokens*, the token values
+        are also encrypted and written to ``bottled_agent_secrets`` so they can
+        survive an orchestrator restart (see ``reprovision_from_secret``)."""
         rec = self.registry.register(source_ip, metadata=metadata, policy=policy)
         if tokens:
             self._tokens[rec.bottle_id] = dict(tokens)
+            if env_var_secret:
+                from .secret_store import encrypt_value
+                encrypted = {k: encrypt_value(env_var_secret, v) for k, v in tokens.items()}
+                self.registry.store_agent_secrets(rec.bottle_id, encrypted)
         req = LaunchRequest(
             op="launch",
             bottle_id=rec.bottle_id,
@@ -284,6 +293,26 @@ class Orchestrator:
             ))
         return True, ""
 
+    # --- secret reprovision -----------------------------------------------
+
+    def reprovision_from_secret(self, bottle_id: str, env_var_secret: str) -> bool:
+        """Re-inject a bottle's egress tokens from its ENV_VAR_SECRET.
+
+        Reads the encrypted rows from ``bottled_agent_secrets``, decrypts each
+        value with *env_var_secret*, and restores ``_tokens[bottle_id]``.
+        Returns True on success, False when no stored secrets exist for this
+        bottle or decryption fails (wrong key / corrupt data)."""
+        from .secret_store import decrypt_value
+        encrypted = self.registry.get_agent_secrets(bottle_id)
+        if not encrypted:
+            return False
+        try:
+            self._tokens[bottle_id] = {k: decrypt_value(env_var_secret, v)
+                                       for k, v in encrypted.items()}
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+        return True
+
     # --- consolidated gateway ----------------------------------------------
 
     def ensure_gateway(self) -> None:

bot_bottle/paths.py

@@ -33,6 +33,13 @@ HOST_DB_FILENAME = "bot-bottle.db"
 CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_FILENAME = "control-plane-token"
 CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV = "BOT_BOTTLE_CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN"
 
+# The host directory holding the gateway's persistent mitmproxy CA. Bind-mounted
+# into the infra/gateway container at mitmproxy's confdir so the self-generated
+# CA survives container recreation — every agent installs this one CA to trust
+# the shared gateway's TLS interception, so it must not rotate on restart. See
+# host_gateway_ca_dir() for why this is a host bind-mount, not a named volume.
+GATEWAY_CA_DIRNAME = "gateway-ca"
+
 
 def bot_bottle_root() -> Path:
     """The app data root — `$BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT` if set, else `~/.bot-bottle`."""
@@ -59,6 +66,23 @@ def host_db_dir() -> Path:
     return db_dir
 
 
+def host_gateway_ca_dir() -> Path:
+    """The directory holding the gateway's persistent mitmproxy CA, created if
+    missing. Backends bind-mount this into the infra/gateway container at
+    mitmproxy's confdir so the CA persists across container recreation.
+
+    A host bind-mount under the app-data root — deliberately NOT a Docker
+    named volume. A named volume survives `docker rm` but is silently wiped by
+    `docker volume prune` / `docker system prune --volumes` during routine host
+    maintenance; the gateway then mints a fresh CA that every already-running
+    bottle distrusts, failing the TLS handshake even after it reconnects to the
+    moved gateway (issue #450). A path under the root docker never prunes it,
+    and it stays directly inspectable + rotatable from the host."""
+    ca_dir = bot_bottle_root() / GATEWAY_CA_DIRNAME
+    ca_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    return ca_dir
+
+
 def host_control_plane_token() -> str:
     """The per-host control-plane secret, minted (256-bit, url-safe) and
     persisted 0600 on first use, then reused.
@@ -94,8 +118,10 @@ __all__ = [
     "HOST_DB_FILENAME",
     "CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_FILENAME",
     "CONTROL_PLANE_TOKEN_ENV",
+    "GATEWAY_CA_DIRNAME",
     "bot_bottle_root",
     "host_db_path",
     "host_db_dir",
+    "host_gateway_ca_dir",
     "host_control_plane_token",
 ]

bot_bottle/store_manager.py

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 try:
     from .audit_store import AuditStore
+    from .config_store import ConfigStore
     from .queue_store import QueueStore
 except ImportError:
     from audit_store import AuditStore  # type: ignore[import-not-found]  # pylint: disable=import-error,no-name-in-module
+    from config_store import ConfigStore  # type: ignore[import-not-found]  # pylint: disable=import-error,no-name-in-module
     from queue_store import QueueStore  # type: ignore[import-not-found]  # pylint: disable=import-error,no-name-in-module
 
 _instance: StoreManager | None = None
@@ -47,11 +49,13 @@ class StoreManager:
         return (
             QueueStore("", self.db_path).is_migrated()
             and AuditStore(self.db_path).is_migrated()
+            and ConfigStore(self.db_path).is_migrated()
         )
 
     def migrate(self) -> None:
         QueueStore("", self.db_path).migrate()
         AuditStore(self.db_path).migrate()
+        ConfigStore(self.db_path).migrate()
 
 
 __all__ = ["StoreManager"]

docs/prds/0070-per-host-orchestrator.md

@@ -312,6 +312,44 @@ reaches over the RPC rather than a shared mount into the VM. WAL on the
 shared DB is therefore a deliberate, tested future change — not enabled ad
 hoc. `sqlite3` itself is stdlib, so "the host needs SQLite" is a non-cost.
 
+### Gateway CA: host-resident, like the DB
+
+The shared gateway bumps TLS with a self-generated mitmproxy CA, and **every
+bottle installs that CA** into its trust store to accept the bumped leaves. So
+the CA is durable per-host state with the same rule as the DB: it must outlive
+any single gateway container, or a restart mints a fresh CA that every
+already-running bottle distrusts — the TLS handshake then fails even after the
+bottle re-resolves and reconnects to the moved gateway (issue #450, a
+re-attachment blocker distinct from #443/#445).
+
+The CA lives on the **host filesystem** at `bot_bottle_root()/gateway-ca`
+(`host_gateway_ca_dir()`), bind-mounted into the container at mitmproxy's
+confdir. This is deliberately a host bind-mount, **not a container-runtime
+named volume**: a named volume survives ordinary container removal but can be
+silently wiped by Docker's or Apple Container's volume-prune commands during
+routine host maintenance, which is exactly how the ephemeral-CA symptom shows
+up in practice. A path under the app-data root is not managed or pruned by the
+container runtime, and stays directly inspectable and rotatable from the host.
+mitmproxy reuses an existing CA and generates one only on first run, so the
+bind-mount alone gives
+"adopt-existing, generate-on-first-run" for free.
+
+The macOS backend uses the same host-resident CA directory and bind-mounts it
+into the consolidated Apple infra container. Its `bot-bottle-mac-db` named
+volume remains container-only because that prevents incoherent cross-kernel
+SQLite locking, but the CA is deliberately not stored there: Apple Container
+also has a `container volume prune` operation, and the named volume is
+temporarily unreferenced while the infra container is recreated. Keeping the
+CA on the host makes both ordinary recreation and volume pruning safe.
+
+**Deliberate rollover** is the explicit inverse: `rotate_gateway_ca()` removes
+the persisted CA material so the next start remints it, and the
+`python -m bot_bottle.orchestrator.rotate_ca` one-shot wires that together with
+dropping the running gateway container (whose mitmproxy still holds the old CA
+in memory). Rotation does not auto-re-provision the new CA into running bottles
+— those re-attach to install the new anchor — so it is an operator action with
+a brief egress interruption, never an implicit one.
+
 ## Sequencing
 
 Jump straight to the **virtualized** end state (not a host-daemon stepping

docs/prds/prd-new-ci-artifact-coverage.md

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# PRD prd-new: CI artifact-based coverage and local Firecracker candidate flow
+
+- **Status:** Active
+- **Author:** Claude
+- **Created:** 2026-07-21
+- **Issue:** #446
+
+## Summary
+
+Restructure the CI test pipeline to run each test suite exactly once, upload
+small `.coverage.*` artifacts, and combine them in a lightweight aggregation
+job. Move the infra build onto the KVM runner so the ~194 MB rootfs never
+crosses the network for PRs. On main-branch pushes, publish the byte-identical
+rootfs that was tested.
+
+## Motivation
+
+The prior pipeline had two redundant costs:
+
+1. **Duplicate artifact transfers.** `build-infra` (ubuntu-latest) built and
+   uploaded the ~194 MB rootfs; `integration-firecracker` downloaded it; the
+   `coverage` job downloaded it a second time. Combined download overhead: ~83
+   seconds per run, plus the ~70-second upload.
+
+2. **Duplicate test execution.** `integration-firecracker` ran the Firecracker
+   integration suite; `coverage` ran the entire unit + integration suite again
+   on the same KVM runner to collect coverage data. Every line of Firecracker
+   code was tested twice per CI run.
+
+## Goals
+
+- Each test suite (unit, integration-docker, integration-firecracker) executes
+  exactly once per workflow run.
+- PRs incur no large artifact transfers — the rootfs stays on the KVM runner.
+- Main-branch pushes publish a byte-for-byte identical rootfs to the one that
+  passed the integration tests.
+- Concurrent workflow runs cannot cross-publish candidates (naturally enforced
+  by Gitea Actions' per-run artifact scoping).
+- Failed or cancelled runs block publication (enforced by the `needs:` chain on
+  `publish-infra`).
+
+## Non-goals
+
+- Changing test semantics or the coverage policy (ADR 0004).
+- Removing the KVM runner guard on `integration-firecracker` and `coverage`.
+- Changing how `publish_infra.py` builds or uploads the rootfs.
+
+## Design
+
+### Job graph
+
+```
+unit ──────────────────────────────────┐
+integration-docker ────────────────────┤──► coverage ──► publish-infra (main only)
+integration-firecracker (KVM) ─────────┘
+```
+
+### `unit`
+
+Unchanged except: `coverage run` writes `--data-file=.coverage.unit`; the file
+is uploaded as the `coverage-unit` artifact.
+
+### `integration-docker`
+
+Adds a `coverage` install step. `coverage run` writes `--data-file=.coverage.docker`;
+the file is uploaded as `coverage-docker`.
+
+### `integration-firecracker` (KVM runner)
+
+Replaces the old `stage-firecracker-inputs` → `build-infra` → download chain:
+
+1. Builds the infra candidate locally with
+   `BOT_BOTTLE_FC_DROPBEAR=/var/cache/bot-bottle-fc/dropbear`.
+2. Boots the candidate and runs integration tests with coverage, writing
+   `.coverage.firecracker`.
+3. Uploads the small `coverage-firecracker` artifact unconditionally.
+4. On main-branch pushes only, uploads the rootfs as `infra-candidate` and the
+   dropbear as `firecracker-inputs` so `publish-infra` can verify and publish
+   the byte-identical artifact.
+
+### `coverage`
+
+Moves from a KVM runner to `ubuntu-latest`. No tests are re-executed:
+
+1. Downloads `coverage-unit`, `coverage-docker`, and `coverage-firecracker`.
+2. Runs `scripts/coverage.sh aggregate critical`, which calls
+   `coverage combine` then `coverage report`.
+3. Runs the diff-coverage gate (`scripts/diff_coverage.py`).
+
+Coverage files use `relative_files = True` (`.coveragerc`) so they combine
+cleanly across runners with different absolute workspace paths.
+
+### `publish-infra`
+
+Depends on all four predecessor jobs (unchanged gate). Downloads `infra-candidate`
+and `firecracker-inputs` that were uploaded by `integration-firecracker` on
+main — the same byte sequence that passed the integration tests.
+
+### Eliminated jobs
+
+- `stage-firecracker-inputs`: existed only to copy the dropbear to ubuntu-latest
+  for `build-infra`. No longer needed.
+- `build-infra`: the infra candidate is now built on the KVM runner in
+  `integration-firecracker`.
+
+### Script changes
+
+`scripts/coverage.sh` gains an `aggregate` mode (`coverage.sh aggregate [critical]`)
+that combines pre-existing `.coverage.*` files instead of re-running tests.
+The existing run mode (`coverage.sh [critical]`) is preserved for local dev.

docs/prds/prd-new-claude-forward-host-credentials.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# PRD prd-new: Claude forward_host_credentials
+
+- **Status:** Draft
+- **Author:** claude
+- **Created:** 2026-07-01
+- **Issue:** #325
+
+## Summary
+
+Add `agent_provider.forward_host_credentials: true` support for the
+`claude` template, mirroring the existing Codex flow. When enabled,
+bot-bottle reads the host's Claude OAuth session key from
+`~/.claude/.credentials.json` at launch, forwards it only to the egress sidecar,
+and injects a placeholder `CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN` into the agent so
+Claude Code starts without ever seeing the real credential.
+
+## Problem
+
+Running a Claude agent in a container today requires the operator to
+manually extract a long-lived OAuth token (`claude setup-token`), export
+it as `BOT_BOTTLE_CLAUDE_OAUTH_TOKEN`, and reference it explicitly in
+the manifest with `agent_provider.auth_token:
+"BOT_BOTTLE_CLAUDE_OAUTH_TOKEN"`. This is a two-step manual ceremony
+that is easy to skip or do incorrectly.
+
+The host already stores a valid Claude session in `~/.claude/.credentials.json`
+after `claude login`. Codex already automates an
+equivalent extraction from `~/.codex/auth.json`. There is no reason
+Claude bottles cannot do the same.
+
+## Goals / Success Criteria
+
+- A Claude bottle with `forward_host_credentials: true` in the manifest
+  uses the host's `~/.claude/.credentials.json` session key at launch with no
+  additional operator steps.
+- The agent container receives only `CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN=egress-placeholder`
+  — never the real token.
+- The real session key lives only in the egress sidecar's environment.
+- Missing, malformed, or expired host Claude auth fails launch with a
+  clear operator-facing message.
+- Existing `auth_token` behavior is unchanged.
+- `forward_host_credentials: true` is rejected in the manifest when both
+  `auth_token` and `forward_host_credentials` are set, since they serve
+  the same purpose.
+
+## Non-goals
+
+- Refreshing Claude OAuth tokens in the sidecar.
+- Writing a dummy `~/.claude.json` auth state to the agent (unlike the
+  Codex flow, Claude Code reads its credential from `CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN`
+  in env, not from an auth file — no guest-side auth marker is needed).
+- Supporting `forward_host_credentials` for providers other than `codex`
+  and `claude`.
+
+## Design
+
+### Manifest schema
+
+```yaml
+agent_provider:
+  template: claude
+  forward_host_credentials: true
+```
+
+Rejects in manifest validation when:
+- Template is not `codex` or `claude`.
+- Both `auth_token` and `forward_host_credentials` are set.
+
+### Host auth extraction (`contrib/claude/claude_auth.py`)
+
+Claude Code credential storage varies by platform:
+
+- **Linux**: `~/.claude/.credentials.json`
+- **macOS**: macOS Keychain, service `"Claude Code-credentials"`
+  (the file path is tried first; Keychain is the fallback when the file
+  is absent)
+
+`~/.claude.json` contains only UI state and profile metadata — no token.
+
+The credentials JSON schema (same whether from file or Keychain):
+
+```json
+{
+  "claudeAiOauth": {
+    "accessToken": "<access-token>",
+    "refreshToken": "<refresh-token>",
+    "expiresAt": 1748276587173,
+    "scopes": ["user:inference", "user:profile"]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+`expiresAt` is in **milliseconds** (not seconds).
+
+At prepare/launch time, when `forward_host_credentials: true`:
+
+1. Try `~/.claude/.credentials.json`; on macOS, if absent, run
+   `security find-generic-password -s "Claude Code-credentials" -w`
+   and parse its stdout as JSON.
+2. Require a `claudeAiOauth` dict.
+3. Require a non-empty `claudeAiOauth.accessToken` string.
+4. If `claudeAiOauth.expiresAt` is present, divide by 1000 and require
+   the result to be in the future.
+5. Return only the access token to the launch path.
+
+Errors name the missing or invalid condition and point the operator at
+`claude login`, without printing token values.
+
+### Egress route
+
+When `forward_host_credentials: true`:
+
+- Provision the session key in `provisioned_env` under
+  `BOT_BOTTLE_CLAUDE_HOST_ACCESS_TOKEN` (new constant in `egress.py`).
+- Set up the `api.anthropic.com` egress route with `auth_scheme: Bearer`
+  and `token_ref: BOT_BOTTLE_CLAUDE_HOST_ACCESS_TOKEN`.
+- Set `CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN=egress-placeholder` in the agent env and
+  add it to `hidden_env_names`.
+
+No dummy auth file and no `verify` step are needed — Claude Code reads
+the credential from the env var, not from a file.
+
+### Constants
+
+- `CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF = "BOT_BOTTLE_CLAUDE_HOST_ACCESS_TOKEN"`
+  in `egress.py` (alongside the existing `CODEX_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF`).
+- `CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_HOSTS = ("api.anthropic.com",)` in
+  `agent_provider.py` (alongside the existing `CODEX_HOST_CREDENTIAL_HOSTS`).
+
+### Data flow
+
+```
+Host ~/.claude/.credentials.json  →  bot-bottle launch
+                            │
+                            ├──► egress sidecar env (real token only)
+                            │
+                            └──► agent env: CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN=egress-placeholder
+
+Agent  →  HTTPS to api.anthropic.com (via egress)
+Egress →  injects Authorization: Bearer <real token>
+Egress →  forwards to api.anthropic.com
+```
+
+## Open questions
+
+None — the Codex precedent makes the design clear.

docs/prds/prd-new-modernize-built-in-agent-images.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# PRD prd-new: Modernize built-in agent images
+
+- **Status:** Draft
+- **Author:** Codex
+- **Created:** 2026-07-21
+- **Issue:** #451
+
+## Summary
+
+Keep every built-in agent provider on Debian's current stable release and make
+Podman available inside each image. This gives agents a consistent, modern
+userspace and an OCI container tool without requiring per-project setup.
+
+## Problem
+
+The Claude, Codex, and Pi images inherit the generic `node:22-slim` tag. That
+tag does not state which Debian release the project supports and currently
+leaves the images on the older Bookworm release. None of the built-in images
+installs Podman, so tasks that need to inspect or build OCI images must first
+modify the bottle or cannot run at all.
+
+## Goals / success criteria
+
+- Every Dockerfile under `bot_bottle/contrib/*/Dockerfile` explicitly inherits
+  `node:22-trixie-slim`, based on Debian 13 (the current stable release).
+- Every built-in agent image installs Podman from Debian stable.
+- Every built-in agent image retains an SSH client for Git-over-SSH workflows.
+- The non-root agent user owns a traversable XDG Git configuration directory,
+  so Git can load bot-bottle's global git-gate rewrites without permission
+  errors.
+- A shared test enforces both requirements for current and future built-in
+  providers.
+
+## Non-goals
+
+- Configuring privileged or nested-container execution for bottles.
+- Pinning Podman outside Debian's stable package repository.
+- Changing the Node.js or agent CLI release policy.
+
+## Design
+
+Use the explicit `node:22-trixie-slim` base rather than the floating `slim`
+variant. Install the `podman` package with each image's existing `apt-get`
+dependency layer, so package metadata and caches are still removed in the same
+layer. Treat Debian stable as the Podman stability and update channel; this
+keeps the images stdlib/distribution-first and avoids adding a third-party
+package repository.

scripts/coverage.sh

@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # Combined unit + integration coverage (see docs/decisions/0004-coverage-policy.md).
 #
-# Runs the unit suite, then appends the integration suite (which skips
-# cleanly when Docker / the backend CLIs are unavailable), and prints one
-# combined report. The integration suite is what scores the subprocess /
-# backend orchestration modules, so the number here is the policy's
-# yardstick — not the unit-only badge.
+# Two modes:
 #
-# Usage:
-#   scripts/coverage.sh            # combined report
-#   scripts/coverage.sh critical   # also report just the critical modules
+#   scripts/coverage.sh [critical]
+#     Run mode (default, for local dev): executes the unit suite then the
+#     integration suite under coverage and prints a combined report.
+#
+#   scripts/coverage.sh aggregate [critical]
+#     Aggregate mode (used by CI): combines pre-existing .coverage.* files
+#     produced by individual test jobs and prints a combined report. No tests
+#     are re-executed; no KVM or Docker dependency.
+#
+# Pass "critical" as the last argument in either mode to also report just the
+# critical modules (ADR 0004 target: 90%).
 set -euo pipefail
 
 cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
@@ -21,6 +25,22 @@ PY="${PYTHON:-python3}"
 # README "core coverage" badge can't drift; comma-join it for --include.
 CRITICAL=$(grep -vE '^[[:space:]]*(#|$)' scripts/critical-modules.txt | paste -sd, -)
 
+if [ "${1:-}" = "aggregate" ]; then
+    # Aggregate mode: combine .coverage.* artifacts already in the workspace.
+    echo "== combining coverage artifacts ==" >&2
+    "$PY" -m coverage combine
+
+    echo "== combined report ==" >&2
+    "$PY" -m coverage report -m
+
+    if [ "${2:-}" = "critical" ]; then
+        echo "== critical modules (ADR 0004 target: 90%) ==" >&2
+        "$PY" -m coverage report --include="$CRITICAL"
+    fi
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Run mode (default): execute both suites under coverage in this process.
 rm -f .coverage
 
 echo "== unit ==" >&2

tests/integration/test_sandbox_escape.py

@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class TestSandboxEscape(unittest.TestCase):
         # base image without producing five confusing
         # command-not-found failures down the suite.
         missing: list[str] = []
-        for tool in ("curl", "git", "dig"):
+        for tool in ("curl", "git", "dig", "ssh"):
             r = cls._bottle.exec(f"command -v {tool} >/dev/null 2>&1")
             if r.returncode != 0:
                 missing.append(tool)

tests/unit/test_agent_provider.py

@@ -9,11 +9,15 @@ import unittest
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from bot_bottle.agent_provider import (
+    CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_HOSTS,
     CODEX_HOST_CREDENTIAL_HOSTS,
     build_agent_provision_plan,
     prompt_args,
 )
-from bot_bottle.egress import CODEX_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF
+from bot_bottle.egress import (
+    CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF,
+    CODEX_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF,
+)
 
 
 def _jwt(exp: int) -> str:
@@ -292,6 +296,67 @@ class TestAgentProviderRuntime(unittest.TestCase):
             )
         self.assertEqual({}, plan.provisioned_env)
 
+    def test_claude_forward_host_credentials_populates_egress_route(self):
+        access_token = "sk-ant-oat01-test-key"  # gitleaks:allow
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="bb-provider.") as tmp:
+            home = Path(tmp) / "host-claude"
+            cred_dir = home / ".claude"
+            cred_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+            (cred_dir / ".credentials.json").write_text(json.dumps({
+                "claudeAiOauth": {"accessToken": access_token},
+            }))
+            plan = build_agent_provision_plan(
+                template="claude",
+                dockerfile="",
+                state_dir=Path(tmp),
+                instance_name="bot-bottle-test",
+                prompt_file=Path(tmp) / "prompt.txt",
+                forward_host_credentials=True,
+                host_env={"HOME": str(home)},
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(plan.egress_routes))
+        route = plan.egress_routes[0]
+        self.assertIn(route.host, CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_HOSTS)
+        self.assertEqual("Bearer", route.auth_scheme)
+        self.assertEqual(CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF, route.token_ref)
+        self.assertEqual("egress-placeholder", plan.env_vars["CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN"])
+        self.assertEqual(frozenset({"CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN"}), plan.hidden_env_names)
+
+    def test_claude_forward_host_credentials_populates_provisioned_env(self):
+        access_token = "sk-ant-oat01-test-key"  # gitleaks:allow
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="bb-provider.") as tmp:
+            home = Path(tmp) / "host-claude"
+            cred_dir = home / ".claude"
+            cred_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+            (cred_dir / ".credentials.json").write_text(json.dumps({
+                "claudeAiOauth": {"accessToken": access_token},
+            }))
+            plan = build_agent_provision_plan(
+                template="claude",
+                dockerfile="",
+                state_dir=Path(tmp),
+                instance_name="bot-bottle-test",
+                prompt_file=Path(tmp) / "prompt.txt",
+                forward_host_credentials=True,
+                host_env={"HOME": str(home)},
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {CLAUDE_HOST_CREDENTIAL_TOKEN_REF: access_token},
+            plan.provisioned_env,
+        )
+
+    def test_claude_without_forward_host_credentials_has_empty_provisioned_env(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="bb-provider.") as tmp:
+            plan = build_agent_provision_plan(
+                template="claude",
+                dockerfile="",
+                state_dir=Path(tmp),
+                instance_name="bot-bottle-test",
+                prompt_file=Path(tmp) / "prompt.txt",
+                forward_host_credentials=False,
+            )
+        self.assertEqual({}, plan.provisioned_env)
+
     def test_pi_plan_writes_default_ollama_models(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="bb-provider.") as tmp:
             plan = build_agent_provision_plan(

tests/unit/test_builtin_agent_images.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+"""Unit contracts shared by all built-in agent images."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+_CONTRIB_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2] / "bot_bottle/contrib"
+_AGENT_DOCKERFILES = tuple(sorted(_CONTRIB_DIR.glob("*/Dockerfile")))
+
+
+class TestBuiltinAgentImages(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_all_use_debian_trixie_stable(self):
+        self.assertTrue(_AGENT_DOCKERFILES)
+        for dockerfile in _AGENT_DOCKERFILES:
+            with self.subTest(provider=dockerfile.parent.name):
+                self.assertRegex(
+                    dockerfile.read_text(),
+                    r"(?m)^FROM node:22-trixie-slim\s*$",
+                )
+
+    def test_all_install_podman(self):
+        for dockerfile in _AGENT_DOCKERFILES:
+            with self.subTest(provider=dockerfile.parent.name):
+                self.assertRegex(
+                    dockerfile.read_text(),
+                    re.compile(r"(?m)^\s*podman(?:\s|\\|$)"),
+                )
+
+    def test_all_install_ssh_client(self):
+        for dockerfile in _AGENT_DOCKERFILES:
+            with self.subTest(provider=dockerfile.parent.name):
+                self.assertRegex(
+                    dockerfile.read_text(),
+                    re.compile(r"(?m)^\s*openssh-client(?:\s|\\|$)"),
+                )
+
+    def test_all_prepare_node_git_config_directory(self):
+        for dockerfile in _AGENT_DOCKERFILES:
+            with self.subTest(provider=dockerfile.parent.name):
+                dockerfile_text = dockerfile.read_text()
+                self.assertIn("install -d -o node -g node", dockerfile_text)
+                self.assertIn("/home/node/.config/git", dockerfile_text)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_cli_login.py

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+"""Unit tests for bb login command."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import os
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+import urllib.error
+from email.message import Message
+from typing import Any
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+
+class TestFlagParsing(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_console_url_flag(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _flag
+        self.assertEqual(_flag(["--console-url", "http://x"], "--console-url"), "http://x")
+
+    def test_console_url_equals_form(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _flag
+        self.assertEqual(
+            _flag(["--console-url=http://x"], "--console-url"), "http://x"
+        )
+
+    def test_label_flag(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _flag
+        self.assertEqual(_flag(["--label", "my-mac"], "--label"), "my-mac")
+
+    def test_missing_flag_returns_none(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _flag
+        self.assertIsNone(_flag([], "--console-url"))
+
+
+class TestHttpHelpers(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_post_sends_json_and_decodes_response(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _post
+
+        response = MagicMock()
+        response.__enter__.return_value.read.return_value = b'{"ok": true}'
+        with patch("urllib.request.urlopen", return_value=response) as urlopen:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                _post("http://console/start", {"label": "host"}), {"ok": True}
+            )
+
+        request = urlopen.call_args.args[0]
+        self.assertEqual(request.data, b'{"label": "host"}')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_header("Content-type"), "application/json")
+
+    def test_get_decodes_success_response(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _get
+
+        response = MagicMock()
+        response.__enter__.return_value.status = 200
+        response.__enter__.return_value.read.return_value = b'{"status": "pending"}'
+        with patch("urllib.request.urlopen", return_value=response):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                _get("http://console/status"), (200, {"status": "pending"})
+            )
+
+    def test_get_returns_http_error_status(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _get
+
+        error = urllib.error.HTTPError(
+            "http://console/status", 410, "gone", Message(), None
+        )
+        with patch("urllib.request.urlopen", side_effect=error):
+            self.assertEqual(_get("http://console/status"), (410, {}))
+
+
+class TestSaveCredentials(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_writes_json_and_sets_perms(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _save_credentials
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            with patch.dict(os.environ, {"BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT": tmp}):
+                path = _save_credentials("http://c", "hid", "at", "rt")
+            self.assertTrue(path.exists())
+            data = json.loads(path.read_text())
+            self.assertEqual(data["url"], "http://c")
+            self.assertEqual(data["host_id"], "hid")
+            self.assertEqual(data["access_token"], "at")
+            self.assertEqual(data["refresh_token"], "rt")
+            self.assertEqual(oct(path.stat().st_mode & 0o777), oct(0o600))
+
+    def test_temp_file_is_private_before_replace(self) -> None:
+        """Temp file must be 0600 at the moment os.replace is called."""
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _save_credentials
+        from pathlib import Path as _Path
+
+        tmp_perms_at_replace: list[int] = []
+        real_replace = os.replace
+
+        def _spy_replace(
+            src: str | os.PathLike[str], dst: str | os.PathLike[str]
+        ) -> None:
+            tmp_perms_at_replace.append(_Path(src).stat().st_mode & 0o777)
+            real_replace(src, dst)
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            with patch.dict(os.environ, {"BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT": tmp}):
+                with patch("os.replace", side_effect=_spy_replace):
+                    path = _save_credentials("http://c", "hid", "at", "rt")
+                self.assertEqual(len(tmp_perms_at_replace), 1)
+                self.assertEqual(oct(tmp_perms_at_replace[0]), oct(0o600))
+                self.assertEqual(oct(path.stat().st_mode & 0o777), oct(0o600))
+
+    def test_cleanup_on_write_failure(self) -> None:
+        """Temp file is removed and no credentials remain if replace fails."""
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import _save_credentials
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            with patch.dict(os.environ, {"BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT": tmp}):
+                with patch("os.replace", side_effect=OSError("disk full")):
+                    with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                        _save_credentials("http://c", "hid", "at", "rt")
+            leftovers = [f for f in os.listdir(tmp) if f.startswith(".console-")]
+            self.assertEqual(leftovers, [])
+
+
+class TestCmdLoginMissingUrl(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_help_returns_0(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import cmd_login
+
+        self.assertEqual(cmd_login(["--help"]), 0)
+
+    def test_returns_1_without_url(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import cmd_login
+        with patch.dict(os.environ, {}, clear=True):
+            os.environ.pop("BB_CONSOLE_URL", None)
+            result = cmd_login([])
+        self.assertEqual(result, 1)
+
+    def test_reads_env_var(self) -> None:
+        """Exits 1 (network error) not because of missing URL when env var is set."""
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import cmd_login
+
+        def _fail_post(_url: str, _payload: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+            raise OSError("connection refused")
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            with patch.dict(
+                os.environ,
+                {
+                    "BB_CONSOLE_URL": "http://localhost:9999",
+                    "BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT": tmp,
+                },
+            ):
+                with patch("bot_bottle.cli.login._post", side_effect=_fail_post):
+                    result = cmd_login([])
+        self.assertEqual(result, 1)
+
+
+class TestCmdLoginFlow(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _run_with_mocks(
+        self, poll_responses: list[dict[str, Any]], tmp: str
+    ) -> int:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import cmd_login
+
+        start_resp = {
+            "device_code": "dc123",
+            "user_code": "ABC-DEF",
+            "expires_in": 300,
+            "poll_interval": 0,
+        }
+
+        poll_iter = iter(poll_responses)
+
+        def _fake_post(
+            _url: str, _payload: dict[str, Any]
+        ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+            return start_resp
+
+        def _fake_get(_url: str) -> tuple[int, dict[str, Any]]:
+            return 200, next(poll_iter, {"status": "pending"})
+
+        with patch.dict(os.environ, {"BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT": tmp}):
+            with patch("bot_bottle.cli.login._post", side_effect=_fake_post):
+                with patch("bot_bottle.cli.login._get", side_effect=_fake_get):
+                    with patch("time.sleep"):
+                        return cmd_login(["--console-url", "http://console"])
+
+    def test_approved_flow_returns_0(self) -> None:
+        approved = {
+            "status": "approved",
+            "host_id": "hid",
+            "access_token": "at",
+            "refresh_token": "rt",
+        }
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            result = self._run_with_mocks(
+                [{"status": "pending"}, approved], tmp
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+            with open(os.path.join(tmp, "console.json"), encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                creds = json.loads(f.read())
+            self.assertEqual(creds["host_id"], "hid")
+
+    def test_denied_flow_returns_1(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            result = self._run_with_mocks([{"status": "denied"}], tmp)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 1)
+
+    def test_timeout_returns_1(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import cmd_login
+
+        start_resp = {
+            "device_code": "dc",
+            "user_code": "ZZZ-ZZZ",
+            "expires_in": 0,  # already expired; loop never runs
+            "poll_interval": 2,
+        }
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            with patch.dict(os.environ, {"BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT": tmp}):
+                with patch("bot_bottle.cli.login._post", return_value=start_resp):
+                    result = cmd_login(["--console-url", "http://console"])
+        self.assertEqual(result, 1)
+
+    def test_poll_interval_from_server_is_used(self) -> None:
+        """time.sleep must be called with the server-provided poll_interval."""
+        from bot_bottle.cli.login import cmd_login
+
+        server_interval = 7
+        start_resp = {
+            "device_code": "dc",
+            "user_code": "ABC-DEF",
+            "expires_in": 300,
+            "poll_interval": server_interval,
+        }
+        approved = {
+            "status": "approved",
+            "host_id": "hid",
+            "access_token": "at",
+            "refresh_token": "rt",
+        }
+        poll_iter = iter([{"status": "pending"}, approved])
+
+        def _fake_get(_url: str) -> tuple[int, dict[str, str]]:
+            return 200, next(poll_iter)
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            with patch.dict(os.environ, {"BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT": tmp}):
+                with patch("bot_bottle.cli.login._post", return_value=start_resp):
+                    with patch(
+                        "bot_bottle.cli.login._get", side_effect=_fake_get
+                    ):
+                        with patch("time.sleep") as mock_sleep:
+                            result = cmd_login(["--console-url", "http://console"])
+
+        self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+        self.assertTrue(mock_sleep.called)
+        for call in mock_sleep.call_args_list:
+            self.assertEqual(call.args[0], server_interval)
+
+
+class TestDispatcherRegistration(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_login_in_commands(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli import COMMANDS
+        self.assertIn("login", COMMANDS)
+
+    def test_login_in_no_migration(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.cli import NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS
+        self.assertIn("login", NO_MIGRATION_COMMANDS)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_cli_module_entry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""The CLI package is runnable as `python -m bot_bottle.cli`."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+_REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+
+
+def _run(*args: str) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    return subprocess.run(
+        [sys.executable, "-m", "bot_bottle.cli", *args],
+        cwd=_REPO_ROOT,
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        check=False,
+    )
+
+
+class TestModuleEntry(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_help_exits_zero(self) -> None:
+        result = _run("--help")
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0, result.stderr)
+        self.assertIn("login", result.stderr)
+
+    def test_no_args_prints_usage(self) -> None:
+        # main() returns 2 with no command, matching the cli.py entry point.
+        self.assertEqual(_run().returncode, 2)
+
+    def test_subcommand_help_reaches_handler(self) -> None:
+        result = _run("login", "--help")
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0, result.stderr)
+        self.assertIn("--console-url", result.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_cli_start_headless.py

@@ -176,6 +176,18 @@ class TestCmdStartHeadless(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual("researcher-2", self._spec().label)
 
 
+    def test_cached_images_sets_cached_policy(self):
+        start_mod.cmd_start(
+            ["--headless", "--cached-images", "researcher", "--bottle", "claude",
+             "--prompt", "Do it"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual("cached", self._spec().image_policy)
+
+    def test_cached_images_requires_headless(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(Die):
+            start_mod.cmd_start(["--cached-images", "researcher"])
+        self._launch_mock.assert_not_called()
+
 
 class TestPrepareWithPreflight(unittest.TestCase):
     """prepare_with_preflight calls render_preflight with the plan and backend name."""

tests/unit/test_cli_start_selector.py

@@ -65,6 +65,12 @@ class TestCmdStartSelector(unittest.TestCase):
         )
         self._modal_patch.start()
 
+        self._image_policy_patch = patch(
+            "bot_bottle.cli.start._select_image_policy",
+            return_value="fresh",
+        )
+        self._image_policy_patch.start()
+
         self._env_patch = patch.dict(os.environ, {}, clear=False)
         self._env_patch.start()
         os.environ.pop("BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND", None)
@@ -75,6 +81,7 @@ class TestCmdStartSelector(unittest.TestCase):
         self._agent_picker_patch.stop()
         self._bottle_picker_patch.stop()
         self._modal_patch.stop()
+        self._image_policy_patch.stop()
         self._env_patch.stop()
 
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -133,6 +140,19 @@ class TestCmdStartSelector(unittest.TestCase):
         spec = self._launch_mock.call_args[0][0]
         self.assertEqual(("claude", "dev"), spec.bottle_names)
 
+    def test_image_policy_forwarded_to_spec(self):
+        with patch("bot_bottle.cli.start._select_image_policy", return_value="cached"):
+            start_mod.cmd_start(["researcher"])
+        self._launch_mock.assert_called_once()
+        spec = self._launch_mock.call_args[0][0]
+        self.assertEqual("cached", spec.image_policy)
+
+    def test_image_policy_cancel_returns_0(self):
+        with patch("bot_bottle.cli.start._select_image_policy", return_value=None):
+            rc = start_mod.cmd_start(["researcher"])
+        self.assertEqual(0, rc)
+        self._launch_mock.assert_not_called()
+
     def test_empty_bottle_selection_forwarded(self):
         self._bottle_picker_mock.return_value = []
         start_mod.cmd_start(["researcher"])
@@ -214,6 +234,7 @@ class TestCmdStartLabelCollision(unittest.TestCase):
         ).start()
         # Stub the bottle picker to always return a selection.
         patch.object(tui_mod, "filter_multiselect", return_value=["claude"]).start()
+        patch("bot_bottle.cli.start._select_image_policy", return_value="fresh").start()
         self.addCleanup(patch.stopall)
 
     def test_no_collision_proceeds_without_reprompt(self):

tests/unit/test_cli_start_stale.py

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+"""Unit: _launch_bottle StaleImageError handling.
+
+Exercises prelaunch_checks / backend.launch flow:
+  - headless mode → die on stale
+  - interactive mode, user declines → stop without launching
+  - interactive mode, user confirms → skip stale check and launch once
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import Any, cast
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+from bot_bottle.image_cache import StaleImageError
+from bot_bottle.log import Die
+
+
+def _fake_plan() -> Any:
+    provision = SimpleNamespace(startup_args=())
+    return cast(Any, SimpleNamespace(
+        agent_provision=provision,
+        agent_provider_template="claude",
+        slug="dev-abc",
+    ))
+
+
+def _ok_cm(bottle: Any) -> MagicMock:
+    """Return a context-manager mock that yields `bottle`."""
+    cm = MagicMock()
+    cm.__enter__ = MagicMock(return_value=bottle)
+    cm.__exit__ = MagicMock(return_value=False)
+    return cm
+
+
+class TestLaunchBottleStaleHandling(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="cli-stale-test.")
+
+    def _spec(self) -> Any:
+        from bot_bottle.backend import BottleSpec
+        from bot_bottle.manifest import ManifestIndex
+        idx = ManifestIndex.from_json_obj({
+            "bottles": {"dev": {}},
+            "agents": {"demo": {"skills": [], "prompt": "", "bottle": "dev"}},
+        })
+        return BottleSpec(
+            manifest=idx,
+            agent_name="demo",
+            copy_cwd=False,
+            user_cwd=self._tmp,
+            identity="dev-abc",
+        )
+
+    def _run_launch(self, **patch_kwargs: Any) -> int:
+        import bot_bottle.cli.start as start_mod
+        spec = self._spec()
+        with patch.object(start_mod, "prepare_with_preflight",
+                          return_value=(_fake_plan(), "dev-abc")), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "settle_state"), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "info"):
+            return start_mod._launch_bottle(
+                spec,
+                dry_run=False,
+                backend_name="docker",
+                **patch_kwargs,
+            )
+
+    def test_headless_stale_calls_die(self) -> None:
+        """In headless mode (assume_yes=True), a StaleImageError from prelaunch_checks must call die()."""
+        import bot_bottle.cli.start as start_mod
+
+        backend_mock = MagicMock()
+        backend_mock.prelaunch_checks.side_effect = StaleImageError("image is 5 day(s) old")
+
+        with patch.object(start_mod, "get_bottle_backend", return_value=backend_mock), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "die", side_effect=Die()):
+            with self.assertRaises(Die):
+                self._run_launch(assume_yes=True)
+
+        backend_mock.launch.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_interactive_user_declines_stops_before_launch(self) -> None:
+        """Interactive user answering 'n' → launch is never called."""
+        import bot_bottle.cli.start as start_mod
+
+        backend_mock = MagicMock()
+        backend_mock.prelaunch_checks.side_effect = StaleImageError("image is 5 day(s) old")
+
+        with patch.object(start_mod, "get_bottle_backend", return_value=backend_mock), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "read_tty_line", return_value="n"), \
+             patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=io.StringIO):
+            rc = self._run_launch(assume_yes=False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(0, rc)
+        backend_mock.launch.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_interactive_user_confirms_launches_once(self) -> None:
+        """Interactive user answering 'y' → prelaunch stale error is bypassed; launch called once."""
+        import bot_bottle.cli.start as start_mod
+
+        bottle_mock = MagicMock()
+        bottle_mock.name = "dev-abc"
+
+        backend_mock = MagicMock()
+        backend_mock.prelaunch_checks.side_effect = StaleImageError("image is 5 day(s) old")
+        backend_mock.launch.return_value = _ok_cm(bottle_mock)
+
+        with patch.object(start_mod, "get_bottle_backend", return_value=backend_mock), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "read_tty_line", return_value="y"), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "attach_agent", return_value=0), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "capture_claude_session_state"), \
+             patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=io.StringIO):
+            rc = self._run_launch(assume_yes=False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(0, rc)
+        backend_mock.prelaunch_checks.assert_called_once()
+        backend_mock.launch.assert_called_once()
+
+    def test_interactive_yes_uppercase_also_accepted(self) -> None:
+        """'Y' or 'YES' should also be accepted as confirmation."""
+        import bot_bottle.cli.start as start_mod
+
+        bottle_mock = MagicMock()
+        bottle_mock.name = "dev-abc"
+
+        backend_mock = MagicMock()
+        backend_mock.prelaunch_checks.side_effect = StaleImageError("image is 5 day(s) old")
+        backend_mock.launch.return_value = _ok_cm(bottle_mock)
+
+        with patch.object(start_mod, "get_bottle_backend", return_value=backend_mock), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "read_tty_line", return_value="YES"), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "attach_agent", return_value=0), \
+             patch.object(start_mod, "capture_claude_session_state"), \
+             patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=io.StringIO):
+            rc = self._run_launch(assume_yes=False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(0, rc)
+        backend_mock.launch.assert_called_once()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_config_store.py

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+"""Unit tests for the host-side configuration store."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sqlite3
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from bot_bottle.config_store import (
+    DEFAULT_CACHED_IMAGE_STALE_WARNING_DAYS,
+    ConfigStore,
+)
+from bot_bottle.store_manager import StoreManager
+
+
+class TestConfigStore(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_cached_image_warning_days_defaults_to_one(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="config-store.") as tmp:
+            store = ConfigStore(Path(tmp) / "bot-bottle.db")
+            store.migrate()
+            self.assertEqual(
+                DEFAULT_CACHED_IMAGE_STALE_WARNING_DAYS,
+                store.cached_image_stale_warning_days(),
+            )
+
+    def test_cached_image_warning_days_reads_value(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="config-store.") as tmp:
+            store = ConfigStore(Path(tmp) / "bot-bottle.db")
+            store.migrate()
+            store.set_cached_image_stale_warning_days(7)
+            self.assertEqual(7, store.cached_image_stale_warning_days())
+
+    def test_config_schema_uses_explicit_settings_columns(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="config-store.") as tmp:
+            store = ConfigStore(Path(tmp) / "bot-bottle.db")
+            store.migrate()
+            with sqlite3.connect(store.db_path) as conn:
+                conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
+                columns = [
+                    row["name"]
+                    for row in conn.execute("PRAGMA table_info(bot_bottle_config)")
+                ]
+            self.assertEqual([
+                "id",
+                "cached_image_stale_warning_days",
+            ], columns)
+
+    def test_store_manager_includes_config_store(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="config-store.") as tmp:
+            db = Path(tmp) / "bot-bottle.db"
+            manager = StoreManager(db)
+            self.assertFalse(manager.is_migrated())
+            manager.migrate()
+            self.assertTrue(manager.is_migrated())
+
+    def test_cached_image_warning_days_returns_default_when_db_missing(self) -> None:
+        # When the db file doesn't exist yet (parent exists, file doesn't),
+        # the store returns the default without touching the file.
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="config-store.") as tmp:
+            store = ConfigStore(Path(tmp) / "missing.db")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                DEFAULT_CACHED_IMAGE_STALE_WARNING_DAYS,
+                store.cached_image_stale_warning_days(),
+            )
+
+    def test_cached_image_warning_days_returns_default_on_null_value(self) -> None:
+        # If the row exists but the value is NULL (or not castable to int),
+        # the store falls back to the default.
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="config-store.") as tmp:
+            db_path = Path(tmp) / "bot-bottle.db"
+            store = ConfigStore(db_path)
+            store.migrate()
+            # Write a NULL value directly.
+            with sqlite3.connect(db_path) as conn:
+                conn.execute(
+                    "UPDATE bot_bottle_config SET cached_image_stale_warning_days = NULL WHERE id = 1"
+                )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                DEFAULT_CACHED_IMAGE_STALE_WARNING_DAYS,
+                store.cached_image_stale_warning_days(),
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_contrib_claude_auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+"""Unit: host Claude auth extraction."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+from bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth import (
+    claude_auth_path,
+    claude_host_access_token,
+)
+from bot_bottle.log import Die
+
+
+def _cred_json(access_token: str, **extra: object) -> str:
+    payload: dict[str, object] = {"claudeAiOauth": {"accessToken": access_token, **extra}}
+    return json.dumps(payload)
+
+
+class TestClaudeHostAccessToken(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="bb-claude-auth.")
+        self.home = Path(self.tmp.name)
+        self.cred_dir = self.home / ".claude"
+        self.cred_dir.mkdir()
+        self.auth_path = self.cred_dir / ".credentials.json"
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.tmp.cleanup()
+
+    def _write(self, payload: dict) -> None:  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+        self.auth_path.write_text(json.dumps(payload))
+
+    def test_auth_path_uses_home_env(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.auth_path,
+            claude_auth_path({"HOME": str(self.home)}),
+        )
+
+    # --- file-based (Linux) ---
+
+    def test_file_returns_access_token(self):
+        key = "sk-ant-oat01-real-key"  # gitleaks:allow
+        self._write({"claudeAiOauth": {"accessToken": key}})
+        out = claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(self.home)})
+        self.assertEqual(key, out)
+
+    def test_file_missing_claude_ai_oauth_dies(self):
+        self._write({"hasCompletedOnboarding": True})
+        with self.assertRaises(Die):
+            claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(self.home)})
+
+    def test_file_missing_access_token_dies(self):
+        self._write({"claudeAiOauth": {"expiresAt": 2000000000000}})
+        with self.assertRaises(Die):
+            claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(self.home)})
+
+    def test_file_empty_access_token_dies(self):
+        self._write({"claudeAiOauth": {"accessToken": ""}})
+        with self.assertRaises(Die):
+            claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(self.home)})
+
+    def test_file_expired_token_dies(self):
+        # expiresAt is milliseconds; 1_000_000 ms is year 1970
+        self._write({
+            "claudeAiOauth": {"accessToken": "sk-ant-oat01-x", "expiresAt": 1_000_000},  # gitleaks:allow
+        })
+        with self.assertRaises(Die):
+            claude_host_access_token(
+                {"HOME": str(self.home)},
+                now=datetime(2026, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            )
+
+    def test_file_future_expiry_is_accepted(self):
+        key = "sk-ant-oat01-y"  # gitleaks:allow
+        # 2_000_000_000_000 ms ≈ year 2033
+        self._write({
+            "claudeAiOauth": {"accessToken": key, "expiresAt": 2_000_000_000_000},
+        })
+        out = claude_host_access_token(
+            {"HOME": str(self.home)},
+            now=datetime(2026, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(key, out)
+
+    def test_file_absent_expiry_is_accepted(self):
+        key = "sk-ant-oat01-z"  # gitleaks:allow
+        self._write({"claudeAiOauth": {"accessToken": key}})
+        out = claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(self.home)})
+        self.assertEqual(key, out)
+
+    def test_file_non_json_dies(self):
+        self.auth_path.write_text("not json {{{")
+        with self.assertRaises(Die):
+            claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(self.home)})
+
+    def test_file_json_array_root_dies(self):
+        self.auth_path.write_text("[]")
+        with self.assertRaises(Die):
+            claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(self.home)})
+
+    def test_file_extra_fields_are_ignored(self):
+        key = "sk-ant-oat01-real"  # gitleaks:allow
+        self._write({
+            "claudeAiOauth": {
+                "accessToken": key,
+                "refreshToken": "sk-ant-ort01-secret",  # gitleaks:allow
+                "scopes": ["user:inference"],
+                "expiresAt": 2_000_000_000_000,
+            },
+        })
+        out = claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(self.home)})
+        self.assertEqual(key, out)
+
+    # --- macOS Keychain fallback ---
+
+    def _home_without_creds(self) -> Path:
+        """A home dir that has .claude/ but no .credentials.json."""
+        empty = self.home / "no-creds"
+        (empty / ".claude").mkdir(parents=True)
+        return empty
+
+    def _mock_keychain(self, stdout: str, returncode: int = 0) -> MagicMock:
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock.returncode = returncode
+        mock.stdout = stdout
+        return mock
+
+    def test_keychain_used_when_file_absent(self):
+        key = "sk-ant-oat01-keychain"  # gitleaks:allow
+        home = self._home_without_creds()
+        with patch(
+            "bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth.subprocess.run",
+            return_value=self._mock_keychain(_cred_json(key)),
+        ), patch(
+            "bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth.sys.platform", "darwin",
+        ):
+            out = claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(home)})
+        self.assertEqual(key, out)
+
+    def test_keychain_failure_when_file_absent_dies(self):
+        home = self._home_without_creds()
+        with patch(
+            "bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth.subprocess.run",
+            return_value=self._mock_keychain("", returncode=44),
+        ), patch(
+            "bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth.sys.platform", "darwin",
+        ):
+            with self.assertRaises(Die):
+                claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(home)})
+
+    def test_no_file_no_keychain_on_linux_dies(self):
+        home = self._home_without_creds()
+        with patch("bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth.sys.platform", "linux"):
+            with self.assertRaises(Die):
+                claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(home)})
+
+    def test_keychain_non_json_dies(self):
+        home = self._home_without_creds()
+        with patch(
+            "bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth.subprocess.run",
+            return_value=self._mock_keychain("not-json"),
+        ), patch(
+            "bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth.sys.platform", "darwin",
+        ):
+            with self.assertRaises(Die):
+                claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(home)})
+
+    def test_keychain_security_not_found_dies(self):
+        home = self._home_without_creds()
+        with patch(
+            "bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth.subprocess.run",
+            side_effect=FileNotFoundError,
+        ), patch(
+            "bot_bottle.contrib.claude.claude_auth.sys.platform", "darwin",
+        ):
+            with self.assertRaises(Die):
+                claude_host_access_token({"HOME": str(home)})
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_docker_launch_committed_image.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import contextlib
+import dataclasses
 import io
 import tempfile
 import unittest
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ from bot_bottle.backend.docker.bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
 from bot_bottle.backend.docker.consolidated_launch import LaunchContext
 from bot_bottle.egress import EgressPlan
 from bot_bottle.git_gate import GitGatePlan
+from bot_bottle.log import Die
 from bot_bottle.manifest import ManifestIndex
 from tests.unit import use_bottle_root
 
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ class TestLaunchCommittedImage(unittest.TestCase):
                 mock.patch.object(launch_mod.docker_mod, "image_exists", return_value=image_present), \
                 mock.patch.object(launch_mod.docker_mod, "build_image", side_effect=_build), \
                 mock.patch.object(launch_mod.docker_mod, "verify_agent_image"), \
+                mock.patch.object(launch_mod.docker_mod, "image_created_at"), \
                 mock.patch.object(launch_mod, "launch_consolidated", return_value=_CTX), \
                 mock.patch.object(launch_mod, "teardown_consolidated"), \
                 mock.patch.object(launch_mod, "DockerGateway", return_value=gw), \
@@ -112,7 +115,8 @@ class TestLaunchCommittedImage(unittest.TestCase):
         with self._patched(
             committed_tag=committed_tag, image_present=image_present, compose=compose,
         ) as built:
-            with launch_mod.launch(plan, provision=mock.Mock(return_value=None)):
+            images = launch_mod.build_or_load_images(plan)
+            with launch_mod.launch(plan, images, provision=mock.Mock(return_value=None)):
                 pass
         return built
 
@@ -127,14 +131,34 @@ class TestLaunchCommittedImage(unittest.TestCase):
             captured.append(p)
             return {"services": {"agent": {}}}
 
-        with self._patched(committed_tag=_COMMITTED_TAG, image_present=True, compose=compose):
-            with launch_mod.launch(_plan(self._tmp), provision=mock.Mock(return_value=None)):
+        with self._patched(committed_tag=_COMMITTED_TAG, image_present=True, compose=compose) as _:
+            plan = _plan(self._tmp)
+            images = launch_mod.build_or_load_images(plan)
+            with launch_mod.launch(plan, images, provision=mock.Mock(return_value=None)):
                 pass
         self.assertEqual(_COMMITTED_TAG, captured[0].image)
 
     def test_falls_back_to_build_when_no_committed_image(self) -> None:
         self.assertEqual([_DEFAULT_IMAGE], self._run_launch(_plan(self._tmp), committed_tag=None))
 
+    def test_cached_images_skip_build_when_present(self) -> None:
+        base = _plan(self._tmp)
+        plan = dataclasses.replace(
+            base,
+            spec=dataclasses.replace(base.spec, image_policy="cached"),
+        )
+        built = self._run_launch(plan, committed_tag=None, image_present=True)
+        self.assertEqual([], built)
+
+    def test_cached_images_die_when_agent_missing(self) -> None:
+        base = _plan(self._tmp)
+        plan = dataclasses.replace(
+            base,
+            spec=dataclasses.replace(base.spec, image_policy="cached"),
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises(Die):
+            self._run_launch(plan, committed_tag=None, image_present=False)
+
     def test_falls_back_to_build_when_committed_image_missing_from_daemon(self) -> None:
         built = self._run_launch(_plan(self._tmp), committed_tag=_COMMITTED_TAG, image_present=False)
         self.assertEqual([_DEFAULT_IMAGE], built)

tests/unit/test_docker_launch_teardown.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from unittest import mock
 
 from bot_bottle.agent_provider import AgentProvisionPlan
-from bot_bottle.backend import BottleSpec
+from bot_bottle.backend import BottleImages, BottleSpec
 from bot_bottle.backend.docker import launch as launch_mod
 from bot_bottle.backend.docker.bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
 from bot_bottle.backend.docker.consolidated_launch import LaunchContext
@@ -93,6 +93,8 @@ class TestTeardownWarning(unittest.TestCase):
             orchestrator_url="http://orch:8099",
         )
 
+        images = BottleImages(agent="bot-bottle-claude:latest", sidecar="bot-bottle-sidecars:latest")
+
         with mock.patch.object(launch_mod.docker_mod, "build_image"), \
              mock.patch.object(launch_mod.docker_mod, "verify_agent_image"), \
              mock.patch.object(launch_mod, "launch_consolidated", return_value=ctx), \
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ class TestTeardownWarning(unittest.TestCase):
              ), \
              contextlib.redirect_stderr(buf):
             provision = mock.Mock(return_value=None)
-            with launch_mod.launch(plan, provision=provision):
+            with launch_mod.launch(plan, images, provision=provision):
                 pass
 
         output = buf.getvalue()

tests/unit/test_docker_provision_git_user.py

@@ -45,12 +45,15 @@ _PROVIDER = _Provider()
 
 
 def _plan(*, git_user: dict | None = None,  # type: ignore
+          git_repos: dict | None = None,  # type: ignore
           copy_cwd: bool = False,
           user_cwd: str = "/tmp/x",
           stage_dir: Path | None = None) -> DockerBottlePlan:
     bottle_json: dict = {}  # type: ignore
     if git_user is not None:
         bottle_json["git-gate"] = {"user": git_user}
+    if git_repos is not None:
+        bottle_json.setdefault("git-gate", {})["repos"] = git_repos
     index = ManifestIndex.from_json_obj({
         "bottles": {"dev": bottle_json},
         "agents": {"demo": {"skills": [], "prompt": "", "bottle": "dev"}},
@@ -125,6 +128,62 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
         _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, _plan(stage_dir=self.stage))
         self.assertEqual([], _git_config_exec_calls(bottle))
 
+    def test_repairs_git_xdg_directory_for_runtime_user(self):
+        bottle = _make_bottle()
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, _plan(stage_dir=self.stage))
+
+        script, user = next(
+            (call.args[0], call.kwargs.get("user", "node"))
+            for call in bottle.exec.call_args_list
+            if "/home/node/.config/git" in call.args[0]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual("root", user)
+        self.assertIn("chown node:node /home/node", script)
+        self.assertIn("chmod 755 /home/node", script)
+        self.assertIn("mkdir -p /home/node/.config/git", script)
+        self.assertIn("chown -R node:node /home/node/.config", script)
+        self.assertIn("chmod -R u+rwX,go+rX /home/node/.config", script)
+
+    def test_fails_closed_when_home_permissions_cannot_be_repaired(self):
+        bottle = _make_bottle()
+        bottle.exec.return_value = ExecResult(1, "", "read-only filesystem")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+            _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, _plan(stage_dir=self.stage))
+
+    def _git_plan(self) -> DockerBottlePlan:
+        return _plan(
+            git_repos={
+                "repo": {
+                    "url": "ssh://git@example.com/repo.git",
+                    "key": {"provider": "static", "path": "/dev/null"},
+                    "host_key": "ssh-ed25519 AAAA",
+                },
+            },
+            stage_dir=self.stage,
+        )
+
+    def test_fails_closed_when_gitconfig_permissions_cannot_be_set(self):
+        bottle = _make_bottle()
+        bottle.exec.side_effect = [
+            ExecResult(0, "", ""),
+            ExecResult(1, "", "chown failed"),
+        ]
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+            _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, self._git_plan())
+
+    def test_fails_closed_when_runtime_user_cannot_read_gitconfig(self):
+        bottle = _make_bottle()
+        bottle.exec.side_effect = [
+            ExecResult(0, "", ""),
+            ExecResult(0, "", ""),
+            ExecResult(1, "", "permission denied"),
+        ]
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+            _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, self._git_plan())
+
     def test_sets_name_and_email(self):
         plan = _plan(
             git_user={"name": "Eric Bauerfeld", "email": "eric@dideric.is"},

tests/unit/test_docker_util_image.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import subprocess
 import unittest
+from datetime import timezone
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 from bot_bottle.backend.docker import util as docker_mod
@@ -26,6 +27,59 @@ def _fail(stderr: str = "boom") -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:  # type: ignore
     )
 
 
+
+class TestImageCreatedAt(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_parses_docker_timestamp_with_nanoseconds(self):
+        with patch.object(
+            docker_mod.subprocess, "run",
+            return_value=_ok(stdout="2026-07-06T15:33:47.123456789Z\n"),
+        ) as run:
+            created = docker_mod.image_created_at("bot-bottle-claude:latest")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(created)
+        assert created is not None
+        self.assertEqual(2026, created.year)
+        self.assertEqual(123456, created.microsecond)
+        self.assertEqual(timezone.utc, created.tzinfo)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ["docker", "image", "inspect", "--format", "{{.Created}}", "bot-bottle-claude:latest"],
+            run.call_args.args[0],
+        )
+
+    def test_dies_on_inspect_failure(self):
+        with patch.object(
+            docker_mod.subprocess, "run", return_value=_fail("No such image"),
+        ), patch.object(
+            docker_mod, "die", side_effect=SystemExit("die"),
+        ) as die:
+            with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+                docker_mod.image_created_at("missing:tag")
+        die.assert_called_once()
+        self.assertIn("missing:tag", die.call_args.args[0])
+
+    def test_returns_none_on_invalid_timestamp(self):
+        with patch.object(
+            docker_mod.subprocess, "run",
+            return_value=_ok(stdout="not-a-timestamp\n"),
+        ):
+            result = docker_mod.image_created_at("some:tag")
+        self.assertIsNone(result)
+
+    def test_returns_none_on_empty_stdout(self):
+        with patch.object(
+            docker_mod.subprocess, "run",
+            return_value=_ok(stdout=""),
+        ):
+            result = docker_mod.image_created_at("some:tag")
+        self.assertIsNone(result)
+
+    def test_parse_docker_timestamp_no_tzinfo_defaults_to_utc(self):
+        # A bare datetime with no tz offset should be treated as UTC.
+        dt = docker_mod._parse_docker_timestamp("2024-05-01T10:00:00.000000")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(dt.tzinfo)
+        self.assertEqual(timezone.utc, dt.tzinfo)
+
+
+
 class TestCommitContainer(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_runs_docker_commit(self):
         with patch.object(

tests/unit/test_egress_addon_request_flow.py

@@ -413,6 +413,28 @@ class TestAuthInjection(unittest.TestCase):
         assert flow.response is not None
         self.assertEqual(403, flow.response.status_code)
 
+    def test_preserve_auth_passes_agent_token_through(self) -> None:
+        route = Route(host="registry-1.docker.io", preserve_auth=True)
+        addon = _addon(Config(routes=(route,)))
+        flow = _Flow(_Request(
+            host="registry-1.docker.io",
+            headers={"authorization": "Bearer agent-registry-token"},
+        ))
+        _run_request(addon, flow)
+        self.assertEqual("Bearer agent-registry-token", flow.request.headers.get("authorization"))
+        self.assertIsNone(flow.response)
+
+    def test_default_route_strips_agent_auth(self) -> None:
+        route = Route(host="registry-1.docker.io")
+        addon = _addon(Config(routes=(route,)))
+        flow = _Flow(_Request(
+            host="registry-1.docker.io",
+            headers={"authorization": "Bearer agent-registry-token"},
+        ))
+        _run_request(addon, flow)
+        self.assertIsNone(flow.request.headers.get("authorization"))
+        self.assertIsNone(flow.response)
+
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # git push / fetch over HTTPS

tests/unit/test_firecracker_backend.py

@@ -61,6 +61,12 @@ class TestNetpoolSlots(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class TestNetpoolRenderers(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_guest_init_restores_node_home_boundary(self):
+        from bot_bottle.backend.firecracker import util
+
+        self.assertIn("chown node:node /home/node", util._GUEST_INIT)
+        self.assertIn("chmod 755 /home/node", util._GUEST_INIT)
+
     def test_nixos_module_is_non_invasive(self):
         # The NixOS module must NOT flip the host firewall backend or
         # hand interfaces to systemd-networkd; it brings the pool up via
@@ -422,10 +428,15 @@ class TestBottlePlanProperties(unittest.TestCase):
         ap.command = "claude"
         ap.prompt_mode = "append_file"
         ap.template = "claude"
+        ap.guest_home = "/home/node"
+        ap.guest_env = {}
+        egress_plan = cast(Any, MagicMock())
+        egress_plan.canary = ""
+        egress_plan.canary_env = ""
         fields = dict(
             spec=cast(Any, MagicMock()), manifest=cast(Any, MagicMock()),
             stage_dir=Path("/stage"), git_gate_plan=cast(Any, MagicMock()),
-            egress_plan=cast(Any, MagicMock()), supervise_plan=None,
+            egress_plan=egress_plan, supervise_plan=None,
             agent_provision=ap, slug="demo-x", forwarded_env={},
         )
         fields.update(overrides)
@@ -451,6 +462,12 @@ class TestBottlePlanProperties(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual("10.243.0.0:9420", p.git_gate_insteadof_host)
         self.assertEqual("http", p.git_gate_insteadof_scheme)
 
+    def test_guest_env_pins_global_git_config(self):
+        from bot_bottle.backend.firecracker.launch import _agent_guest_env
+
+        env = _agent_guest_env(self._plan(), "10.243.0.0")
+        self.assertEqual("/home/node/.gitconfig", env["GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL"])
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_firecracker_image_builder.py

@@ -35,6 +35,15 @@ class TestBuildAgentRootfsDir(unittest.TestCase):
         build.assert_not_called()
         self.assertEqual(base, out)
 
+    def test_cached_lookup_requires_ready_marker(self):
+        digest = image_builder._rootfs_digest(self.dockerfile)
+        base = self.cache / "rootfs" / f"agent-{digest}"
+        base.mkdir(parents=True)
+        with patch.object(image_builder.util, "cache_dir", return_value=self.cache):
+            self.assertIsNone(image_builder.cached_agent_rootfs_dir(self.dockerfile))
+            (base / ".bb-ready").write_text("ok\n")
+            self.assertEqual(base, image_builder.cached_agent_rootfs_dir(self.dockerfile))
+
     def test_cache_miss_builds_injects_and_marks_ready(self):
         with patch.object(image_builder.util, "cache_dir", return_value=self.cache), \
              patch.object(image_builder, "_build_in_infra") as build, \

tests/unit/test_image_cache.py

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+"""Unit: image_cache.py — check_stale / check_stale_path."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+from bot_bottle.image_cache import StaleImageError, check_stale, check_stale_path
+
+
+class TestCheckStale(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _run(self, threshold: int, age_days: float) -> None:
+        created = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc) - timedelta(days=age_days)
+        with patch("bot_bottle.image_cache.ConfigStore") as cs:
+            cs.return_value.cached_image_stale_warning_days.return_value = threshold
+            check_stale("test image", created)
+
+    def test_negative_threshold_never_raises(self):
+        # Threshold < 0 means the check is disabled — always passes.
+        self._run(threshold=-1, age_days=9999)
+
+    def test_zero_threshold_raises_immediately(self):
+        # threshold=0 means any image is stale the moment it exists.
+        with self.assertRaises(StaleImageError):
+            self._run(threshold=0, age_days=0.1)
+
+    def test_within_threshold_does_not_raise(self):
+        # Age well under threshold — should pass silently.
+        self._run(threshold=7, age_days=2)
+
+    def test_at_threshold_does_not_raise(self):
+        # Exactly at the boundary is fine (<=, not <).
+        self._run(threshold=1, age_days=0.9999)
+
+    def test_exceeds_threshold_raises(self):
+        created = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc) - timedelta(days=3)
+        with patch("bot_bottle.image_cache.ConfigStore") as cs:
+            cs.return_value.cached_image_stale_warning_days.return_value = 1
+            with self.assertRaises(StaleImageError) as ctx:
+                check_stale("agent image 'bot-bottle:latest'", created)
+        self.assertIn("agent image", str(ctx.exception))
+        self.assertIn("day(s) old", str(ctx.exception))
+
+    def test_naive_datetime_treated_as_utc(self):
+        # check_stale calls .astimezone(utc) on the input; naive datetimes
+        # that would be interpreted as local time should still work.
+        # We can't control the local tz in a unit test, so just ensure
+        # no exception is thrown for a very recent naive datetime.
+        naive_now = datetime(2099, 1, 1)  # far future, always "fresh"
+        with patch("bot_bottle.image_cache.ConfigStore") as cs:
+            cs.return_value.cached_image_stale_warning_days.return_value = 1
+            # Should not raise — the image is brand new.
+            check_stale("test image", naive_now)
+
+
+class TestCheckStalePath(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_delegates_to_check_stale_with_mtime(self):
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f:
+            path = Path(f.name)
+            with patch("bot_bottle.image_cache.check_stale") as mock_check:
+                check_stale_path("some artifact", path)
+            mock_check.assert_called_once()
+            label, dt = mock_check.call_args.args
+            self.assertEqual("some artifact", label)
+            self.assertIsInstance(dt, datetime)
+            self.assertIsNotNone(dt.tzinfo)
+
+    def test_raises_stale_for_old_file(self):
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f:
+            path = Path(f.name)
+            with patch("bot_bottle.image_cache.ConfigStore") as cs:
+                cs.return_value.cached_image_stale_warning_days.return_value = 0
+                with self.assertRaises(StaleImageError):
+                    check_stale_path("cached artifact", path)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_macos_container_launch_wiring.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import unittest
 from pathlib import Path
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 from typing import cast
-from unittest.mock import patch
+from unittest.mock import ANY, patch
 
 from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.bottle import MacosContainerBottle
 from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.bottle_plan import MacosContainerBottlePlan
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.gateway_hosts import GATEWAY_HOSTNAME
 from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch import (
     _agent_run_argv,
     _identity_proxy_env,
+    build_or_load_images,
 )
+from bot_bottle.log import Die
 from bot_bottle.manifest import ManifestIndex
 
 _BOTTLE = "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.bottle"
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ def _plan(
     *,
     agent_git_gate_url: str = "",
     agent_supervise_url: str = "",
+    image_policy: str = "fresh",
 ) -> MacosContainerBottlePlan:
     routes_path = stage_dir / "routes.yaml"
     routes_path.write_text("routes: []\n", encoding="utf-8")
@@ -60,12 +63,13 @@ def _plan(
         canary_env="",
     )
     return cast(MacosContainerBottlePlan, SimpleNamespace(
-        spec=SimpleNamespace(),
+        spec=SimpleNamespace(image_policy=image_policy),
         manifest=_MANIFEST,
         stage_dir=stage_dir,
         slug="dev-abc",
         container_name="bot-bottle-dev-abc",
         image="bot-bottle-agent:latest",
+        dockerfile_path="/repo/Dockerfile",
         forwarded_env={"OAUTH_TOKEN": "host-value"},
         egress_plan=egress_plan,
         git_gate_plan=SimpleNamespace(upstreams=()),
@@ -79,6 +83,88 @@ def _plan(
     ))
 
 
+class TestBuildOrLoadImages(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.plan = _plan(Path(self._tmp.name))
+
+    def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp.cleanup()
+
+    def test_reuses_present_committed_image(self) -> None:
+        with (
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.read_committed_image",
+                return_value="committed:latest",
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.container_mod.image_exists",
+                return_value=True,
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.container_mod.build_image"
+            ) as build,
+        ):
+            images = build_or_load_images(self.plan)
+
+        self.assertEqual("committed:latest", images.agent)
+        build.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_reuses_present_cached_image(self) -> None:
+        plan = _plan(Path(self._tmp.name), image_policy="cached")
+        with (
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.read_committed_image",
+                return_value=None,
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.container_mod.image_exists",
+                return_value=True,
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.container_mod.build_image"
+            ) as build,
+        ):
+            images = build_or_load_images(plan)
+
+        self.assertEqual(plan.image, images.agent)
+        build.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_cached_policy_rejects_missing_image(self) -> None:
+        plan = _plan(Path(self._tmp.name), image_policy="cached")
+        with (
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.read_committed_image",
+                return_value=None,
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.container_mod.image_exists",
+                return_value=False,
+            ),
+        ):
+            with self.assertRaises(Die):
+                build_or_load_images(plan)
+
+    def test_fresh_policy_builds_image(self) -> None:
+        with (
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.read_committed_image",
+                return_value=None,
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.launch.container_mod.build_image"
+            ) as build,
+        ):
+            images = build_or_load_images(self.plan)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.plan.image, images.agent)
+        build.assert_called_once_with(
+            self.plan.image,
+            ANY,
+            dockerfile=self.plan.dockerfile_path,
+        )
+
+
 class TestAgentRunArgv(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self) -> None:
         self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()

tests/unit/test_macos_container_util.py

@@ -391,5 +391,72 @@ class TestWaitContainerIpv4(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual("", util.wait_container_ipv4_on_network("c", "net", timeout=-1))
 
 
+class TestMacosContainerImageCreatedAt(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _ok(self, stdout: str) -> "util.subprocess.CompletedProcess":  # type: ignore
+        return util.subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+            args=[], returncode=0, stdout=stdout, stderr="",
+        )
+
+    def _fail(self, stderr: str = "no such image") -> "util.subprocess.CompletedProcess":  # type: ignore
+        return util.subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+            args=[], returncode=1, stdout="", stderr=stderr,
+        )
+
+    def test_parses_iso_timestamp_from_dict(self):
+        payload = '[{"created": "2025-06-01T12:00:00"}]'
+        with patch.object(util.subprocess, "run", return_value=self._ok(payload)):
+            dt = util.image_created_at("bot-bottle-agent:latest")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(dt)
+        assert dt is not None
+        self.assertEqual(2025, dt.year)
+        self.assertEqual(6, dt.month)
+        self.assertEqual(1, dt.day)
+
+    def test_accepts_list_or_dict_input(self):
+        # Container CLI may return a list; we take the first element.
+        payload = '[{"created": "2024-01-15T08:30:00"}]'
+        with patch.object(util.subprocess, "run", return_value=self._ok(payload)):
+            dt = util.image_created_at("some-image:latest")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(dt)
+        assert dt is not None
+        self.assertEqual(2024, dt.year)
+
+    def test_accepts_uppercase_Created_field(self):
+        payload = '[{"Created": "2024-03-20T10:00:00"}]'
+        with patch.object(util.subprocess, "run", return_value=self._ok(payload)):
+            dt = util.image_created_at("some-image:latest")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(dt)
+        assert dt is not None
+        self.assertEqual(2024, dt.year)
+        self.assertEqual(3, dt.month)
+
+    def test_dies_on_nonzero_returncode(self):
+        with patch.object(util.subprocess, "run", return_value=self._fail("not found")), \
+             patch.object(util, "die", side_effect=SystemExit("die")) as die:
+            with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+                util.image_created_at("missing:tag")
+        die.assert_called_once()
+        self.assertIn("missing:tag", die.call_args.args[0])
+
+    def test_dies_on_malformed_json(self):
+        with patch.object(util.subprocess, "run", return_value=self._ok("not-json {")), \
+             patch.object(util, "die", side_effect=SystemExit("die")) as die:
+            with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+                util.image_created_at("some:tag")
+        die.assert_called_once()
+
+    def test_returns_none_when_no_created_field(self):
+        payload = '[{"id": "sha256:abc123"}]'
+        with patch.object(util.subprocess, "run", return_value=self._ok(payload)):
+            result = util.image_created_at("some:tag")
+        self.assertIsNone(result)
+
+    def test_returns_none_on_invalid_timestamp_format(self):
+        payload = '[{"created": "not-a-date"}]'
+        with patch.object(util.subprocess, "run", return_value=self._ok(payload)):
+            result = util.image_created_at("some:tag")
+        self.assertIsNone(result)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_macos_infra.py

@@ -61,6 +61,20 @@ class TestInfraRun(unittest.TestCase):
         mounts = [argv[i + 1] for i, a in enumerate(argv) if a == "--mount"]
         self.assertTrue(all("bot-bottle.db" not in m for m in mounts))
 
+    def test_ca_is_persisted_on_the_host_not_the_container_volume(self) -> None:
+        """The CA survives infra recreation and cannot be removed by Apple
+        Container's volume-prune command."""
+        argv = self._run_container(MacosInfraService(repo_root=Path("/r")))
+        mounts = [argv[i + 1] for i, a in enumerate(argv) if a == "--mount"]
+        ca_mounts = [
+            m for m in mounts
+            if "target=/home/mitmproxy/.mitmproxy" in m
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(ca_mounts))
+        self.assertIn("source=", ca_mounts[0])
+        self.assertIn("/gateway-ca", ca_mounts[0])
+        self.assertNotIn(",readonly", ca_mounts[0])
+
     def test_nat_network_precedes_the_host_only_network(self) -> None:
         argv = self._run_container(MacosInfraService(repo_root=Path("/r")))
         nets = [argv[i + 1] for i, a in enumerate(argv) if a == "--network"]

tests/unit/test_manifest_egress.py

@@ -80,11 +80,19 @@ class TestAgentProviderHostCredentials(unittest.TestCase):
                 "forward_host_credentials": "yes",
             })
 
-    def test_forward_host_credentials_rejected_for_claude(self):
+    def test_forward_host_credentials_allowed_for_claude(self):
+        b = _provider_config_bottle({
+            "template": "claude",
+            "forward_host_credentials": True,
+        })
+        self.assertTrue(b.agent_provider.forward_host_credentials)
+
+    def test_forward_host_credentials_and_auth_token_rejected_together(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ManifestError):
             _provider_config_bottle({
                 "template": "claude",
                 "forward_host_credentials": True,
+                "auth_token": "SOME_TOKEN",
             })
 
     def test_auth_token_defaults_empty(self):
@@ -450,6 +458,24 @@ class TestRole(unittest.TestCase):
             _bottle([{"host": "x.example", "role": ["x", 42]}])
 
 
+class TestPreserveAuth(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_omitted_defaults_false(self):
+        b = _bottle([{"host": "registry-1.docker.io"}])
+        self.assertFalse(b.egress.routes[0].PreserveAuth)
+
+    def test_true_accepted(self):
+        b = _bottle([{"host": "registry-1.docker.io", "preserve_auth": True}])
+        self.assertTrue(b.egress.routes[0].PreserveAuth)
+
+    def test_false_accepted(self):
+        b = _bottle([{"host": "registry-1.docker.io", "preserve_auth": False}])
+        self.assertFalse(b.egress.routes[0].PreserveAuth)
+
+    def test_non_bool_rejected(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ManifestError):
+            _bottle([{"host": "registry-1.docker.io", "preserve_auth": "yes"}])
+
+
 class TestPipelockKeyRejected(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_pipelock_key_rejected_as_unknown(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ManifestError):

tests/unit/test_manifest_validation.py

@@ -86,10 +86,22 @@ class TestAgentProviderValidation(unittest.TestCase):
                 "b", {"forward_host_credentials": True, "template": "weird"}
             )
 
-    def test_forward_creds_non_codex_template(self) -> None:
+    def test_forward_creds_pi_template_rejected(self) -> None:
         with self.assertRaises(ManifestError):
             ManifestAgentProvider.from_dict(
-                "b", {"forward_host_credentials": True, "template": "claude"}
+                "b", {"forward_host_credentials": True, "template": "pi"}
+            )
+
+    def test_forward_creds_claude_allowed(self) -> None:
+        p = ManifestAgentProvider.from_dict(
+            "b", {"forward_host_credentials": True, "template": "claude"}
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(p.forward_host_credentials)
+
+    def test_forward_creds_and_auth_token_rejected(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaises(ManifestError):
+            ManifestAgentProvider.from_dict(
+                "b", {"forward_host_credentials": True, "auth_token": "T", "template": "claude"}
             )
 
     def test_valid_claude_auth_token(self) -> None:

tests/unit/test_orchestrator_gateway.py

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import tempfile
 import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
 from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 
 from bot_bottle.orchestrator.gateway import (
@@ -10,7 +12,10 @@ from bot_bottle.orchestrator.gateway import (
     GATEWAY_NAME,
     DockerGateway,
     GatewayError,
+    rotate_gateway_ca,
 )
+from bot_bottle.paths import GATEWAY_CA_DIRNAME, host_gateway_ca_dir
+from tests.unit import use_bottle_root
 
 
 _CA_PEM = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nMII...\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n"
@@ -27,6 +32,11 @@ _ORCH_URL = "http://orchestrator:9000"
 
 class TestDockerGateway(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self) -> None:
+        # Redirect the app-data root so ensure_running's host-dir mkdirs (CA +
+        # DB) land in a throwaway dir, not the real ~/.bot-bottle.
+        self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self._tmp.cleanup)
+        self.addCleanup(use_bottle_root(Path(self._tmp.name)))
         # Resolver-only data plane (PRD 0070): running the gateway requires an
         # orchestrator URL, so the fixture supplies one.
         self.sc = DockerGateway("bot-bottle-gateway:latest", orchestrator_url=_ORCH_URL)
@@ -103,8 +113,17 @@ class TestDockerGateway(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIn("bot-bottle-gateway:latest", runs[0])
         # Runs on the shared gateway network so agents can reach it by IP.
         self.assertEqual(self.sc.network, runs[0][runs[0].index("--network") + 1])
-        # Persists its CA on a named volume so agents keep trusting it.
-        self.assertTrue(any("mitmproxy" in a for a in runs[0]))
+        # Persists its CA on a HOST bind-mount (not a docker named volume, which
+        # `docker volume prune` would wipe — issue #450) so agents keep trusting
+        # it across restarts. The mount source is the host gateway-CA dir.
+        ca_mounts = [
+            a for a in runs[0]
+            if a.endswith(":/home/mitmproxy/.mitmproxy")
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(ca_mounts))
+        src = ca_mounts[0].rsplit(":", 1)[0]
+        self.assertTrue(src.endswith("/" + GATEWAY_CA_DIRNAME), src)
+        self.assertTrue(Path(src).is_absolute(), src)
         # Shares the ONE host DB: the supervise daemon queues into the same
         # file the orchestrator + operator (over HTTP) use.
         self.assertTrue(any(
@@ -234,5 +253,49 @@ class TestDockerGatewayBuild(unittest.TestCase):
                 self.sc.ensure_built()
 
 
+class TestRotateGatewayCa(unittest.TestCase):
+    """rotate_gateway_ca clears the persisted CA so the next start remints it."""
+
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self._tmp.cleanup)
+        self.addCleanup(use_bottle_root(Path(self._tmp.name)))
+
+    def _seed_ca(self) -> Path:
+        ca_dir = host_gateway_ca_dir()
+        # A representative mitmproxy confdir: the CA identity + derived encodings,
+        # plus one non-CA file that rotation must leave untouched.
+        for name in (
+            "mitmproxy-ca.pem",
+            "mitmproxy-ca-cert.pem",
+            "mitmproxy-ca-cert.cer",
+            "mitmproxy-ca-cert.p12",
+        ):
+            (ca_dir / name).write_text("x")
+        (ca_dir / "combined-trust.pem").write_text("keep")
+        return ca_dir
+
+    def test_removes_ca_material_only(self) -> None:
+        ca_dir = self._seed_ca()
+        removed = rotate_gateway_ca(ca_dir)
+        self.assertEqual(4, len(removed))
+        self.assertTrue(all(p.name.startswith("mitmproxy-ca") for p in removed))
+        # The CA files are gone; the non-CA trust bundle survives.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"combined-trust.pem"}, {p.name for p in ca_dir.iterdir()}
+        )
+
+    def test_defaults_to_host_ca_dir(self) -> None:
+        self._seed_ca()
+        removed = rotate_gateway_ca()  # no arg → host_gateway_ca_dir()
+        self.assertTrue(removed)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [], list(host_gateway_ca_dir().glob("mitmproxy-ca*"))
+        )
+
+    def test_idempotent_when_no_ca(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual([], rotate_gateway_ca(host_gateway_ca_dir()))
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_orchestrator_lifecycle.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from bot_bottle.orchestrator.lifecycle import (
     OrchestratorStartError,
     source_hash,
 )
+from bot_bottle.paths import GATEWAY_CA_DIRNAME
 from tests.unit import use_bottle_root
 
 _URLOPEN = "bot_bottle.orchestrator.lifecycle.urllib.request.urlopen"
@@ -115,6 +116,14 @@ class TestOrchestratorService(unittest.TestCase):
         # Gateway daemons + orchestrator explicitly opted in.
         daemons_flag = "BOT_BOTTLE_GATEWAY_DAEMONS=egress,git-http,supervise,orchestrator"
         self.assertIn("orchestrator", argv[argv.index(daemons_flag)])
+        # The mitmproxy CA persists on a HOST bind-mount under the app-data root
+        # (not a docker named volume `docker volume prune` would wipe — #450), so
+        # a restarted infra container keeps the CA every running bottle trusts.
+        ca_mounts = [a for a in argv if a.endswith(":/home/mitmproxy/.mitmproxy")]
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(ca_mounts))
+        src = ca_mounts[0].rsplit(":", 1)[0]
+        self.assertTrue(src.startswith(self._tmp.name), src)
+        self.assertTrue(src.endswith("/" + GATEWAY_CA_DIRNAME), src)
 
     def test_ensure_running_builds_all_images(self) -> None:
         calls: list[list[str]] = []

tests/unit/test_orchestrator_rotate_ca.py

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+"""Unit: the `rotate_ca` one-shot CLI (issue #450). Docker mocked."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
+
+from bot_bottle.orchestrator import rotate_ca
+from bot_bottle.orchestrator.gateway import GATEWAY_NAME
+from bot_bottle.orchestrator.lifecycle import INFRA_NAME
+from bot_bottle.paths import host_gateway_ca_dir
+from tests.unit import use_bottle_root
+
+_RUN = "bot_bottle.orchestrator.rotate_ca.run_docker"
+
+
+def _proc(returncode: int = 0, stdout: str = "", stderr: str = "") -> Mock:
+    return Mock(returncode=returncode, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr)
+
+
+class TestRotateCaCli(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self._tmp.cleanup)
+        self.addCleanup(use_bottle_root(Path(self._tmp.name)))
+
+    def test_clears_ca_and_drops_gateway_containers(self) -> None:
+        ca_dir = host_gateway_ca_dir()
+        (ca_dir / "mitmproxy-ca.pem").write_text("x")
+        (ca_dir / "mitmproxy-ca-cert.pem").write_text("x")
+
+        calls: list[list[str]] = []
+
+        def fake(argv: list[str], **_kw: object) -> Mock:
+            calls.append(argv)
+            # Report a removed container name so the CLI logs it.
+            return _proc(stdout=argv[-1])
+
+        with patch(_RUN, side_effect=fake):
+            self.assertEqual(0, rotate_ca.main([]))
+
+        # Persisted CA is gone → next start remints it.
+        self.assertEqual([], list(ca_dir.glob("mitmproxy-ca*")))
+        # Both the infra container and the standalone gateway are force-removed
+        # so no mitmproxy keeps serving the old CA from memory.
+        removed = {c[-1] for c in calls if c[:3] == ["docker", "rm", "--force"]}
+        self.assertEqual({INFRA_NAME, GATEWAY_NAME}, removed)
+
+    def test_succeeds_with_no_persisted_ca(self) -> None:
+        with patch(_RUN, return_value=_proc()) as m:
+            self.assertEqual(0, rotate_ca.main([]))
+        # Still tears down any running gateway even when there was no CA on disk.
+        self.assertTrue(m.called)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/test_publish_infra.py

@@ -136,6 +136,49 @@ class TestPublishBundle(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertIn("registry unreachable", str(ctx.exception))
 
 
+class TestTryDownloadPublished(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_downloads_existing_artifact(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d, \
+                mock.patch.object(pub.infra_vm, "_infra_init", return_value="init"), \
+                mock.patch.object(
+                    pub.infra_artifact, "infra_artifact_version", return_value="v1"
+                ), mock.patch.object(
+                    pub.urllib.request, "urlopen", return_value=_Resp()
+                ), mock.patch.object(pub.infra_artifact, "_download") as download:
+            root = Path(d)
+            result = pub._try_download_published(root)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ("v1", root / "rootfs.ext4.gz", root / "rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256"),
+            result,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(2, download.call_count)
+
+    def test_missing_artifact_returns_none(self) -> None:
+        missing = urllib.error.HTTPError("u", 404, "missing", Message(), None)
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d, mock.patch.object(
+            pub.urllib.request, "urlopen", side_effect=missing
+        ):
+            self.assertIsNone(pub._try_download_published(Path(d)))
+
+    def test_registry_http_failure_is_reported(self) -> None:
+        failure = urllib.error.HTTPError("u", 500, "failed", Message(), None)
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d, mock.patch.object(
+            pub.urllib.request, "urlopen", side_effect=failure
+        ):
+            with self.assertRaises(SystemExit) as ctx:
+                pub._try_download_published(Path(d))
+        self.assertIn("registry check failed (HTTP 500)", str(ctx.exception))
+
+    def test_registry_connection_failure_is_reported(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d, mock.patch.object(
+            pub.urllib.request, "urlopen", side_effect=urllib.error.URLError("offline")
+        ):
+            with self.assertRaises(SystemExit) as ctx:
+                pub._try_download_published(Path(d))
+        self.assertIn("registry unreachable", str(ctx.exception))
+
+
 class TestMain(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_output_builds_candidate_and_records_version(self) -> None:
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
@@ -147,6 +190,20 @@ class TestMain(unittest.TestCase):
             build.assert_called_once_with(root)
             self.assertEqual("v1\n", (root / "version.txt").read_text())
 
+    def test_output_reuses_published_candidate(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
+            root = Path(d) / "candidate"
+            reused = ("v1", root / "rootfs.ext4.gz", root / "rootfs.ext4.gz.sha256")
+            with mock.patch.object(
+                pub, "_try_download_published", return_value=reused
+            ) as reuse, mock.patch.object(pub, "build_artifact") as build:
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    0, pub.main(["--output", str(root), "--reuse-published"])
+                )
+            reuse.assert_called_once_with(root)
+            build.assert_not_called()
+            self.assertEqual("v1\n", (root / "version.txt").read_text())
+
     def test_publish_dir_publishes_existing_candidate(self) -> None:
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d, \
                 mock.patch.object(pub.infra_artifact, "_config", return_value=("", "", "t")), \

tests/unit/test_stale_checks.py

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+"""Unit: stale-image check functions across backends, and the
+BottleBackend.launch template method (prelaunch_checks + build_or_load_images).
+
+No real images or containers are used — all Docker/container/smolmachine
+calls are mocked at the module boundary."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import Any, cast
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+
+def _bottle_cm(bottle: Any) -> MagicMock:
+    """Return a mock context manager that yields `bottle`."""
+    cm = MagicMock()
+    cm.__enter__ = MagicMock(return_value=bottle)
+    cm.__exit__ = MagicMock(return_value=False)
+    return cm
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# BottleBackend.launch template — prelaunch_checks + _build_or_load_images
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestBottleBackendLaunchTemplate(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Verify the concrete launch() method on BottleBackend calls
+    _build_or_load_images and _launch_impl, and that prelaunch_checks is a no-op
+    on the base class."""
+
+    def _make_backend(self) -> Any:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.docker.backend import DockerBottleBackend
+        return DockerBottleBackend()
+
+    def test_launch_delegates_to_build_or_load_and_launch_impl(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend import BottleImages
+        backend = self._make_backend()
+        plan = cast(Any, SimpleNamespace())
+        bottle = MagicMock()
+        images = BottleImages(agent="agent:latest", sidecar="sidecar:latest")
+        with patch.object(
+            backend, "_build_or_load_images", return_value=images,
+        ) as build_mock, patch.object(
+            backend, "_launch_impl",
+            return_value=_bottle_cm(bottle),
+        ) as impl_mock:
+            with backend.launch(plan):
+                pass
+        build_mock.assert_called_once_with(plan)
+        impl_mock.assert_called_once_with(plan, images)
+
+    def test_noop_default_prelaunch_checks(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.docker.backend import DockerBottleBackend
+        from bot_bottle.backend import BottleBackend
+        backend = DockerBottleBackend()
+        # Base-class prelaunch_checks is a no-op — must not raise.
+        BottleBackend.prelaunch_checks(backend, cast(Any, SimpleNamespace()))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Docker backend stale_checks
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestDockerStaleChecks(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _plan(self, policy: str = "cached", slug: str = "dev-abc") -> Any:
+        spec = SimpleNamespace(image_policy=policy)
+        provision = SimpleNamespace(image="bot-bottle-agent:latest")
+        return cast(Any, SimpleNamespace(
+            spec=spec,
+            slug=slug,
+            image="bot-bottle-agent:latest",
+            agent_provision=provision,
+        ))
+
+    def test_fresh_policy_is_noop(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.docker import launch as mod
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image") as rci, \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale") as cs:
+            mod.stale_checks(self._plan("fresh"))
+        rci.assert_not_called()
+        cs.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_committed_image_present_checks_only_committed(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.docker import launch as mod
+        from datetime import datetime, timezone
+        ts = datetime(2025, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value="committed:latest"), \
+             patch.object(mod.docker_mod, "image_exists", return_value=True), \
+             patch.object(mod.docker_mod, "image_created_at", return_value=ts), \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale") as cs:
+            mod.stale_checks(self._plan())
+        cs.assert_called_once()
+        self.assertIn("committed:latest", cs.call_args.args[0])
+
+    def test_no_committed_image_checks_agent(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.docker import launch as mod
+        from datetime import datetime, timezone
+        ts = datetime(2025, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        plan = self._plan()
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value=""), \
+             patch.object(mod.docker_mod, "image_exists", return_value=True), \
+             patch.object(mod.docker_mod, "image_created_at", return_value=ts), \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale") as cs:
+            mod.stale_checks(plan)
+        cs.assert_called_once()
+        self.assertIn(plan.image, cs.call_args.args[0])
+
+    def test_image_not_present_skips_check(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.docker import launch as mod
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value=""), \
+             patch.object(mod.docker_mod, "image_exists", return_value=False), \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale") as cs:
+            mod.stale_checks(self._plan())
+        cs.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_only_sidecar_missing_checks_only_agent(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.docker import launch as mod
+        from datetime import datetime, timezone
+        ts = datetime(2025, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        plan = self._plan()
+
+        def image_exists(ref: str) -> bool:
+            return ref == plan.image  # Only agent present; sidecar missing.
+
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value=""), \
+             patch.object(mod.docker_mod, "image_exists", side_effect=image_exists), \
+             patch.object(mod.docker_mod, "image_created_at", return_value=ts), \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale") as cs:
+            mod.stale_checks(plan)
+        self.assertEqual(1, cs.call_count)
+        self.assertIn(plan.image, cs.call_args.args[0])
+
+    def test_backend_prelaunch_checks_delegates(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.docker.backend import DockerBottleBackend
+        from bot_bottle.backend.docker import launch as mod
+        backend = DockerBottleBackend()
+        plan = self._plan()
+        with patch.object(mod, "stale_checks") as sc:
+            backend.prelaunch_checks(plan)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        sc.assert_called_once_with(plan)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# macOS container backend stale_checks
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestMacosContainerStaleChecks(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _plan(self, policy: str = "cached", slug: str = "dev-abc") -> Any:
+        return cast(Any, SimpleNamespace(
+            spec=SimpleNamespace(image_policy=policy),
+            slug=slug,
+            image="bot-bottle-agent:latest",
+        ))
+
+    def test_fresh_policy_is_noop(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container import launch as mod
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image") as rci, \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale") as cs:
+            mod.stale_checks(self._plan("fresh"))
+        rci.assert_not_called()
+        cs.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_committed_image_present_checks_only_committed(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container import launch as mod
+        from datetime import datetime, timezone
+        ts = datetime(2025, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value="committed:latest"), \
+             patch.object(mod.container_mod, "image_exists", return_value=True), \
+             patch.object(mod.container_mod, "image_created_at", return_value=ts), \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale") as cs:
+            mod.stale_checks(self._plan())
+        cs.assert_called_once()
+        self.assertIn("committed:latest", cs.call_args.args[0])
+
+    def test_no_committed_image_checks_agent(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container import launch as mod
+        from datetime import datetime, timezone
+        ts = datetime(2025, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        plan = self._plan()
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value=""), \
+             patch.object(mod.container_mod, "image_exists", return_value=True), \
+             patch.object(mod.container_mod, "image_created_at", return_value=ts), \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale") as cs:
+            mod.stale_checks(plan)
+        cs.assert_called_once()
+        self.assertIn(plan.image, cs.call_args.args[0])
+
+    def test_image_not_present_skips_check(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container import launch as mod
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value=""), \
+             patch.object(mod.container_mod, "image_exists", return_value=False), \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale") as cs:
+            mod.stale_checks(self._plan())
+        cs.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_backend_prelaunch_checks_delegates(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container.backend import MacosContainerBottleBackend
+        from bot_bottle.backend.macos_container import launch as mod
+        backend = MacosContainerBottleBackend()
+        plan = self._plan()
+        with patch.object(mod, "stale_checks") as sc:
+            backend.prelaunch_checks(plan)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        sc.assert_called_once_with(plan)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Firecracker cached rootfs selection and stale checks
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestFirecrackerCachedRootfs(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _plan(self, policy: str = "cached") -> Any:
+        return cast(Any, SimpleNamespace(
+            spec=SimpleNamespace(image_policy=policy),
+            slug="dev-abc",
+            image="bot-bottle-agent:latest",
+            dockerfile_path="/repo/Dockerfile",
+            agent_provider_template="claude",
+        ))
+
+    def test_cached_policy_reuses_ready_rootfs_without_building(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.firecracker import launch as mod
+        cached = Path("/cache/rootfs/agent-deadbeef")
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value=""), \
+             patch.object(
+                 mod.image_builder, "cached_agent_rootfs_dir", return_value=cached,
+             ), \
+             patch.object(mod.image_builder, "build_agent_rootfs_dir") as build:
+            self.assertEqual(cached, mod.build_or_load_agent_base(self._plan()))
+        build.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_cached_policy_fails_when_rootfs_is_missing(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.firecracker import launch as mod
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value=""), \
+             patch.object(
+                 mod.image_builder, "cached_agent_rootfs_dir", return_value=None,
+             ), \
+             patch.object(mod.image_builder, "build_agent_rootfs_dir") as build, \
+             self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+            mod.build_or_load_agent_base(self._plan())
+        build.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_stale_checks_use_ready_marker_timestamp(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.firecracker import launch as mod
+        cached = Path("/cache/rootfs/agent-deadbeef")
+        with patch.object(mod, "read_committed_image", return_value=""), \
+             patch.object(
+                 mod.image_builder, "cached_agent_rootfs_dir", return_value=cached,
+             ), \
+             patch.object(mod, "check_stale_path") as check:
+            mod.stale_checks(self._plan())
+        check.assert_called_once_with(f"agent rootfs {cached}", cached / ".bb-ready")
+
+    def test_backend_prelaunch_checks_delegates(self) -> None:
+        from bot_bottle.backend.firecracker.backend import FirecrackerBottleBackend
+        from bot_bottle.backend.firecracker import launch as mod
+        plan = self._plan()
+        with patch.object(mod, "stale_checks") as checks:
+            FirecrackerBottleBackend().prelaunch_checks(plan)
+        checks.assert_called_once_with(plan)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()