diff --git a/papers/face_monochromatic_pairs/paper.pdf b/papers/face_monochromatic_pairs/paper.pdf index 902e42e..63b80c7 100644 Binary files a/papers/face_monochromatic_pairs/paper.pdf and b/papers/face_monochromatic_pairs/paper.pdf differ diff --git a/papers/face_monochromatic_pairs/paper.tex b/papers/face_monochromatic_pairs/paper.tex index af32925..f35f153 100644 --- a/papers/face_monochromatic_pairs/paper.tex +++ b/papers/face_monochromatic_pairs/paper.tex @@ -814,6 +814,50 @@ that proof produces a clauses-(1)--(3) witness without ever needing to inspect the other Kempe cycle. \end{proof} +\begin{theorem}[Constant Heawood on two edge-sharing Kempe cycles is impossible] +\label{thm:no-two-constant-kempe-cycles} +Let $H$ be a cubic plane graph with a proper $3$-edge-colouring +$\varphi$, fix a colour $a \in \{1, 2, 3\}$, and let $\{b, c\} = +\{1, 2, 3\} \setminus \{a\}$. Let $K_0$ be an $\{a, b\}$-Kempe cycle +of $\varphi$ and $K_1$ an $\{a, c\}$-Kempe cycle of $\varphi$ such that +$E(K_0) \cap E(K_1) \neq \emptyset$ (equivalently, $K_0$ and $K_1$ +share at least one colour-$a$ edge). If $h_\varphi$ is constant on +$V(K_0)$, then $h_\varphi$ is \emph{not} constant on $V(K_1)$. +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof}[Proof sketch] +Suppose for contradiction that $h_\varphi$ is constant on both +$V(K_0)$ and $V(K_1)$, and that $K_0, K_1$ share a colour-$a$ edge +$e = (u, w)$, so that $u, w \in V(K_0) \cap V(K_1)$ are consecutive on +both cycles. + +By Lemma~\ref{lem:kempe-heawood-constant} applied to $K_0$: at every +consecutive pair of $K_0$-vertices the colour-$c$ non-cycle edges lie +on opposite local sides of $K_0$. In particular the colour-$c$ edges +at $u$ and $w$ lie on opposite sides of $K_0$. + +By Lemma~\ref{lem:kempe-heawood-constant} applied to $K_1$: at every +consecutive pair of $K_1$-vertices the colour-$b$ non-cycle edges lie +on opposite local sides of $K_1$. In particular the colour-$b$ edges +at $u$ and $w$ lie on opposite sides of $K_1$. + +Now $K_0$ and $K_1$ share the arc $e$ in the plane, so $K_0 \cup K_1$ +is either a single closed curve (if $K_0 = K_1$, which is impossible +since they use different colour pairs) or a theta-curve based at +$\{u, w\}$. In the latter case the colour-$b$ edges at $u, w$ together +with $K_0 \setminus e$ form one side of the theta, and the colour-$c$ +edges at $u, w$ together with $K_1 \setminus e$ form another side. +The combined opposite-sides conditions above force $K_0$ and $K_1$ to +both wind around the same way at $e$ --- which a planar theta-curve +cannot realise. + +\textbf{(Full proof to be filled in.)} The cleanest formalisation is +likely via a winding-number / orientation argument on the theta-curve +$K_0 \cup K_1$ in the plane, combined with the local CW-order +constraints at $u$ and $w$ that Lemma~\ref{lem:kempe-heawood-constant} +forces. +\end{proof} + \begin{remark}[Empirical near-proof of Conjecture~\ref{conj:face-monochromatic-pair-on-merged-kempe-cycle} via Corollary~\ref{cor:single-cycle-non-constancy}] \label{rem:heawood-empirical} \sloppy