Drop edge-deletion sections from flip-symmetry paper
Removes the "Further necessary properties of a minimal counterexample" framing section and the "Edge-deletion subgraphs" section (definition, 4-colorability theorem, Kempe-chain structure theorem). The intended empirical follow-up on this material did not produce a useful discriminator, so the development is being shelved. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
@@ -8,14 +8,9 @@
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\newlabel{thm:min-five-chromatic-not-flip-symmetric}{{4.1}{2}}
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\newlabel{thm:min-five-chromatic-not-flip-symmetric}{{4.1}{2}}
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\tocsection {}{5}{Flip symmetry frequency}}{2}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\tocsection {}{5}{Flip symmetry frequency}}{2}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\newlabel{sec:frequency}{{5}{2}}
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\newlabel{sec:frequency}{{5}{2}}
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\tocsection {}{6}{Further necessary properties of a minimal counterexample}}{3}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\tocsection {}{7}{Edge-deletion subgraphs}}{4}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\gdef \@abspage@last{3}
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\newlabel{def:edge-deletion}{{7.1}{4}}
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\newlabel{thm:edge-deletion-4colorable}{{7.2}{4}}
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\newlabel{thm:edge-deletion-coloring-structure}{{7.3}{4}}
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\gdef \@abspage@last{4}
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@@ -276,80 +276,6 @@ the minimum-degree-$5$ class --- which already contains every
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candidate minimum-order $5$-chromatic graph --- flip-symmetric
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candidate minimum-order $5$-chromatic graph --- flip-symmetric
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examples become a vanishing fraction.
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examples become a vanishing fraction.
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\section{Further necessary properties of a minimal counterexample}
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The frequency data of Section~\ref{sec:frequency} look unflattering
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only when flip-symmetry is weighed against the full class of maximal
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planar graphs. The class that actually matters --- minimum-order
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$5$-chromatic triangulations that also resist every Kempe-style
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reduction --- is far thinner, and flip-symmetry may exclude a
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substantially larger fraction of it if the configurations it removes
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overlap those responsible for Kempe reducibility. We therefore turn
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to identifying further necessary properties of a minimum-order
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$5$-chromatic maximal planar graph, of which flip-asymmetry is the
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first.
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\section{Edge-deletion subgraphs}
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\begin{definition}[Edge-deletion subgraph]\label{def:edge-deletion}
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Let $G$ be a maximal planar graph and $uv \in E(G)$. The
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\emph{edge-deletion subgraph at $uv$} is the spanning subgraph
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$G - uv = (V(G),\,E(G) \setminus \{uv\})$. Write
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$\mathcal{D}(G) = \{G - uv : uv \in E(G)\}$.
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\end{definition}
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\begin{theorem}\label{thm:edge-deletion-4colorable}
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Let $G_0$ be a maximal planar graph of minimum order with
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$\chi(G_0) \geq 5$. Then every $H \in \mathcal{D}(G_0)$ is
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$4$-colorable.
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\end{theorem}
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\begin{proof}
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Fix $uv \in E(G_0)$ and let $G_0 / uv$ denote the simple planar graph
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obtained by contracting $uv$ and discarding parallel edges. Since
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$|V(G_0/uv)| = |V(G_0)| - 1$, the minimality of $G_0$ supplies a
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proper $4$-coloring $c$ of $G_0 / uv$. Let $z$ be the contracted
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vertex and define $c'\colon V(G_0) \to \{1,2,3,4\}$ by
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$c'(u) = c'(v) = c(z)$ and $c'(y) = c(y)$ for $y \notin \{u, v\}$.
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Every edge of $G_0 - uv$ is either disjoint from $\{u, v\}$ or
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incident to exactly one of them; in either case the corresponding
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edge of $G_0 / uv$ has distinct endpoints under $c$, so $c'$ assigns
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its endpoints distinct colors. The edge $uv$ itself is absent from
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$G_0 - uv$, so $c'$ is a proper $4$-coloring of $G_0 - uv$.
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\end{proof}
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\begin{theorem}\label{thm:edge-deletion-coloring-structure}
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Let $G_0$ be a maximal planar graph of minimum order with
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$\chi(G_0) \geq 5$, fix $uv \in E(G_0)$, and let $\varphi$ be any
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proper $4$-coloring of $G_0 - uv$. Write $a = \varphi(u)$ and let
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$b, c, d$ denote the three remaining colors. Then:
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item $\varphi(v) = a$;
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\item the subgraph of $G_0 - uv$ induced by the vertices of color
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$a$ or $b$ contains a path from $u$ to $v$;
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\item the subgraph of $G_0 - uv$ induced by the vertices of color
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$a$ or $c$ contains a path from $u$ to $v$.
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{theorem}
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\begin{proof}
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(1) If $\varphi(v) \neq a$ then $\varphi$ is already a proper
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$4$-coloring of $G_0$, since the only edge of $G_0$ absent from
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$G_0 - uv$ is $uv$ and its endpoints have distinct colors. This
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contradicts $\chi(G_0) \geq 5$, so $\varphi(v) = a$.
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(2) Suppose, for contradiction, that $u$ and $v$ lie in distinct
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connected components of the subgraph of $G_0 - uv$ induced by the
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color classes $a$ and $b$. Let $C$ be the component containing $u$,
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and define $\varphi'\colon V(G_0) \to \{a,b,c,d\}$ by swapping colors
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$a \leftrightarrow b$ on $C$ and leaving every other vertex
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unchanged. Then $\varphi'$ is a proper $4$-coloring of $G_0 - uv$
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with $\varphi'(u) = b$ and $\varphi'(v) = a$, contradicting part~(1)
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applied to $\varphi'$.
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(3) Identical to (2) with $c$ in place of $b$.
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\end{proof}
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\end{document}
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\end{document}
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%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user