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+%% AMS-LaTeX v.2 template for use with amsart +%% ==================================================================== + +\documentclass{amsart} + +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds} + +\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section] +\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma} +\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary} +\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition} +\newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture} + +\theoremstyle{definition} +\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition} +\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example} +\newtheorem{xca}[theorem]{Exercise} + +\theoremstyle{remark} +\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark} + +\numberwithin{equation}{section} + +\begin{document} + +\title{Medial Tire Cuts} + +% author one information +\author{Eric Bauerfeld} +\address{} +\curraddr{} +\email{} +\thanks{} + +\subjclass[2010]{Primary } + +\keywords{plane graph, triangulation, medial graph, tire graph, Tait coloring, Four Colour Theorem} + +\date{} + +\dedicatory{} + +\begin{abstract} +Starting from the medial tire decomposition of a plane triangulation, we +study the cuts that medial tires make in the full medial graph. We will +show how to use medial tires to decompose the medial graph into a tree of +three faces. +\end{abstract} + +\maketitle + +\section{Introduction} + +This paper builds on the medial tire decomposition +of~\cite{bauerfeld-medial-tire}. For a plane triangulation $G$ with +fixed embedding we use freely the terminology and notation introduced +there: the full medial graph $M(G)$, its decomposition into full medial +tire graphs $\mathsf{M}(T)$ indexed by the treads $T$ of the tire tree +$\mathcal{T}(G,S)$ at a level source $S$, the annular medial cycle +$A(T)$, and the boundary medial vertex sets. + +We will show how to use medial tires to decompose the medial graph into +a tree of three faces. + +\section{Cutting a full medial tire graph} + +We first describe a procedure that simultaneously \emph{labels} and +\emph{cuts} a single full medial tire graph $\mathsf{M}(T)$ so that, +after the cuts, the only faces are the outer face and $3$-faces +(triangles)---the teeth of~\cite{bauerfeld-medial-tire}. The labelling +assigns to each tooth an integer \emph{walk depth}; the cuts break the +cyclic adjacencies of the teeth so that what remains is a tree of +$3$-faces. + +By a \emph{cut} we mean the duplication of a single vertex of +$\mathsf{M}(T)$: the vertex is split into two copies and the embedding is +slit open along it (a planar unzip), separating the faces that meet only +at that vertex. A cut therefore reduces the number of bounded faces that +are not teeth. + +Throughout we use the teeth, up and down teeth, apexes, bites, the +annular medial cycle $A(T)$, and the auxiliary plane graph $B(T)$ +of~\cite{bauerfeld-medial-tire}. Each tooth is a $3$-face of +$\mathsf{M}(T)$, and the inner faces of $B(T)$ (the root face and the +bite inner-gap faces) are the larger faces to be cut into teeth. + +\begin{definition}[Walk-depth labelling and cut] +\label{def:walk-depth-cut} +Let $\mathsf{M}(T)$ be a full medial tire graph. Assign walk depths and +cuts as follows. +\begin{enumerate} + \item Pick an arbitrary up tooth, the \emph{entry tooth}. It has walk + depth $d$. + \item Traverse all the teeth that bound the inner face incident to the + entry tooth clockwise until we reach the entry tooth, incrementing the + walk depth by $1$ for each tooth traversed. (The \emph{inner face + incident to the entry tooth} is the inner face of $B(T)$ whose boundary + contains the annular edge of $A(T)$ carrying the entry tooth.) + \item When you reach the last tooth in the face, perform a \emph{cut} + by duplicating the annular vertex at which the traversal closes---the + annular vertex of $A(T)$ shared by the last tooth and the entry tooth. + \item Find the tooth $t$ with the highest walk depth which is a member + of a bite. + \item If $t$ is incident to a face $F$ with unlabelled teeth, traverse + the teeth in $F$ starting from $t$ in the direction of the tooth + incident to $t$ which is unlabelled, and increment the walk depth by + $1$ as you travel. (Here a tooth is \emph{incident to $t$} when it + shares an annular vertex of $A(T)$ with $t$.) + \item Repeat steps (3)--(5) until all teeth have been labelled. +\end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +\begin{thebibliography}{9} + +\bibitem{bauerfeld-medial-tire} +E.~Bauerfeld, +\emph{Medial Tire Decompositions of Plane Triangulations}, +manuscript (math-research repository), 2026. + +\end{thebibliography} + +\end{document}