docs(research): add forge-native orchestration as the delivery vehicle

Fold in the forge-native angle: the git forge (GitHub/GitLab/Gitea) as
the orchestrator, with bot-bottle as the safe runtime it launches into.
Same moat (custody + audit + policy), better vehicle — the forge supplies
identity, state, triggers, review, audit, and permissions for free, and
lands the product where teams already live.

Adds: the crowding map (generic 50-100+ vs forge-native ~10-30 vs
self-hostable-least-priv-audited single digits); the GitHub/GitLab
first-party trap and why to lead Gitea + sovereignty buyers; the
buyer reconciliation (self-hosted-forge compliance orgs); a moat-vs-cost
split of the "hard parts"; run-provenance-on-every-PR as the killer
feature; the `@bot-bottle fix this` MVP riding the headless primitive;
and two forge-specific risks. Sources for the forge landscape noted as
conversation-provided, not independently re-verified.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01NkwFXLFff9PYPy4wgVBJp9

bot_bottle/contrib/claude/agent_provider.py

@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class ClaudeAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
         if not agent.skills:
             return
         skills_dir = _skills_dir(plan.guest_home)
-        bottle.exec(f"mkdir -p {skills_dir}", user="root")
+        bottle.exec(f"mkdir -p {shlex.quote(skills_dir)}", user="root")
         for name in agent.skills:
             src = host_skill_dir(name)
             if not os.path.isdir(src):
@@ -227,9 +227,13 @@ class ClaudeAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
                 )
             dst = f"{skills_dir}/{name}"
             info(f"copying skill {name} into {bottle.name}:{dst}")
-            bottle.exec(f"rm -rf {dst} && mkdir -p {dst}", user="root")
+            # Defense in depth: skill names are validated kebab-case at
+            # manifest load, but quote the path so a future unvalidated
+            # field can't inject shell metacharacters here either.
+            dst_q = shlex.quote(dst)
+            bottle.exec(f"rm -rf {dst_q} && mkdir -p {dst_q}", user="root")
             bottle.cp_in(f"{src}/.", f"{dst}/")
-            bottle.exec(f"chown -R node:node {dst}", user="root")
+            bottle.exec(f"chown -R node:node {dst_q}", user="root")
 
     def provision_prompt(self, plan: "BottlePlan", bottle: "Bottle") -> str | None:
         """Copy the prompt file into the guest, fix ownership/mode.

bot_bottle/contrib/codex/agent_provider.py

@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class CodexAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
         if not agent.skills:
             return
         skills_dir = _skills_dir(plan.guest_home)
-        bottle.exec(f"mkdir -p {skills_dir}", user="root")
+        bottle.exec(f"mkdir -p {shlex.quote(skills_dir)}", user="root")
         for name in agent.skills:
             src = host_skill_dir(name)
             if not os.path.isdir(src):
@@ -193,9 +193,13 @@ class CodexAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
                 )
             dst = f"{skills_dir}/{name}"
             info(f"copying skill {name} into {bottle.name}:{dst}")
-            bottle.exec(f"rm -rf {dst} && mkdir -p {dst}", user="root")
+            # Defense in depth: skill names are validated kebab-case at
+            # manifest load, but quote the path so a future unvalidated
+            # field can't inject shell metacharacters here either.
+            dst_q = shlex.quote(dst)
+            bottle.exec(f"rm -rf {dst_q} && mkdir -p {dst_q}", user="root")
             bottle.cp_in(f"{src}/.", f"{dst}/")
-            bottle.exec(f"chown -R node:node {dst}", user="root")
+            bottle.exec(f"chown -R node:node {dst_q}", user="root")
 
     def provision_prompt(self, plan: "BottlePlan", bottle: "Bottle") -> str | None:
         """Copy the prompt file into the guest, fix ownership/mode.

bot_bottle/contrib/pi/agent_provider.py

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class PiAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
         if not agent.skills:
             return
         skills_dir = _skills_dir(plan.guest_home)
-        bottle.exec(f"mkdir -p {skills_dir}", user="root")
+        bottle.exec(f"mkdir -p {shlex.quote(skills_dir)}", user="root")
         for name in agent.skills:
             src = host_skill_dir(name)
             if not os.path.isdir(src):
@@ -248,9 +248,13 @@ class PiAgentProvider(AgentProvider):
                 )
             dst = f"{skills_dir}/{name}"
             info(f"copying skill {name} into {bottle.name}:{dst}")
-            bottle.exec(f"rm -rf {dst} && mkdir -p {dst}", user="root")
+            # Defense in depth: skill names are validated kebab-case at
+            # manifest load, but quote the path so a future unvalidated
+            # field can't inject shell metacharacters here either.
+            dst_q = shlex.quote(dst)
+            bottle.exec(f"rm -rf {dst_q} && mkdir -p {dst_q}", user="root")
             bottle.cp_in(f"{src}/.", f"{dst}/")
-            bottle.exec(f"chown -R node:node {dst}", user="root")
+            bottle.exec(f"chown -R node:node {dst_q}", user="root")
 
     def provision_prompt(self, plan: "BottlePlan", bottle: "Bottle") -> str | None:
         prompt_path = _prompt_path(plan.guest_home)

bot_bottle/manifest.py

@@ -62,15 +62,25 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Mapping
 
+from .log import warn
 from .manifest_util import ManifestError, as_json_object
 from .manifest_agent import ManifestAgent, ManifestAgentProvider
+from .manifest_bottle import ManifestBottle
 from .manifest_egress import (
     EGRESS_AUTH_SCHEMES,
     ManifestEgressConfig,
     ManifestEgressRoute,
 )
-from .manifest_git import ManifestGitEntry, ManifestGitUser, ManifestKeyConfig, parse_git_gate_config
+from .manifest_extends import merge_bottles_runtime, resolve_bottles
-from .manifest_schema import BOTTLE_KEYS
+from .manifest_git import ManifestGitEntry, ManifestGitUser, ManifestKeyConfig
+from .manifest_loader import (
+    check_stale_json,
+    load_bottle_chain_from_dir,
+    scan_agent_names,
+    scan_bottle_names,
+)
+from .manifest_schema import validate_agent_frontmatter_keys
+from .yaml_subset import YamlSubsetError, parse_frontmatter
 
 # Re-export everything that callers currently import from this module.
 __all__ = [
@@ -89,10 +99,6 @@ __all__ = [
 ]
 
 
-def _empty_str_dict() -> dict[str, str]:
-    return {}
-
-
 def _section_dict(value: object, label: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     """Like as_json_object but treats absent/null as an empty section."""
     if value is None:
@@ -100,107 +106,6 @@ def _section_dict(value: object, label: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     return as_json_object(value, label)
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class ManifestBottle:
-    env: Mapping[str, str] = field(default_factory=_empty_str_dict)
-    agent_provider: ManifestAgentProvider = field(default_factory=ManifestAgentProvider)
-    git: tuple[ManifestGitEntry, ...] = ()
-    # Per-bottle git identity (issue #86). Empty default — bottles
-    # that don't set `git-gate.user:` in the manifest skip the
-    # `git config --global` step entirely. A bottle can declare a user
-    # identity without any git-gate.repos upstreams, and vice versa.
-    git_user: ManifestGitUser = field(default_factory=ManifestGitUser)
-    egress: ManifestEgressConfig = field(default_factory=ManifestEgressConfig)
-    # Per-bottle stuck-recovery sidecar (PRD 0013). When true (the
-    # default, issue #249), the launch step brings up a supervise
-    # sidecar that exposes egress MCP tools to the agent. Set
-    # `supervise: false` to skip the sidecar.
-    supervise: bool = True
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_dict(cls, name: str, raw: object) -> "ManifestBottle":
-        d = as_json_object(raw, f"bottle '{name}'")
-
-        if "runtime" in d:
-            raise ManifestError(
-                f"bottle '{name}' has a 'runtime' field, which is no longer "
-                f"supported. gVisor (runsc) is now auto-detected by the "
-                f"backend; remove the 'runtime' field from the bottle "
-                f"definition."
-            )
-
-        if "ssh" in d:
-            raise ManifestError(
-                f"bottle '{name}' has an 'ssh' field, which has been removed "
-                f"(PRD 0009). Declare upstreams under 'git-gate.repos' with "
-                f"url + identity + host_key; the git-gate sidecar (PRD 0008) "
-                f"holds the credential and gitleaks-scans pushes."
-            )
-
-        if "git" in d:
-            raise ManifestError(
-                f"bottle '{name}' uses 'git' which has been replaced by "
-                f"'git-gate' (PRD 0047). Move git.user → git-gate.user "
-                f"and git.remotes → git-gate.repos (fields: url, identity, host_key)."
-            )
-
-        if "git_user" in d:
-            raise ManifestError(
-                f"bottle '{name}' has a 'git_user' field, which has been "
-                f"removed. Move it under 'git-gate.user'."
-            )
-
-        unknown = set(d.keys()) - BOTTLE_KEYS
-        if unknown:
-            allowed = ", ".join(sorted(BOTTLE_KEYS))
-            raise ManifestError(
-                f"bottle '{name}' has unknown key(s) {sorted(unknown)}; "
-                f"allowed keys are {allowed}."
-            )
-
-        env: dict[str, str] = {}
-        env_raw = d.get("env")
-        if env_raw is not None:
-            env_dict = as_json_object(env_raw, f"bottle '{name}' env")
-            for var, value in env_dict.items():
-                if not isinstance(value, str):
-                    raise ManifestError(
-                        f"env entry {var} in bottle '{name}' must be a JSON string "
-                        f"(was {type(value).__name__}). Use \"?<message>\" for prompt-at-runtime."
-                    )
-                env[var] = value
-
-        git: tuple[ManifestGitEntry, ...] = ()
-        git_user = ManifestGitUser()
-        git_raw = d.get("git-gate")
-        if git_raw is not None:
-            git, git_user = parse_git_gate_config(name, git_raw)
-
-        agent_provider = (
-            ManifestAgentProvider.from_dict(name, d["agent_provider"])
-            if "agent_provider" in d
-            else ManifestAgentProvider()
-        )
-
-        egress = (
-            ManifestEgressConfig.from_dict(name, d["egress"])
-            if "egress" in d
-            else ManifestEgressConfig()
-        )
-
-        supervise_raw = d.get("supervise", True)
-        if not isinstance(supervise_raw, bool):
-            raise ManifestError(
-                f"bottle '{name}' supervise must be a boolean "
-                f"(was {type(supervise_raw).__name__})"
-            )
-
-        return cls(
-            env=env, agent_provider=agent_provider, git=git,
-            git_user=git_user, egress=egress, supervise=supervise_raw,
-        )
-
-
 def _merge_git_user(
     agent_user: ManifestGitUser, base_user: ManifestGitUser
 ) -> ManifestGitUser:
@@ -237,8 +142,6 @@ def _resolve_effective_bottle_eager(
 
     When bottle_names is non-empty they are merged in order. When empty, falls
     back to agent.bottle. Raises ManifestError when neither is set."""
-    from .manifest_extends import merge_bottles_runtime
-
     if bottle_names:
         resolved: list[ManifestBottle] = []
         for bn in bottle_names:
@@ -270,9 +173,6 @@ def _resolve_effective_bottle_lazy(
     When bottle_names is non-empty they are resolved from disk and merged in
     order. When empty, falls back to agent_bottle. Raises ManifestError when
     neither is set."""
-    from .manifest_extends import merge_bottles_runtime
-    from .manifest_loader import load_bottle_chain_from_dir
-
     if bottle_names:
         resolved = [load_bottle_chain_from_dir(bn, bottles_dir) for bn in bottle_names]
         return merge_bottles_runtime(resolved)
@@ -358,8 +258,6 @@ class ManifestIndex:
         home_md = home_dir / ".bot-bottle"
         cwd_md = cwd_dir / ".bot-bottle"
 
-        from .manifest_loader import check_stale_json
-
         check_stale_json(home_dir, home_md, "$HOME")
         if cwd_dir.resolve() != home_dir.resolve():
             check_stale_json(cwd_dir, cwd_md, "$CWD")
@@ -399,7 +297,6 @@ class ManifestIndex:
                 files = sorted(stale_bottles.glob("*.md"))
                 if files:
                     names = ", ".join(p.name for p in files)
-                    from .log import warn
                     warn(
                         f"ignoring bottle file(s) under "
                         f"{stale_bottles}: {names}. Bottles can only "
@@ -421,7 +318,6 @@ class ManifestIndex:
         raw_bottles: dict[str, dict[str, object]] = {}
         for n, b in raw_bottles_obj.items():
             raw_bottles[n] = as_json_object(b, f"bottle '{n}'")
-        from .manifest_extends import resolve_bottles
 
         bottles = resolve_bottles(raw_bottles)
 
@@ -439,7 +335,6 @@ class ManifestIndex:
         filenames without reading their content. In eager mode (from
         from_json_obj) it returns the pre-parsed bottles' names."""
         if self.home_md is not None:
-            from .manifest_loader import scan_bottle_names
             return scan_bottle_names(self.home_md / "bottles")
         return sorted(self.bottles.keys())
 
@@ -451,7 +346,6 @@ class ManifestIndex:
         filenames without reading their content. In eager mode (from
         from_json_obj) it returns the pre-parsed agents' names."""
         if self.home_md is not None:
-            from .manifest_loader import scan_agent_names
             home_names = set(scan_agent_names(self.home_md / "agents").keys())
             cwd_names: set[str] = set()
             if self.cwd_md is not None:
@@ -509,10 +403,6 @@ class ManifestIndex:
         """Lazy path (resolve/from_md_dirs): read and parse the agent file and
         its bottle chain from disk for the first time here."""
         assert self.home_md is not None  # guaranteed by load_for_agent dispatch
-        from .manifest_loader import scan_agent_names
-        from .manifest_schema import validate_agent_frontmatter_keys
-        from .yaml_subset import YamlSubsetError, parse_frontmatter
-
         # Locate the agent file; cwd wins over home on name collision.
         home_agents = scan_agent_names(self.home_md / "agents")
         cwd_agents: dict[str, Path] = {}

bot_bottle/manifest_agent.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from typing import cast
 from .agent_provider import PROVIDER_TEMPLATES
 from .manifest_util import ManifestError, as_json_object
 from .manifest_git import ManifestGitUser
-from .manifest_schema import AGENT_MODEL_KEYS
+from .manifest_schema import AGENT_MODEL_KEYS, is_valid_entity_name
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -161,6 +161,16 @@ class ManifestAgent:
                         f"agent '{name}' skills[{i}] must be a string "
                         f"(was {type(skill).__name__})"
                     )
+                # Skill names become host/guest path segments and are
+                # interpolated into provisioning shell commands, so they
+                # must fit the same kebab-case convention as bottle/agent
+                # filenames — rejecting anything that could break out of a
+                # path segment or inject shell metacharacters.
+                if not is_valid_entity_name(skill):
+                    raise ManifestError(
+                        f"agent '{name}' skills[{i}] {skill!r} is not a valid "
+                        f"skill name; must match [a-z][a-z0-9-]*"
+                    )
                 collected.append(skill)
             skills = tuple(collected)
 

bot_bottle/manifest_bottle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+"""The `ManifestBottle` value type.
+
+Split out of `manifest.py` so the `extends:`/loader resolvers can import it
+without a circular dependency: `manifest.py` imports those resolvers, while
+they only need this value type. Everything here depends on leaf modules
+(`manifest_util`, `manifest_agent`, `manifest_egress`, `manifest_git`,
+`manifest_schema`), so this module sits at the bottom of the manifest layer.
+
+`manifest.py` re-exports `ManifestBottle`, so existing
+`from .manifest import ManifestBottle` callers are unaffected.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Mapping
+
+from .manifest_util import ManifestError, as_json_object
+from .manifest_agent import ManifestAgentProvider
+from .manifest_egress import ManifestEgressConfig
+from .manifest_git import ManifestGitEntry, ManifestGitUser, parse_git_gate_config
+from .manifest_schema import BOTTLE_KEYS
+
+__all__ = ["ManifestBottle"]
+
+
+def _empty_str_dict() -> dict[str, str]:
+    return {}
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ManifestBottle:
+    env: Mapping[str, str] = field(default_factory=_empty_str_dict)
+    agent_provider: ManifestAgentProvider = field(default_factory=ManifestAgentProvider)
+    git: tuple[ManifestGitEntry, ...] = ()
+    # Per-bottle git identity (issue #86). Empty default — bottles
+    # that don't set `git-gate.user:` in the manifest skip the
+    # `git config --global` step entirely. A bottle can declare a user
+    # identity without any git-gate.repos upstreams, and vice versa.
+    git_user: ManifestGitUser = field(default_factory=ManifestGitUser)
+    egress: ManifestEgressConfig = field(default_factory=ManifestEgressConfig)
+    # Per-bottle stuck-recovery sidecar (PRD 0013). When true (the
+    # default, issue #249), the launch step brings up a supervise
+    # sidecar that exposes egress MCP tools to the agent. Set
+    # `supervise: false` to skip the sidecar.
+    supervise: bool = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, name: str, raw: object) -> "ManifestBottle":
+        d = as_json_object(raw, f"bottle '{name}'")
+
+        if "runtime" in d:
+            raise ManifestError(
+                f"bottle '{name}' has a 'runtime' field, which is no longer "
+                f"supported. gVisor (runsc) is now auto-detected by the "
+                f"backend; remove the 'runtime' field from the bottle "
+                f"definition."
+            )
+
+        if "ssh" in d:
+            raise ManifestError(
+                f"bottle '{name}' has an 'ssh' field, which has been removed "
+                f"(PRD 0009). Declare upstreams under 'git-gate.repos' with "
+                f"url + identity + host_key; the git-gate sidecar (PRD 0008) "
+                f"holds the credential and gitleaks-scans pushes."
+            )
+
+        if "git" in d:
+            raise ManifestError(
+                f"bottle '{name}' uses 'git' which has been replaced by "
+                f"'git-gate' (PRD 0047). Move git.user → git-gate.user "
+                f"and git.remotes → git-gate.repos (fields: url, identity, host_key)."
+            )
+
+        if "git_user" in d:
+            raise ManifestError(
+                f"bottle '{name}' has a 'git_user' field, which has been "
+                f"removed. Move it under 'git-gate.user'."
+            )
+
+        unknown = set(d.keys()) - BOTTLE_KEYS
+        if unknown:
+            allowed = ", ".join(sorted(BOTTLE_KEYS))
+            raise ManifestError(
+                f"bottle '{name}' has unknown key(s) {sorted(unknown)}; "
+                f"allowed keys are {allowed}."
+            )
+
+        env: dict[str, str] = {}
+        env_raw = d.get("env")
+        if env_raw is not None:
+            env_dict = as_json_object(env_raw, f"bottle '{name}' env")
+            for var, value in env_dict.items():
+                if not isinstance(value, str):
+                    raise ManifestError(
+                        f"env entry {var} in bottle '{name}' must be a JSON string "
+                        f"(was {type(value).__name__}). Use \"?<message>\" for prompt-at-runtime."
+                    )
+                env[var] = value
+
+        git: tuple[ManifestGitEntry, ...] = ()
+        git_user = ManifestGitUser()
+        git_raw = d.get("git-gate")
+        if git_raw is not None:
+            git, git_user = parse_git_gate_config(name, git_raw)
+
+        agent_provider = (
+            ManifestAgentProvider.from_dict(name, d["agent_provider"])
+            if "agent_provider" in d
+            else ManifestAgentProvider()
+        )
+
+        egress = (
+            ManifestEgressConfig.from_dict(name, d["egress"])
+            if "egress" in d
+            else ManifestEgressConfig()
+        )
+
+        supervise_raw = d.get("supervise", True)
+        if not isinstance(supervise_raw, bool):
+            raise ManifestError(
+                f"bottle '{name}' supervise must be a boolean "
+                f"(was {type(supervise_raw).__name__})"
+            )
+
+        return cls(
+            env=env, agent_provider=agent_provider, git=git,
+            git_user=git_user, egress=egress, supervise=supervise_raw,
+        )

bot_bottle/manifest_extends.py

@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from .manifest_bottle import ManifestBottle
-
+from .manifest_egress import ManifestEgressConfig, validate_egress_routes
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
+from .manifest_git import ManifestGitUser, parse_git_gate_config
-    from .manifest import ManifestBottle
+from .manifest_util import ManifestError, as_json_object
-    from .manifest_egress import ManifestEgressConfig
 
 
 def merge_bottles_runtime(bottles: "list[ManifestBottle]") -> "ManifestBottle":
@@ -27,9 +26,6 @@ def merge_bottles_runtime(bottles: "list[ManifestBottle]") -> "ManifestBottle":
 
 
 def _merge_two_bottles_runtime(base: "ManifestBottle", override: "ManifestBottle") -> "ManifestBottle":
-    from .manifest import ManifestBottle, ManifestGitUser
-    from .manifest_egress import ManifestEgressConfig
-
     merged_env = {**base.env, **override.env}
 
     merged_git_user = ManifestGitUser(
@@ -81,8 +77,6 @@ def _resolve_one_bottle(
     repos_cache: dict[str, dict[str, object]],
     seen: tuple[str, ...],
 ) -> ManifestBottle:
-    from .manifest import ManifestBottle, ManifestError
-
     if name in cache:
         return cache[name]
     if name in seen:
@@ -174,11 +168,6 @@ def _fold_two_bottles(
     later_repos_raw: dict[str, object],
 ) -> tuple[ManifestBottle, dict[str, object]]:
     """Combine two resolved parent bottles; later wins over earlier."""
-    from .manifest import ManifestBottle, ManifestGitUser
-    from .manifest_egress import ManifestEgressConfig
-    from .manifest_git import parse_git_gate_config
-    from .manifest_util import as_json_object
-
     merged_env = {**earlier.env, **later.env}
 
     merged_git_user = ManifestGitUser(
@@ -227,10 +216,6 @@ def _merge_bottles(
     name: str,
 ) -> ManifestBottle:
     """Apply PRD 0025 merge rules."""
-    from .manifest import ManifestBottle, ManifestGitUser
-    from .manifest_egress import validate_egress_routes
-    from .manifest_util import as_json_object
-
     # git-gate.repos: when the child declares repos, inject the already
     # name-merged repo set (computed by _resolve_repos_raw) so the child
     # parses with the full inherited+overridden list (issue #237).
@@ -303,8 +288,6 @@ def _resolve_repos_raw(
     inherits the parent's set verbatim; an explicit empty dict clears it.
     Otherwise parent and child unite by name, with same-name entries
     field-merged (parent fields are defaults, child fields win)."""
-    from .manifest_util import as_json_object
-
     if not _child_declares_git_gate_repos(child_raw):
         return parent_repos
     child_repos = _declared_repos_raw(child_raw)
@@ -324,8 +307,6 @@ def _resolve_repos_raw(
 def _declared_repos_raw(child_raw: dict[str, object]) -> dict[str, object]:
     """Return the child's explicitly declared git-gate.repos as raw dicts,
     or an empty dict when none are declared."""
-    from .manifest_util import as_json_object
-
     if not _child_declares_git_gate_repos(child_raw):
         return {}
     git_raw = as_json_object(child_raw.get("git-gate", {}), "child git-gate")
@@ -333,8 +314,6 @@ def _declared_repos_raw(child_raw: dict[str, object]) -> dict[str, object]:
 
 
 def _child_declares_git_gate_repos(child_raw: dict[str, object]) -> bool:
-    from .manifest_util import as_json_object
-
     git_raw = child_raw.get("git-gate")
     if git_raw is None:
         return False
@@ -347,9 +326,6 @@ def _merge_egress(
     child: ManifestEgressConfig,
     child_raw: dict[str, object],
 ) -> ManifestEgressConfig:
-    from .manifest_egress import ManifestEgressConfig
-    from .manifest_util import as_json_object
-
     child_egress_raw = as_json_object(child_raw.get("egress"), "child egress")
     routes = parent.routes + child.routes
     log = child.Log if "log" in child_egress_raw else parent.Log

bot_bottle/manifest_loader.py

@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from .log import warn
+from .manifest_bottle import ManifestBottle
+from .manifest_extends import resolve_bottles
 from .manifest_schema import (
     entity_name_from_path,
     validate_bottle_frontmatter_keys,
@@ -13,9 +14,6 @@ from .manifest_schema import (
 from .manifest_util import ManifestError
 from .yaml_subset import YamlSubsetError, parse_frontmatter
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from .manifest import ManifestBottle
-
 
 def check_stale_json(dir_path: Path, md_dir: Path, label: str) -> None:
     """Die if `<dir_path>/bot-bottle.json` exists but `md_dir` does
@@ -78,8 +76,6 @@ def load_bottle_chain_from_dir(
 
     Only the files in the extends chain are read — unrelated bottle files
     are never touched. Raises ManifestError on parse or validation failure."""
-    from .manifest_extends import resolve_bottles
-
     raws: dict[str, dict[str, object]] = {}
     to_load = [bottle_name]
     while to_load:

bot_bottle/manifest_schema.py

@@ -33,13 +33,20 @@ AGENT_KEYS = (
 AGENT_MODEL_KEYS = AGENT_KEYS | frozenset({"prompt"})
 
 
+def is_valid_entity_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    """True if `name` fits the kebab-case `[a-z][a-z0-9-]*` convention
+    shared by bottle/agent filenames and skill names. Names that satisfy
+    this are also safe to interpolate into a host/guest path segment."""
+    return bool(_FILENAME_RX.match(name))
+
+
 def entity_name_from_path(path: Path) -> str | None:
     """Return the entity name implied by the filename, or None if the
     filename does not fit the [a-z][a-z0-9-]* convention."""
     if path.suffix != ".md":
         return None
     stem = path.stem
-    if not _FILENAME_RX.match(stem):
+    if not is_valid_entity_name(stem):
         return None
     return stem
 

docs/research/monetization-positioning.md

@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+# Monetization & competitive positioning
+
+Where, if anywhere, bot-bottle has a paid wedge — given a 2026
+competitive field that has largely commoditized "sandbox a coding
+agent." Folds together the agent-provider-agnostic framing, the Fly
+remote-backend idea, the supervisor/egress-audit play, and the
+solo-dev/Linux brand instinct, then asks the only question that
+matters: is there a viable path to revenue that the competition does
+not already foreclose?
+
+Companion to
+[`agent-sandbox-landscape.md`](agent-sandbox-landscape.md) (the
+isolation-tech survey),
+[`built-in-supervisor-design.md`](built-in-supervisor-design.md) (the
+supervise surface this would extend), and
+[`secret-minimization-over-dlp.md`](secret-minimization-over-dlp.md)
+(why custody, not detection, is the real moat).
+
+Market data current as of June 2026.
+
+## Summary
+
+**Verdict: a path exists, but it is narrow, and it is not the path the
+project is currently shaped for.** Every individual property bot-bottle
+leans on — isolation, BYO-image, egress filtering, OSS, self-hosting —
+is matched by some competitor, and several are now *free* from the agent
+vendors themselves. There is exactly one defensible position left: the
+**bundle** that no single competitor occupies —
+
+> uniform egress audit + secret custody + policy, across *heterogeneous
+> coding agents you don't trust*, on your infra or a managed pool.
+
+Monetization is viable **only** if the product is sold as cross-vendor
+**fleet governance + egress audit for teams**, not as solo-dev agent
+safety (which the labs give away free). The solo-dev/Linux/anti-corporate
+energy is real and worth using — but as a *distribution and trust*
+engine that drives bottom-up adoption into teams, never as the revenue
+positioning itself. Get those two wires crossed and the business dies:
+you'd be courting the lowest-willingness-to-pay audience on earth while
+repelling the only buyer who pays.
+
+Net: **viable, conditional, and unforgiving of positioning error.** Do
+Phase 1 (self-hostable egress-audit dashboard) regardless — it's
+low-risk and it's the demo that makes everything else legible. Gate the
+go/no-go on whether 5–10 teams confirm they'd pay for cross-vendor
+egress audit *before* building the hosted tier.
+
+## The two axes of "agnostic"
+
+bot-bottle differentiates on two orthogonal axes, and conflating them
+muddies the pitch:
+
+1. **Agent-provider agnostic** — run Claude Code, Codex, Aider, a local
+   model, behind one control layer. Already real in the code
+   (`agent_provider.py`, Claude/Codex templates, BYO Dockerfile). This
+   is the axis the labs *structurally cannot* match — Anthropic only
+   runs Claude, OpenAI only their models. Durable.
+2. **Compute backend** — local (docker / Apple Container / smolmachines)
+   today; a remote **Fly** backend would add a managed pool. This is the
+   axis that makes "fleet" literal for orgs and opens metered billing.
+   Fly is a strong first remote backend because it also subsumes remote
+   spin-up (Machines API) and the tunnel problem (6PN/WireGuard) — but
+   "provider-agnostic compute" should be *earned* after backend #2, not
+   designed up front (premature generalization trap).
+
+## Competitive field, by capability
+
+The field doesn't have one competitor; it has a different set on each
+capability bot-bottle touches. Five dimensions:
+
+| Capability | Who has it | bot-bottle's standing |
+| :-- | :-- | :-- |
+| **Isolation / sandbox** | Anthropic & OpenAI **native, free**; OSS devcontainer wrappers; E2B/Modal/Daytona/Northflank | Commoditized. Not a wedge. |
+| **Arbitrary BYO Docker image** | Sandbox PaaS (E2B/Modal/Daytona/Northflank) yes; **managed agents: ~none** (Codex = fixed `codex-universal` + setup scripts; Copilot "not supported"; Devin/Jules constrained) | Wedge **vs. managed agents** (structural: it's their infra). Table stakes vs. PaaS. |
+| **Egress audit + alerts** | LLM-observability tools (Braintrust/Langfuse/Phoenix/Helicone/Datadog) — but on *model calls*, wrong layer. Network-egress security (DeepInspect, AI gateways) — right layer, but decoupled from the agent, not cross-vendor. Sandbox PaaS = gateway/filter, not an audit surface. | **~Nobody in bot-bottle's exact shape** (per-agent egress, tied to the sandbox, with DLP context, cross-vendor). This is the wedge. |
+| **OSS / self-hosting** | Managed agents: ~none. Sandbox PaaS: ~half (E2B OSS+self-host; Northflank BYOC; Modal closed; **Daytona leaving OSS**). Devcontainer wrappers: ~all. Observability: several. | Real wedge **vs. managed agents only**. Table stakes vs. PaaS, zero differentiation vs. wrappers. |
+| **Cross-vendor uniformity** | Nobody — the labs won't, PaaS is agent-neutral infra not agent-aware control, wrappers are single-tool | Wedge. The connective tissue of the whole position. |
+
+The pattern: **isolation and OSS/self-host are commodity; BYO-image and
+cross-vendor are wedges only against the managed agents; egress-audit in
+the integrated form is the one thing genuinely unoccupied.**
+
+## Where bot-bottle is alone vs. where it's table stakes
+
+- **Alone (the moat):** egress audit + secret custody + policy, *tied to
+  the agent sandbox*, *with DLP context* (which secret, which host,
+  which agent/task), *uniform across vendors*. No competitor bundles
+  these. An enterprise *could* bolt DeepInspect-style egress monitoring
+  onto a sandbox, so the defensibility is the **integration and
+  per-agent context**, not "we can see egress."
+- **Table stakes (do not lead with these):** "we sandbox agents" (free
+  from the labs), "we're open source" (E2B is; the wrapper crowd all
+  is), "we self-host" (Northflank BYOC, E2B, every wrapper).
+
+## The two existential competitive facts
+
+1. **The agent vendors ship good-enough sandboxing for free.** Claude
+   Code now has Seatbelt/bubblewrap + a network proxy natively; Codex
+   has its own sandbox + approvals. This compresses the *single-vendor,
+   single-dev* market to ~zero willingness-to-pay. It is *why* the
+   product must be cross-vendor fleet governance, not local agent
+   safety.
+2. **Northflank is converging from the infra side.** It already ships
+   dedicated egress gateways + proxy-based secret injection + BYOC.
+   It is the nearest thing to bot-bottle's differentiator as a managed
+   platform — but infra-first and agent-neutral, not agent-aware,
+   cross-vendor, or audit-first. Watch it.
+
+## Monetization path (sequenced)
+
+Open-core: **give away the sandbox, charge for the control plane.**
+
+- **Phase 0 — validate (1–2 wks, parallel).** Ask 5–10 teams running 2+
+  agents: would you pay for one egress-audit + policy plane across
+  Claude *and* Codex? Gate the rest on a yes.
+- **Phase 1 — the wedge (self-hostable, OSS).** Multi-bottle egress
+  dashboard + web approval queue + exportable audit log, built over the
+  existing `supervise_server.py` JSON-RPC and the egress event levels
+  (`LOG_BLOCKS` / `LOG_FULL`). Low risk, half-built, and the 30-second
+  demo that sells everything. The compliance hook (75% of enterprises
+  rank auditability #1) lives here.
+- **Phase 2 — the paywall (hosted team tier).** Multi-tenant supervisor:
+  SSO/RBAC, audit retention, alerting, **centralized policy push**
+  (define egress allowlist + DLP once, enforce across all agents —
+  the moat made concrete). Gate on team/compliance features, *never* on
+  the core security.
+- **Phase 3 — Fly remote backend.** Managed agent pool → "fleet" becomes
+  literal; metered (agent-hours) billing; subsumes remote spin-up +
+  tunnel.
+- **Phase 4 — deepen.** Second agent provider done deeply (lean
+  open-source/open-weight for rug-pull resistance); egress anomaly
+  detection (the DLP stream becomes a product); SOC2/audit-export for
+  larger buyers.
+
+**Do not build first:** the p2p mobile app (least monetizable, 6PN
+gives the tunnel free), a generic multi-cloud abstraction (premature),
+or the hosted SaaS before Phase 0.
+
+## Brand vs. revenue: the solo-dev / Linux instinct
+
+The instinct to court Linux/hacker/solo-dev users and stay "not too
+corporate" is **right for distribution, dangerous as strategy.**
+
+- **Right:** it's how OSS infra gets discovered and trusted (HN, stars,
+  word-of-mouth, security-circle vouching); authenticity is a real moat
+  vs. the corporate players *because the architecture sincerely embodies
+  it* (local-first, `$HOME` trust boundary, no phone-home); and it fits
+  the founder.
+- **Dangerous:** that audience is the lowest-WTP cohort that exists
+  (self-hosts the free thing, forks rather than pays), and "not too
+  corporate" reads to a VP of Eng as "not enterprise-ready." Building an
+  anti-SaaS brand and then shipping a paid tier invites the sell-out /
+  rug-pull backlash — which **Daytona just triggered** going closed.
+
+**Resolution — be Tailscale, not a manifesto.** Use the developer-first,
+respects-you energy as the *funnel*; sell *through* the solo advocate,
+bottom-up, into the team that pays. Two guardrails:
+
+1. "Anti-corporate" must not mean "anti-team-features." SSO/RBAC/audit
+   retention *are* the monetization; build them in a developer-respecting
+   way (Tailscale has SSO and is still beloved). Tone is the brand; team
+   features are the product.
+2. Set the open-core social contract publicly **on day one** — core
+   sandbox open and self-hostable forever; hosted control plane is how
+   the lights stay on. The communities that don't revolt are the ones
+   told the deal upfront.
+
+Concrete: the README frames the Docker/**Linux** backend as "legacy."
+If courting the Linux crowd, make the Linux path (Docker+gVisor,
+libkrun/smolmachines) first-class in the docs, not the fallback.
+
+## Individuals, mobile, and the Pi-ecosystem reality check
+
+"Individual devs won't pay" (above) is too blunt and needs refining.
+The accurate claim: individuals won't pay for **safety-as-insurance**
+(abstract risk reduction the labs give away free), but they *do* pay for
+**capability/convenience felt daily** — Claude Pro, Cursor, Tailscale
+Personal. "Drive my self-hosted agent from my phone" is capability, not
+insurance, so it has a real (low-priced, high-churn) WTP profile. The
+self-hoster/Linux crowd specifically pays for **sovereignty/control**,
+just not for enterprise insurance. So an individual "sovereign remote
+agent access" tier is *not* unreasonable in principle.
+
+**But the market has already run that experiment, in public, for free.**
+The Pi ecosystem (pi.dev) has commoditized every convenience layer an
+individual product would charge for:
+
+| Capability | Already free/OSS | bot-bottle differentiates? |
+| :-- | :-- | :-- |
+| Remote control from mobile | remote-pi, Paseo, TelePi | ❌ commoditized |
+| Multi-agent orchestration from mobile | Paseo, pi-agent-dashboard | ❌ commoditized |
+| **Launch** new agents from mobile | Paseo (`paseo run`) | ❌ commoditized |
+| Launch into a **sandboxed, egress-audited** env | nobody | ✅ the moat |
+
+Paseo (`getpaseo/paseo`, on the App Store) does the full thing an
+individual remote-control tier would charge for — launch *and* attach
+agents on a laptop/VM/dev-server, driven from mobile over an E2E relay —
+free and open source. It *orchestrates* agents; it does **not** sandbox them, run
+an egress chokepoint, DLP-scan, or audit. None of the Pi-ecosystem tools
+do. So the residue, yet again, is **isolation + governance**, not
+remote/launch convenience.
+
+Two takeaways:
+1. **Don't compete on orchestration/launch/remote UX** — it's a solved,
+   free, fast-moving, App-Store-shipping space around Pi. You won't win
+   it and it isn't the moat.
+2. **Be the safe runtime orchestrators launch *into*.** Launch-from-mobile
+   is table stakes; *launch-into-a-sealed-egress-audited-bottle* is the
+   differentiator. bot-bottle is the sandbox an orchestrator like Paseo
+   would target, or that you wrap thin orchestration around — never the
+   orchestrator itself.
+
+Capability layers commoditize fast: every individual/mobile angle
+probed in this analysis collapsed back to the same cross-vendor +
+sandbox + egress-audit + custody bundle. Mobile remote belongs as a
+*funnel delighter* on top of the team product, not a standalone paid
+line.
+
+## Forge-native orchestration as the delivery vehicle
+
+The strongest concrete *product shape* for the moat is not a bespoke
+dashboard and not a Paseo competitor — it is **the git forge as the
+orchestrator, with bot-bottle as the safe runtime it launches into.**
+The forge already provides, for free, everything an orchestrator would
+otherwise have to build: identity (agent/bot users, signed commits),
+state (issues, labels, PRs/MRs, comments), triggers (webhooks, CI,
+comment commands), review (diffs, approvals, status checks), audit
+(commits/comments/reviews), and permissions (repo access, protected
+branches, token scopes). bot-bottle supplies the one thing the forge
+doesn't: **least-privilege, secret-isolated, audited execution of
+untrusted agents.** Same moat (custody + audit + policy), better
+vehicle — and it lands the product where teams already live, so it
+avoids building an agent dashboard before one is needed.
+
+The flow is essentially free to assemble:
+
+```
+issue/PR/MR event → webhook → policy/router → assign agent user +
+branch/worktree → run agent in an isolated bottle (no ambient secrets)
+→ commit as agent identity → open PR/MR → CI + human review + merge
+```
+
+**Crowding (why this is less saturated than it looks):**
+
+| Layer | How crowded |
+| :-- | :-- |
+| Generic multi-agent orchestrators (worktree/TUI/dashboard) | very — 50–100+ |
+| Forge-native issue/PR/MR orchestration | moderate — ~10–30 serious |
+| Self-hostable, least-privilege, audited, forge-portable | **single digits** |
+
+The deeper you go toward *untrusted-agent safety + auditability +
+self-hostable + forge-portable*, the emptier it gets.
+
+**The GitHub/GitLab first-party trap → lead Gitea + sovereignty.**
+GitHub (Agentic Workflows, Copilot coding agent) and GitLab (Duo Agent
+Platform) are the forge *vendors* building native issue-to-PR agent
+orchestration with native identity/permissions/audit. On their turf you
+lose the integration-depth battle the same way single-vendor agent
+safety loses to Anthropic/OpenAI — the same "incumbent ships it free,
+deeper" dynamic, one layer up. So the durable opening is **Gitea +
+self-hosted** (no first-party agent platform exists — the open Gitea
+feature request for an AI code agent confirms the vacuum) plus
+**cross-forge *untrusted-agent* safety**, which no forge vendor will
+build because they want you running *their* agent, not arbitrary ones
+under uniform least-privilege across competitors' forges. Cross-vendor
+neutrality, applied to forges.
+
+**Buyer reconciliation.** The least-crowded opening (self-hosted Gitea)
+overlaps the lowest-WTP crowd (indie self-hosters), while the paying
+teams sit on GitHub/GitLab where first-party competition is fiercest.
+The intersection that resolves it: **orgs running self-hosted forges for
+sovereignty/compliance reasons** (regulated, air-gapped, security-
+conscious, on-prem). They have budget, they run self-hosted GitLab/Gitea,
+*and* shipping code to a cloud agent vendor is a non-starter — so "run
+untrusted agents sandboxed, least-privilege, fully audited, inside our
+forge, on our infra" is a procurement checkbox, not a nicety. That is
+where "least-crowded" finally meets "has money."
+
+**Separate moat-hard-parts from cost-hard-parts.** The orchestration
+"hard parts" are two different things, and conflating them oversells the
+fit:
+
+| Moat (your differentiated strength) | Undifferentiated cost (everyone faces) |
+| :-- | :-- |
+| permission isolation | idempotency / dedupe / run ledger |
+| secret handling under malicious prompts | concurrency, locks, cancellation |
+| run provenance | queueing / scheduling / cleanup |
+| policy language | merge-conflict handling (~27% agent-PR conflict rate) |
+
+The right column is generic distributed-systems plumbing that wins you
+nothing and that merge-conflict resolution especially is a *different
+competency* from sandbox/custody. Keep it thin in the MVP; do not build a
+policy DSL + durable ledger + conflict resolver before one org pays.
+
+**The killer feature: run provenance on every agent PR.** A check/comment
+answering — which agent, which model, which prompt, which base commit,
+which policy, which tools, which network egress, which test results —
+attached at the moment a human reviews. It renders the (invisible)
+custody + egress-audit work as a PR artifact the buyer sees at the exact
+trust-decision point. No forge vendor's first-party agent will show you
+"here is everything the untrusted agent could reach." Build this first.
+
+**MVP** (`@bot-bottle fix this`): create an isolated worktree/bottle →
+check out the issue branch → run the selected harness as a named agent
+user → deny ambient secrets by default → record prompt/model/tools/policy
+→ commit with bot identity → open PR/MR → attach the run-provenance
+footer (log + tests + permission/egress summary) → require human merge.
+The security model *is* the product. This rides the headless launch
+primitive directly: webhook → `start --headless` into an isolated bottle
+→ commit as agent identity → PR with provenance.
+
+Open-core line is unchanged: the webhook/comment trigger stays free
+(adoption); the sandboxed-execution + provenance + policy layer is the
+paid governance.
+
+## Risks to the thesis
+
+- **Lab encroachment.** If Anthropic/OpenAI add cross-agent governance
+  or open their managed egress logs, the wedge narrows. Mitigate by
+  going deep on cross-vendor + custody + audit *now*, while they're
+  single-vendor.
+- **Rug-pull dependency.** You run the labs' agents; they can restrict
+  their agent to their own sandbox via ToS/tech. Hedge toward
+  open-source/open-weight agents for durability.
+- **Northflank (or E2B) ships agent-aware audit.** Plausible from the
+  infra side. Your defense is agent-awareness + the supervise approval
+  loop + cross-vendor, not raw egress visibility.
+- **WTP may simply not be there.** The honest failure mode: teams like
+  the audit but won't pay because "we already sandbox in CI." Phase 0
+  exists to find this out cheaply before building Phase 2/3.
+- **Forge-vendor encroachment (forge-native path).** GitHub Agentic
+  Workflows / Copilot and GitLab Duo are first-party and deepening.
+  Defense: aim at self-hosted Gitea + sovereignty buyers where no
+  first-party agent platform exists, and at cross-forge untrusted-agent
+  neutrality the vendors won't build. Don't fight them GitHub-native.
+- **Orchestration-reliability scope creep.** The forge-native build
+  drags in idempotency, queueing, concurrency, and merge-conflict
+  handling — undifferentiated plumbing that isn't the moat. Keep it thin
+  until a paying org forces it.
+
+## Recommendation
+
+Build Phase 1 now — it's low-risk, half-built, and the proof artifact.
+Run Phase 0 in parallel. Treat a clear yes from 5–10 teams as the
+green light for the hosted tier; treat a soft maybe as a signal to stay
+an excellent OSS tool with a tip-jar/support model rather than a
+venture-shaped SaaS. The technology is not the risk — the codebase is
+exemplary and the architecture already supports the pivot. The risk is
+**positioning discipline**: sell cross-vendor fleet governance to teams,
+use the indie brand as the funnel, and never let the anti-corporate
+aesthetic veto the features that pay.
+
+## Sources
+
+- Anthropic — Claude Code sandboxing:
+  https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/claude-code-sandboxing
+- OpenAI Codex — cloud environments:
+  https://developers.openai.com/codex/cloud/environments ;
+  custom-image feature request:
+  https://community.openai.com/t/feature-request-custom-docker-images/1265333
+- GitHub Copilot — custom container image (not supported), discussion
+  #194105: https://github.com/orgs/community/discussions/194105
+- DeepInspect — AI egress monitoring:
+  https://www.deepinspect.ai/blog/ai-egress-monitoring
+- Braintrust — AI agent observability/alerting:
+  https://www.braintrust.dev/articles/best-ai-agent-observability-tools-2026
+- E2B (OSS, Apache-2.0): https://github.com/e2b-dev/e2b ;
+  infra/self-host: https://github.com/e2b-dev/infra
+- Daytona going closed source:
+  https://www.daytona.io/dotfiles/updates/daytona-is-going-closed-source
+- Northflank — BYOC / egress gateways:
+  https://northflank.com/blog/what-is-byoc-in-cloud-computing ;
+  https://northflank.com/blog/self-hostable-alternatives-to-e2b-for-ai-agents
+- Modal Sandboxes: https://modal.com/products/sandboxes
+- AI agent orchestration / enterprise governance (75% cite
+  auditability):
+  https://viston.tech/ai-agent-orchestration-in-2026-moving-from-pilots-to-enterprise-wide-execution/
+- Pi harness (provider-agnostic CLI): https://pi.dev/packages/remote-pi ;
+  https://github.com/earendil-works/pi
+- Paseo (launch + attach agents from desktop/mobile, OSS):
+  https://github.com/getpaseo/paseo ;
+  https://apps.apple.com/us/app/paseo-remote-coding-agents/id6758887924
+- pi-agent-dashboard (mobile-first remote control via mDNS/zrok):
+  https://github.com/BlackBeltTechnology/pi-agent-dashboard
+- TelePi (Telegram remote control for Pi):
+  https://futurelab.studio/blog/telepi-telegram-remote-control-for-pi/
+- Forge-native landscape (provided via conversation, not independently
+  re-verified):
+  - awesome-agent-orchestrators (50+ generic orchestrators):
+    https://github.com/andyrewlee/awesome-agent-orchestrators
+  - GitHub Agentic Workflows (first-party repo automation):
+    https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/automate-repository-tasks-with-github-agentic-workflows/
+  - GitLab Duo Agent Platform GA:
+    https://ir.gitlab.com/news/news-details/2026/GitLab-Announces-the-General-Availability-of-GitLab-Duo-Agent-Platform/default.aspx
+  - ai-review (cross-forge review incl. Gitea):
+    https://github.com/Nikita-Filonov/ai-review
+  - Gitea feature request — AI code agent (the vacuum):
+    https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/issues/34527
+  - Phoenix — safe GitHub issue resolution (label-based webhook state
+    machine): https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.20243
+  - AgenticFlict — ~27% merge-conflict rate in agent PRs:
+    https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03551

tests/unit/test_manifest_validation.py

@@ -165,6 +165,22 @@ class TestAgentValidation(unittest.TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ManifestError):
             ManifestAgent.from_dict("a", {"skills": [5]}, set())
 
+    def test_skill_name_rejects_shell_metacharacters(self) -> None:
+        # Skill names become host/guest path segments interpolated into
+        # provisioning shell commands; anything outside kebab-case is
+        # rejected at load so it can never reach a `bottle.exec` string.
+        for bad in ("foo; rm -rf /", "../escape", "foo bar", "Foo", "-leading"):
+            with self.assertRaises(ManifestError):
+                ManifestAgent.from_dict("a", {"skills": [bad]}, set())
+
+    def test_skill_name_accepts_kebab_case(self) -> None:
+        agent = ManifestAgent.from_dict(
+            "a", {"skills": ["init-entry", "quality-eval", "skill0"]}, set()
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            agent.skills, ("init-entry", "quality-eval", "skill0")
+        )
+
     def test_prompt_not_string(self) -> None:
         with self.assertRaises(ManifestError):
             ManifestAgent.from_dict("a", {"prompt": 5}, set())