diff --git a/bot_bottle/agent_provider.py b/bot_bottle/agent_provider.py
index eeb52c4..dcc79b2 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/agent_provider.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/agent_provider.py
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ Per PRD 0050 the per-provider implementations live under
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import importlib.util
+import os
+import shlex
+import tempfile
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -174,13 +178,130 @@ class AgentProvider(ABC):
         the supervise sidecar is reachable. No-op when
         `plan.supervise_plan is None`."""
 
+    def provision_ca(self, bottle: "Bottle", plan: "BottlePlan") -> None:
+        """Install the egress MITM CA into the agent's trust store.
+
+        Default: Debian-style — cp the cert to the standard source path,
+        run update-ca-certificates, log the fingerprint. Override for
+        non-Debian base images or non-standard trust mechanisms."""
+        from .backend.util import AGENT_CA_PATH, log_ca_fingerprint, select_ca_cert
+        from .log import die
+        cert_host_path, label = select_ca_cert(plan.egress_plan)
+        bottle.cp_in(str(cert_host_path), AGENT_CA_PATH)
+        r = bottle.exec(
+            f"chmod 644 {AGENT_CA_PATH} && update-ca-certificates",
+            user="root",
+        )
+        if r.returncode != 0:
+            die(
+                f"update-ca-certificates failed (exit {r.returncode}): "
+                f"stdout={(r.stdout or '').strip()!r} "
+                f"stderr={(r.stderr or '').strip()!r}"
+            )
+        log_ca_fingerprint(cert_host_path, label)
+
+    def provision_git(self, bottle: "Bottle", plan: "BottlePlan") -> None:
+        """Configure git inside the agent container.
+
+        Default: Debian/node — copies .git when --cwd is set, writes the
+        git-gate insteadOf gitconfig, sets user.name/email as node.
+        Override for images that run as a different user or use a
+        non-standard home directory."""
+        from .log import info
+        workspace = plan.workspace_plan
+        if workspace.enabled and workspace.copy_git and workspace.has_host_git_dir:
+            guest_workspace_git = f"{workspace.guest_path}/.git"
+            host_git = str(workspace.host_path / ".git")
+            info(f"copying {host_git} -> {bottle.name}:{guest_workspace_git}")
+            bottle.exec(f"mkdir -p {shlex.quote(workspace.guest_path)}", user="root")
+            bottle.cp_in(host_git, guest_workspace_git)
+            bottle.exec(
+                f"chown -R {shlex.quote(workspace.owner)} "
+                f"{shlex.quote(guest_workspace_git)}",
+                user="root",
+            )
+
+        manifest_bottle = plan.spec.manifest.bottle_for(plan.spec.agent_name)
+        if manifest_bottle.git:
+            from .git_gate import GIT_GATE_HOSTNAME, git_gate_render_gitconfig
+            gate_host = getattr(plan, "git_gate_insteadof_host", GIT_GATE_HOSTNAME)
+            gate_scheme = getattr(plan, "git_gate_insteadof_scheme", "git")
+            content = git_gate_render_gitconfig(
+                manifest_bottle.git, gate_host, scheme=gate_scheme,
+            )
+            guest_gitconfig = f"{plan.guest_home}/.gitconfig"
+            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+                "w", dir=str(plan.stage_dir), prefix="gitconfig.", delete=False,
+            ) as f:
+                f.write(content)
+                config_file = Path(f.name)
+            os.chmod(config_file, 0o600)
+            info(
+                f"writing {guest_gitconfig} with "
+                f"{len(manifest_bottle.git)} insteadOf rule(s)"
+            )
+            bottle.cp_in(str(config_file), guest_gitconfig)
+            bottle.exec(
+                f"chown node:node {shlex.quote(guest_gitconfig)} && "
+                f"chmod 644 {shlex.quote(guest_gitconfig)}",
+                user="root",
+            )
+
+        gu = manifest_bottle.git_user
+        if not gu.is_empty():
+            if gu.name:
+                info(f"git config --global user.name = {gu.name!r}")
+                bottle.exec(
+                    f"git config --global user.name {shlex.quote(gu.name)}",
+                    user="node",
+                )
+            if gu.email:
+                info(f"git config --global user.email = {gu.email!r}")
+                bottle.exec(
+                    f"git config --global user.email {shlex.quote(gu.email)}",
+                    user="node",
+                )
+
+
+def _load_user_plugin(template: str) -> AgentProvider | None:
+    """Check ~/.bot-bottle/contrib/<template>/agent_provider.py for a
+    user-defined AgentProvider subclass. Returns an instance if found,
+    None if the plugin directory doesn't exist, raises ValueError if
+    the file exists but exports no AgentProvider subclass."""
+    plugin_path = (
+        Path.home() / ".bot-bottle" / "contrib" / template / "agent_provider.py"
+    )
+    if not plugin_path.exists():
+        return None
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(
+        f"_user_contrib_{template}.agent_provider", plugin_path
+    )
+    if spec is None or spec.loader is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"user plugin at {plugin_path} could not be loaded")
+    mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    spec.loader.exec_module(mod)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+    for obj in vars(mod).values():
+        if (
+            isinstance(obj, type)
+            and issubclass(obj, AgentProvider)
+            and obj is not AgentProvider
+        ):
+            return obj()
+    raise ValueError(
+        f"user plugin at {plugin_path} defines no AgentProvider subclass"
+    )
+
 
 def get_provider(template: str) -> AgentProvider:
     """Resolve a provider template name to its plugin instance.
 
-    Lazy-imports the contrib module so importing this module doesn't
-    pull provider-specific code paths in. Mirrors the contrib
-    convention PRD 0048 established for deploy key provisioners."""
+    Checks ~/.bot-bottle/contrib/<template>/agent_provider.py first so
+    users can shadow a built-in for local testing. Falls through to the
+    built-in registry; raises ValueError for unknown names with no
+    matching user plugin."""
+    user_plugin = _load_user_plugin(template)
+    if user_plugin is not None:
+        return user_plugin
     if template == PROVIDER_CLAUDE:
         from .contrib.claude.agent_provider import ClaudeAgentProvider
         return ClaudeAgentProvider()
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/__init__.py b/bot_bottle/backend/__init__.py
index b761ed5..60de25d 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/__init__.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/backend/__init__.py
@@ -78,6 +78,20 @@ class BottlePlan(ABC):
     stage_dir: Path
     guest_home: str
     git_gate_plan: GitGatePlan
+
+    @property
+    def git_gate_insteadof_host(self) -> str:
+        """Host (and optional port) used in git-gate insteadOf URLs.
+        Docker uses the compose-network DNS alias; smolmachines
+        overrides with a loopback IP:port since TSI has no DNS."""
+        return "git-gate"
+
+    @property
+    def git_gate_insteadof_scheme(self) -> str:
+        """URL scheme for git-gate insteadOf rewrites. 'git' for
+        Docker (git daemon); 'http' for smolmachines (HTTP proxy
+        over a published host port)."""
+        return "git"
     egress_plan: EgressPlan
     supervise_plan: SupervisePlan | None
     agent_provision: AgentProvisionPlan
@@ -339,36 +353,22 @@ class BottleBackend(ABC, Generic[PlanT, CleanupT]):
         HTTPS_PROXY (claude-code, git over HTTPS, npm, curl) is
         intercepted without per-tool reconfiguration."""
         provider = get_provider(plan.agent_provision.template)
-        self.provision_ca(plan, bottle)
+        provider.provision_ca(bottle, plan)
         prompt_path = provider.provision_prompt(plan, bottle)
         provider.provision(plan, bottle)
         provider.provision_skills(plan, bottle)
         self.provision_workspace(plan, bottle)
-        self.provision_git(plan, bottle)
+        provider.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         provider.provision_supervise_mcp(
             plan, bottle, self.supervise_mcp_url(plan),
         )
         return prompt_path
 
-    def provision_ca(self, plan: PlanT, bottle: "Bottle") -> None:
-        """Install the per-bottle CA into the agent's trust store so
-        the agent trusts the bumped CONNECT cert egress presents.
-        Default impl is a no-op so
-        backends that don't yet support TLS interception (every backend
-        except Docker today) aren't forced to implement it. The Docker
-        backend overrides to docker-cp the cert in and run
-        `update-ca-certificates`."""
-
     def provision_workspace(self, plan: PlanT, bottle: "Bottle") -> None:
         """Copy the operator workspace into the running bottle when
         the backend cannot bake it into the agent image. Default is
         no-op for backends like Docker that handle this before launch."""
 
-    @abstractmethod
-    def provision_git(self, plan: PlanT, bottle: "Bottle") -> None:
-        """Copy the host's cwd `.git` directory into the running
-        bottle if the user requested --cwd. No-op otherwise."""
-
     def supervise_mcp_url(self, plan: PlanT) -> str:
         """Return the agent-side URL of the per-bottle supervise
         sidecar, or "" when this bottle has no sidecar. The provider
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/backend.py b/bot_bottle/backend/docker/backend.py
index 539369b..f802be8 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/backend.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/backend/docker/backend.py
@@ -33,10 +33,6 @@ from . import prepare as _prepare
 from .bottle import DockerBottle
 from .bottle_cleanup_plan import DockerBottleCleanupPlan
 from .bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
-from .provision import ca as _ca
-from .provision import git as _git
-
-
 class DockerBottleBackend(BottleBackend["DockerBottlePlan", "DockerBottleCleanupPlan"]):
     """Docker backend implementation. Selected by BOT_BOTTLE_BACKEND
     (default)."""
@@ -60,12 +56,6 @@ class DockerBottleBackend(BottleBackend["DockerBottlePlan", "DockerBottleCleanup
         with _launch.launch(plan, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
             yield bottle
 
-    def provision_ca(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-        _ca.provision_ca(plan, bottle)
-
-    def provision_git(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-        _git.provision_git(plan, bottle)
-
     def supervise_mcp_url(self, plan: DockerBottlePlan) -> str:
         """Docker bottles reach the supervise sidecar via the
         compose-network alias `supervise:9100`. No per-bottle URL
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/prepare.py b/bot_bottle/backend/docker/prepare.py
index f86373f..19a130e 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/prepare.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/backend/docker/prepare.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from dataclasses import replace
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from ...agent_provider import agent_provision_plan, runtime_for
+from ...agent_provider import PROVIDER_TEMPLATES, agent_provision_plan, runtime_for
 from ...egress import Egress
 from ...env import ResolvedEnv, resolve_env
 from ...git_gate import GitGate
@@ -100,6 +100,15 @@ def resolve_plan(
     elif provider_runtime.dockerfile:
         image_default = provider_runtime.image
         dockerfile_path = provider_runtime.dockerfile
+    elif provider.template not in PROVIDER_TEMPLATES:
+        user_dockerfile = (
+            Path.home() / ".bot-bottle" / "contrib" / provider.template / "Dockerfile"
+        )
+        if user_dockerfile.is_file():
+            image_default = f"bot-bottle-{provider.template}:{slug}"
+            dockerfile_path = str(user_dockerfile)
+        else:
+            image_default = provider_runtime.image
     else:
         image_default = provider_runtime.image
     image = os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_IMAGE", image_default)
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/__init__.py b/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/__init__.py
index 0c62fa1..4834508 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/__init__.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/__init__.py
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 
 Per PRD 0050 the per-provider provisioning steps (prompt, skills,
 declarative provision-plan apply, supervise MCP registration) live on
-the `AgentProvider` plugin under `bot_bottle/contrib/`. The modules
-left in this subpackage handle only the steps that are
-backend-specific:
+the `AgentProvider` plugin under `bot_bottle/contrib/`. CA and git
+provisioning also moved to the AgentProvider ABC (with Debian/node
+defaults); user plugins override them for non-standard images.
 
-  - ca.py   — install per-bottle CA bundle into the guest trust store
-  - git.py  — copy host cwd `.git` into the guest when --cwd is used
+No modules remain in this subpackage — the directory is kept so that
+existing imports of `from .provision import ...` don't need updating
+if new backend-specific provisioners are added later.
 """
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/ca.py b/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/ca.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 40dee9f..0000000
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/ca.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-"""Install the per-bottle egress MITM CA into the agent container's
-trust store.
-
-By the time this provisioner runs, `egress_tls_init` has generated
-the egress CA and the path is re-bound into `plan.egress_plan`.
-
-Cert lands on Debian's standard source path
-(`/usr/local/share/ca-certificates/`); `update-ca-certificates`
-rebuilds `/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt`, which is what curl,
-Python `ssl`, and OpenSSL-based tools all read by default. The env
-trio set on the agent's `docker run` covers Node
-(`NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS`) and Python `requests` /
-`SSL_CERT_FILE`-honoring libraries that don't load the system
-bundle.
-
-The fingerprint is computed via stdlib (`ssl.PEM_cert_to_DER_cert`
-+ `hashlib.sha256`) and logged once to stderr. The private key
-stays on the host (under `stage_dir`) until teardown wipes the
-stage dir; nothing in the agent ever sees it."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-from ... import Bottle
-from ...util import AGENT_CA_PATH, log_ca_fingerprint, select_ca_cert
-from ..bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
-
-
-def provision_ca(plan: DockerBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-    """Copy the agent-facing CA cert into the agent, rebuild the
-    trust bundle, emit a one-line fingerprint log. Called from
-    `BottleBackend.provision` after the agent container is up."""
-    cert_host_path, label = select_ca_cert(plan.egress_plan)
-
-    bottle.cp_in(str(cert_host_path), AGENT_CA_PATH)
-    bottle.exec(
-        f"chmod 644 {AGENT_CA_PATH} && update-ca-certificates",
-        user="root",
-    )
-
-    log_ca_fingerprint(cert_host_path, label)
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/git.py b/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/git.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d39ade..0000000
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/docker/provision/git.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-"""Git provisioning inside a running Docker bottle.
-
-Three concerns, all about git in the agent:
-
-  1. If --cwd was passed AND the host cwd has a .git, copy that .git
-     into the planned guest workspace so the agent operates on the
-     user's repo.
-  2. If the bottle declares `git` entries (PRD 0008), write a
-     ~/.gitconfig with insteadOf rules so every git operation
-     against a declared upstream (push, fetch, clone, pull,
-     ls-remote) transparently hits the per-agent git-gate. The
-     gate mirrors the upstream in both directions, so URL
-     rewriting is symmetric.
-  3. If the bottle declares `git.user` (issue #86), set
-     `git config --global user.{name,email}` inside the bottle so
-     the agent's commits are attributed to that identity.
-"""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import shlex
-
-from ....git_gate import GIT_GATE_HOSTNAME, git_gate_render_gitconfig
-from ....log import info
-from ... import Bottle
-from ..bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
-
-
-def provision_git(plan: DockerBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-    """Set up git inside the bottle. Runs all three subcases; each
-    no-ops when its condition isn't met."""
-    _provision_cwd_git(plan, bottle)
-    _provision_git_gate_config(plan, bottle)
-    _provision_git_user(plan, bottle)
-
-
-def _provision_cwd_git(plan: DockerBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-    """If --cwd was set and the host cwd has a .git directory, copy
-    it into /home/node/workspace/.git and fix ownership. No-op
-    otherwise."""
-    workspace = plan.workspace_plan
-    if not (workspace.enabled and workspace.copy_git and workspace.has_host_git_dir):
-        return
-    guest_workspace_git = f"{workspace.guest_path}/.git"
-    host_git = str(workspace.host_path / ".git")
-    info(f"copying {host_git} -> {bottle.name}:{guest_workspace_git}")
-    bottle.cp_in(host_git, guest_workspace_git)
-    bottle.exec(
-        f"chown -R {shlex.quote(workspace.owner)} {shlex.quote(guest_workspace_git)}",
-        user="root",
-    )
-
-
-def _provision_git_gate_config(plan: DockerBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-    """Write ~/.gitconfig in the bottle with the git-gate
-    insteadOf rules. No-op when the bottle has no `git` entries."""
-    manifest_bottle = plan.spec.manifest.bottle_for(plan.spec.agent_name)
-    if not manifest_bottle.git:
-        return
-    container_gitconfig = f"{plan.guest_home}/.gitconfig"
-
-    content = git_gate_render_gitconfig(manifest_bottle.git, GIT_GATE_HOSTNAME)
-    config_file = plan.stage_dir / "agent_gitconfig"
-    config_file.write_text(content)
-    config_file.chmod(0o600)
-
-    info(f"writing {container_gitconfig} with {len(manifest_bottle.git)} insteadOf rule(s)")
-    bottle.cp_in(str(config_file), container_gitconfig)
-    bottle.exec(
-        f"chown node:node {shlex.quote(container_gitconfig)} && "
-        f"chmod 644 {shlex.quote(container_gitconfig)}",
-        user="root",
-    )
-
-
-def _provision_git_user(plan: DockerBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-    """Apply `git config --global user.{name,email}` inside the
-    bottle so the agent's commits are attributed to the operator-
-    chosen identity instead of the agent image's default
-    (which is no user — git would refuse to commit at all
-    until the agent ran its own `git config`).
-
-    Runs as the `node` user so `--global` lands in
-    `/home/node/.gitconfig` (matching the existing
-    `_provision_git_gate_config` write location). No-op when the
-    bottle didn't declare `git.user`.
-
-    Each field set independently — name-only or email-only
-    configs only run the `git config` line for the field
-    present."""
-    manifest_bottle = plan.spec.manifest.bottle_for(plan.spec.agent_name)
-    gu = manifest_bottle.git_user
-    if gu.is_empty():
-        return
-    if gu.name:
-        info(f"git config --global user.name = {gu.name!r}")
-        bottle.exec(
-            f"git config --global user.name {shlex.quote(gu.name)}",
-            user="node",
-        )
-    if gu.email:
-        info(f"git config --global user.email = {gu.email!r}")
-        bottle.exec(
-            f"git config --global user.email {shlex.quote(gu.email)}",
-            user="node",
-        )
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/backend.py b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/backend.py
index e29f1c3..6387da1 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/backend.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/backend.py
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ from . import smolvm as _smolvm
 from .bottle import SmolmachinesBottle
 from .bottle_cleanup_plan import SmolmachinesBottleCleanupPlan
 from .bottle_plan import SmolmachinesBottlePlan
-from .provision import ca as _ca
-from .provision import git as _git
 from .provision import workspace as _workspace
 
 
@@ -55,21 +53,11 @@ class SmolmachinesBottleBackend(
         with _launch.launch(plan, provision=self.provision) as bottle:
             yield bottle
 
-    def provision_ca(
-        self, plan: SmolmachinesBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle
-    ) -> None:
-        _ca.provision_ca(plan, bottle)
-
     def provision_workspace(
         self, plan: SmolmachinesBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle
     ) -> None:
         _workspace.provision_workspace(plan, bottle)
 
-    def provision_git(
-        self, plan: SmolmachinesBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle
-    ) -> None:
-        _git.provision_git(plan, bottle)
-
     def supervise_mcp_url(self, plan: SmolmachinesBottlePlan) -> str:
         """The smolmachines guest reaches the supervise sidecar via a
         host-published random port the launch step pinned earlier
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/bottle.py b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/bottle.py
index ea023fd..81e0ee6 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/bottle.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/bottle.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import time
 from typing import Mapping, cast
 
 from ...agent_provider import PromptMode, prompt_args
@@ -131,6 +132,11 @@ class SmolmachinesBottle(Bottle):
             self.agent_argv(argv, tty=tty), check=False,
         ).returncode
 
+    # smolvm/libkrun can SIGKILL an otherwise-normal exec during
+    # early-VM provisioning. Retry once after a short settle so
+    # callers (provision_ca, etc.) don't have to handle it themselves.
+    _SIGKILL_EXIT = 128 + 9
+
     def exec(self, script: str, *, user: str = "node") -> ExecResult:
         """Run a POSIX shell script as `user` (default `node`) and
         capture the result. Matches the docker backend's `exec`,
@@ -141,14 +147,22 @@ class SmolmachinesBottle(Bottle):
 
         `runuser -u <user> -- env ... /bin/sh -c <script>` switches UID
         without invoking a login shell, then sets HOME / USER and the
-        bottle env in the child process."""
+        bottle env in the child process.
+
+        Retries once on SIGKILL (exit 137) — libkrun occasionally
+        kills short-lived execs during VM bring-up."""
+        r = self._exec_raw(script, user=user)
+        if r.returncode == self._SIGKILL_EXIT:
+            time.sleep(1.0)
+            r = self._exec_raw(script, user=user)
+        return r
+
+    def _exec_raw(self, script: str, *, user: str = "node") -> ExecResult:
         argv = [
             "--", "runuser", "-u", user, "--",
             "env", *_env_assignments_for(user, self._guest_env),
             "/bin/sh", "-c", script,
         ]
-        # Call smolvm directly because this path needs the host-side
-        # subprocess capture shape used by the Docker backend.
         r = subprocess.run(
             ["smolvm", "machine", "exec", "--name", self.name] + argv,
             capture_output=True, text=True, check=False,
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/bottle_plan.py b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/bottle_plan.py
index 2e8b583..c9de884 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/bottle_plan.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/bottle_plan.py
@@ -82,6 +82,14 @@ class SmolmachinesBottlePlan(BottlePlan):
     agent_git_gate_host: str = ""
     agent_supervise_url: str = ""
 
+    @property
+    def git_gate_insteadof_host(self) -> str:
+        return self.agent_git_gate_host
+
+    @property
+    def git_gate_insteadof_scheme(self) -> str:
+        return "http"
+
     @property
     def agent_command(self) -> str:
         return self.agent_provision.command
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/__init__.py b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/__init__.py
index 97d5288..0a79a1a 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/__init__.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/__init__.py
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 
 Per PRD 0050 the per-provider provisioning steps (prompt, skills,
 declarative provision-plan apply, supervise MCP registration) live on
-the `AgentProvider` plugin under `bot_bottle/contrib/`. The modules
-left in this subpackage handle only the steps that are
-backend-specific:
+the `AgentProvider` plugin under `bot_bottle/contrib/`. CA and git
+provisioning also moved to the AgentProvider ABC (with Debian/node
+defaults); user plugins override them for non-standard images.
+
+The module left in this subpackage handles the remaining backend-
+specific step:
 
-  - ca.py        — install per-bottle CA bundle into the guest trust store
-  - git.py       — copy host cwd `.git` into the guest when --cwd is used
   - workspace.py — copy the operator workspace into the guest
 """
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/ca.py b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/ca.py
deleted file mode 100644
index dbce04a..0000000
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/ca.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-"""Install the per-bottle egress MITM CA into the smolmachines
-guest's trust store (PRD 0023 chunk 4d).
-
-Mirrors `backend.docker.provision.ca`: copy the egress CA to
-Debian's `/usr/local/share/ca-certificates/` path,
-`update-ca-certificates` to rebuild the trust bundle, and log the
-fingerprint once.
-
-`smolvm machine exec` runs commands as root in the VM (no `-u`
-flag exists; the VM init is root), so we don't need the explicit
-`-u 0` the docker backend uses on its `docker exec` calls."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import time
-
-from ....log import die
-from ...util import (
-    AGENT_CA_BUNDLE,
-    AGENT_CA_PATH,
-    log_ca_fingerprint,
-    select_ca_cert,
-)
-from ... import Bottle, ExecResult
-from ..bottle_plan import SmolmachinesBottlePlan
-
-
-_SIGKILL_EXIT = 128 + 9
-
-
-def provision_ca(plan: SmolmachinesBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-    """Copy the agent-facing CA cert into the guest, rebuild the
-    trust bundle, emit a one-line fingerprint log. Called from
-    `BottleBackend.provision` after the smolvm guest is up."""
-    cert_host_path, label = select_ca_cert(plan.egress_plan)
-
-    bottle.cp_in(str(cert_host_path), AGENT_CA_PATH)
-    # Mode 0644 — readable to non-root tools in the guest.
-    # update-ca-certificates rebuilds the bundle at AGENT_CA_BUNDLE,
-    # which is what curl / Python ssl / OpenSSL-based tools read by
-    # default. The env trio (NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS / SSL_CERT_FILE /
-    # REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE) on the guest_env covers Node + Python
-    # `requests` / libraries that don't load the system bundle.
-    #
-    r = _install_ca(bottle)
-    if r.returncode == _SIGKILL_EXIT:
-        # smolvm/libkrun can SIGKILL an otherwise-normal exec
-        # during early-VM provisioning. `update-ca-certificates`
-        # is idempotent, so retry the same install once after a
-        # short settle delay before treating it as fatal.
-        time.sleep(1.0)
-        r = _install_ca(bottle)
-
-    if r.returncode != 0:
-        # update-ca-certificates not adding our cert is fatal —
-        # claude-code's TLS handshake against the egress-MITM'd
-        # api.anthropic.com would fail downstream. Bail early
-        # with what we can see (output is captured so we can
-        # surface it).
-        die(
-            f"update-ca-certificates didn't add the agent CA "
-            f"(exit {r.returncode}): "
-            f"stdout={(r.stdout or '').strip()!r} "
-            f"stderr={(r.stderr or '').strip()!r}"
-        )
-
-    log_ca_fingerprint(cert_host_path, label)
-
-
-def _install_ca(bottle: Bottle) -> ExecResult:
-    # chown + chmod + update-ca-certificates + bundle
-    # verification run in one exec so we only pay one
-    # round trip; the `&&` chaining surfaces the first failure
-    # as the return code. The verify check is more stable than
-    # requiring "1 added" in stdout: a retry after a
-    # partially-completed first run may legitimately report "0
-    # added" while the cert is already installed.
-    return bottle.exec(
-        f"chown root:root {AGENT_CA_PATH} && "
-        f"chmod 644 {AGENT_CA_PATH} && "
-        f"update-ca-certificates && "
-        f"openssl verify -CAfile {AGENT_CA_BUNDLE} {AGENT_CA_PATH}",
-        user="root",
-    )
-
-
-# Re-exported for the launch/provision_ca caller + tests. The path
-# constants live in the shared `backend.util` (Debian's
-# `update-ca-certificates` layout is the same in both backends).
-__all__ = ["AGENT_CA_BUNDLE", "AGENT_CA_PATH", "provision_ca"]
diff --git a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/git.py b/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/git.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f5ebb8..0000000
--- a/bot_bottle/backend/smolmachines/provision/git.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-"""Git provisioning inside a running smolmachines bottle
-(PRD 0023 chunk 4d).
-
-Three concerns, all about git in the agent:
-
-  1. If --cwd was passed AND the host cwd has a .git, copy that
-     .git into the planned guest workspace so the agent operates on
-     the user's repo.
-  2. If the bottle declares `git` entries (PRD 0008), write a
-     ~/.gitconfig with insteadOf rules so every git operation
-     against a declared upstream transparently hits the per-bottle
-     git-gate. The gate mirrors the upstream in both directions,
-     so URL rewriting is symmetric.
-  3. If the bottle declares `git.user` (issue #86), set
-     `git config --global user.{name,email}` inside the guest so
-     the agent's commits are attributed to that identity.
-
-Differs from `backend.docker.provision.git` in one address detail:
-the TSI-allowlisted guest can only reach the bundle's pinned IP
-(no DNS resolver in the /32 allowlist), so the insteadOf URLs
-are `http://<bundle_ip>:<port>/<name>.git` rather than the
-docker backend's `git://git-gate/<name>.git`. The render itself
-is the shared `git_gate_render_gitconfig` on the platform-neutral
-git_gate module."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import os
-import shlex
-import tempfile
-from pathlib import Path
-
-from ....git_gate import git_gate_render_gitconfig
-from ....log import info
-from ... import Bottle
-from ..bottle_plan import SmolmachinesBottlePlan
-
-
-def provision_git(plan: SmolmachinesBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-    """Set up git inside the guest. Runs all three subcases; each
-    no-ops when its condition isn't met."""
-    _provision_cwd_git(plan, bottle)
-    _provision_git_gate_config(plan, bottle)
-    _provision_git_user(plan, bottle)
-
-
-def _provision_cwd_git(plan: SmolmachinesBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle) -> None:
-    """If --cwd was set and the host cwd has a .git directory, copy
-    it into <guest_home>/workspace/.git and fix ownership. No-op
-    otherwise."""
-    workspace = plan.workspace_plan
-    if not (workspace.enabled and workspace.copy_git and workspace.has_host_git_dir):
-        return
-    guest_workspace_git = f"{workspace.guest_path}/.git"
-    host_git = str(workspace.host_path / ".git")
-    info(f"copying {host_git} -> {bottle.name}:{guest_workspace_git}")
-    # mkdir -p the workspace dir so cp_in lands the .git
-    # directly there even on first-time bottles.
-    bottle.exec(f"mkdir -p {shlex.quote(workspace.guest_path)}", user="root")
-    bottle.cp_in(host_git, guest_workspace_git)
-    # cp_in lands files as root; the agent runs as node so
-    # the workspace tree must be chowned over.
-    bottle.exec(
-        f"chown -R {shlex.quote(workspace.owner)} {shlex.quote(guest_workspace_git)}",
-        user="root",
-    )
-
-
-def _provision_git_gate_config(
-    plan: SmolmachinesBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle
-) -> None:
-    """Write ~/.gitconfig in the guest with the git-gate insteadOf
-    rules. No-op when the bottle has no `git` entries."""
-    manifest_bottle = plan.spec.manifest.bottle_for(plan.spec.agent_name)
-    if not manifest_bottle.git:
-        return
-
-    # `<loopback alias>:<host port>` form: the bundle's git-gate
-    # HTTP port is published on host loopback at launch time so
-    # the smolvm guest (which can only reach macOS networking via
-    # TSI, not the docker bridge IP) can dial it. launch.py
-    # populates `plan.agent_git_gate_host` after bundle bringup.
-    content = git_gate_render_gitconfig(
-        manifest_bottle.git, plan.agent_git_gate_host, scheme="http",
-    )
-
-    guest_gitconfig = f"{plan.guest_home}/.gitconfig"
-    # Stage the file under the plan's stage_dir so cp_in
-    # has a stable host path. The plan's stage_dir is cleaned up
-    # by start.py's session-end teardown.
-    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-        "w", dir=str(plan.stage_dir), prefix="gitconfig.",
-        delete=False,
-    ) as f:
-        f.write(content)
-        config_file = Path(f.name)
-    os.chmod(config_file, 0o600)
-
-    info(f"writing {guest_gitconfig} with {len(manifest_bottle.git)} insteadOf rule(s)")
-    bottle.cp_in(str(config_file), guest_gitconfig)
-    bottle.exec(
-        f"chown node:node {shlex.quote(guest_gitconfig)} && "
-        f"chmod 644 {shlex.quote(guest_gitconfig)}",
-        user="root",
-    )
-
-
-def _provision_git_user(
-    plan: SmolmachinesBottlePlan, bottle: Bottle,
-) -> None:
-    """Apply `git config --global user.{name,email}` inside the
-    guest as the node user so --global lands in the same
-    `/home/node/.gitconfig` that `_provision_git_gate_config`
-    writes to. No-op when the bottle didn't declare `git.user`.
-
-    SmolmachinesBottle.exec(user="node") automatically sets
-    HOME=/home/node so --global writes to /home/node/.gitconfig."""
-    manifest_bottle = plan.spec.manifest.bottle_for(plan.spec.agent_name)
-    gu = manifest_bottle.git_user
-    if gu.is_empty():
-        return
-    if gu.name:
-        info(f"git config --global user.name = {gu.name!r}")
-        bottle.exec(
-            f"git config --global user.name {shlex.quote(gu.name)}",
-            user="node",
-        )
-    if gu.email:
-        info(f"git config --global user.email = {gu.email!r}")
-        bottle.exec(
-            f"git config --global user.email {shlex.quote(gu.email)}",
-            user="node",
-        )
diff --git a/bot_bottle/manifest_agent.py b/bot_bottle/manifest_agent.py
index 6ab63ef..7495e35 100644
--- a/bot_bottle/manifest_agent.py
+++ b/bot_bottle/manifest_agent.py
@@ -49,11 +49,6 @@ class AgentProvider:
                 f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.template must be a "
                 f"non-empty string"
             )
-        if template not in PROVIDER_TEMPLATES:
-            raise ManifestError(
-                f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.template {template!r} "
-                f"is not one of {', '.join(sorted(PROVIDER_TEMPLATES))}"
-            )
         dockerfile = d.get("dockerfile", "")
         if not isinstance(dockerfile, str):
             raise ManifestError(
@@ -66,6 +61,12 @@ class AgentProvider:
                 f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.auth_token must be a "
                 f"string (was {type(auth_token).__name__})"
             )
+        if auth_token and template not in PROVIDER_TEMPLATES:
+            raise ManifestError(
+                f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.auth_token is only "
+                f"supported for built-in templates "
+                f"({', '.join(sorted(PROVIDER_TEMPLATES))})"
+            )
         if auth_token and template != "claude":
             raise ManifestError(
                 f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.auth_token is only "
@@ -77,6 +78,12 @@ class AgentProvider:
                 f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.forward_host_credentials "
                 f"must be a boolean (was {type(forward_host_credentials).__name__})"
             )
+        if forward_host_credentials and template not in PROVIDER_TEMPLATES:
+            raise ManifestError(
+                f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.forward_host_credentials "
+                f"is only supported for built-in templates "
+                f"({', '.join(sorted(PROVIDER_TEMPLATES))})"
+            )
         if forward_host_credentials and template != "codex":
             raise ManifestError(
                 f"bottle '{bottle_name}' agent_provider.forward_host_credentials "
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_docker_provision_git_user.py b/tests/unit/test_docker_provision_git_user.py
index 1fb447c..334ecfe 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_docker_provision_git_user.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_docker_provision_git_user.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-"""Unit: docker backend `_provision_git_user` (issue #86).
+"""Unit: AgentProvider.provision_git — git-user and cwd .git copy (issue #86).
 
-Mocks `bottle.exec` / `bottle.cp_in` and asserts on the script
-strings and user parameter. The cwd + git-gate passes are covered
-indirectly by the existing integration-shaped tests in
-test_smolmachines_provision; this file targets just the git_user
-pass."""
+Mocks bottle.exec / bottle.cp_in and asserts on the dispatched script
+shape. provision_git is now a method on AgentProvider (default impl);
+the internal passes (_provision_cwd_git, _provision_git_gate_config,
+_provision_git_user) are no longer exposed as separate helpers."""
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
@@ -13,16 +12,39 @@ import unittest
 from pathlib import Path
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock
 
-from bot_bottle.agent_provider import AgentProvisionPlan
+from bot_bottle.agent_provider import (
+    AgentProvider,
+    AgentProvisionPlan,
+    AgentProviderRuntime,
+)
 from bot_bottle.backend import Bottle, BottleSpec, ExecResult
 from bot_bottle.backend.docker.bottle_plan import DockerBottlePlan
-from bot_bottle.backend.docker.provision import git as _git
 from bot_bottle.egress import EgressPlan
 from bot_bottle.git_gate import GitGatePlan
 from bot_bottle.manifest import Manifest
 from bot_bottle.workspace import workspace_plan
 
 
+class _Provider(AgentProvider):
+    """Minimal concrete subclass for testing the default provision_git."""
+    @property
+    def runtime(self) -> AgentProviderRuntime:
+        return AgentProviderRuntime(
+            template="test", command="test", image="", dockerfile="",
+            prompt_mode="append_file", bypass_args=(), resume_args=(),
+            remote_control_args=(),
+        )
+    def provision_plan(self, **kwargs):  # type: ignore[override]
+        raise NotImplementedError
+    def provision_skills(self, plan, bottle): ...  # type: ignore[override]
+    def provision_prompt(self, plan, bottle): ...  # type: ignore[override]
+    def provision(self, plan, bottle): ...  # type: ignore[override]
+    def provision_supervise_mcp(self, plan, bottle, supervise_url): ...  # type: ignore[override]
+
+
+_PROVIDER = _Provider()
+
+
 def _plan(*, git_user: dict | None = None,  # type: ignore
           copy_cwd: bool = False,
           user_cwd: str = "/tmp/x",
@@ -87,8 +109,6 @@ def _make_bottle(name: str = "bot-bottle-demo-abc12") -> MagicMock:
 
 
 def _git_config_exec_calls(bottle: MagicMock) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
-    """Filter bottle.exec calls to git-config invocations.
-    Returns list of (script, user) tuples."""
     out = []
     for c in bottle.exec.call_args_list:
         script = c.args[0] if c.args else c.kwargs.get("script", "")
@@ -108,7 +128,7 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_noop_when_no_git_user(self):
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git._provision_git_user(_plan(stage_dir=self.stage), bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, _plan(stage_dir=self.stage))
         self.assertEqual([], _git_config_exec_calls(bottle))
 
     def test_copies_cwd_git_to_workspace_plan_path(self):
@@ -116,7 +136,7 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
         (cwd / ".git").mkdir(parents=True)
         plan = _plan(copy_cwd=True, user_cwd=str(cwd), stage_dir=self.stage)
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git._provision_cwd_git(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
 
         bottle.cp_in.assert_called_once_with(
             f"{cwd}/.git",
@@ -125,10 +145,10 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
         chown_calls = [
             c for c in bottle.exec.call_args_list
             if "chown" in (c.args[0] if c.args else "")
+            and "/home/node/workspace/.git" in (c.args[0] if c.args else "")
         ]
         self.assertEqual(1, len(chown_calls))
         self.assertIn("node:node", chown_calls[0].args[0])
-        self.assertIn("/home/node/workspace/.git", chown_calls[0].args[0])
 
     def test_sets_name_and_email(self):
         plan = _plan(
@@ -136,7 +156,7 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
             stage_dir=self.stage,
         )
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git._provision_git_user(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         calls = _git_config_exec_calls(bottle)
         self.assertEqual(2, len(calls))
         for script, user in calls:
@@ -150,7 +170,7 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_name_only_sets_only_name(self):
         plan = _plan(git_user={"name": "Bot"}, stage_dir=self.stage)
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git._provision_git_user(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         calls = _git_config_exec_calls(bottle)
         self.assertEqual(1, len(calls))
         self.assertIn("user.name", calls[0][0])
@@ -161,7 +181,7 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
             git_user={"email": "bot@example.com"}, stage_dir=self.stage,
         )
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git._provision_git_user(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         calls = _git_config_exec_calls(bottle)
         self.assertEqual(1, len(calls))
         self.assertIn("user.email", calls[0][0])
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_smolmachines_provision.py b/tests/unit/test_smolmachines_provision.py
index 586f9bb..a3cf6b2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_smolmachines_provision.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_smolmachines_provision.py
@@ -14,21 +14,23 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 
 from bot_bottle.agent_provider import (
+    AgentProvider,
+    AgentProviderRuntime,
     AgentProvisionCommand,
     AgentProvisionDir,
     AgentProvisionFile,
     AgentProvisionPlan,
 )
 from bot_bottle.backend import Bottle, BottleSpec, ExecResult
+from bot_bottle.backend.smolmachines.bottle import SmolmachinesBottle
 from bot_bottle.backend.smolmachines.bottle_plan import (
     SmolmachinesBottlePlan,
 )
 from bot_bottle.backend.smolmachines.provision import (
-    ca as _ca,
-    git as _git,
     workspace as _workspace,
 )
 from bot_bottle.backend.smolmachines.launch import _bundle_launch_spec
+from bot_bottle.backend.util import AGENT_CA_PATH
 from bot_bottle.egress import EgressPlan, EgressRoute
 from bot_bottle.git_gate import GitGatePlan, GitGateUpstream
 from bot_bottle.manifest import GitEntry, Manifest
@@ -36,6 +38,26 @@ from bot_bottle.supervise import SupervisePlan
 from bot_bottle.workspace import workspace_plan
 
 
+class _Provider(AgentProvider):
+    """Minimal concrete subclass for testing the default provision_ca/provision_git."""
+    @property
+    def runtime(self) -> AgentProviderRuntime:
+        return AgentProviderRuntime(
+            template="test", command="test", image="", dockerfile="",
+            prompt_mode="append_file", bypass_args=(), resume_args=(),
+            remote_control_args=(),
+        )
+    def provision_plan(self, **kwargs):  # type: ignore[override]
+        raise NotImplementedError
+    def provision_skills(self, plan, bottle): ...  # type: ignore[override]
+    def provision_prompt(self, plan, bottle): ...  # type: ignore[override]
+    def provision(self, plan, bottle): ...  # type: ignore[override]
+    def provision_supervise_mcp(self, plan, bottle, supervise_url): ...  # type: ignore[override]
+
+
+_PROVIDER = _Provider()
+
+
 def _make_bottle(
     name: str = "bot-bottle-demo-abc12",
     exec_result: ExecResult | None = None,
@@ -252,10 +274,10 @@ class TestProvisionCA(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_egress_ca_always_installed(self):
         plan = _plan(egress_ca_path=self.egress_ca)
         bottle = _make_bottle(exec_result=self._UPDATE_OK)
-        _ca.provision_ca(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_ca(bottle, plan)
         bottle.cp_in.assert_called_once_with(
             str(self.egress_ca),
-            _ca.AGENT_CA_PATH,
+            AGENT_CA_PATH,
         )
         bottle.exec.assert_called_once()
         script = bottle.exec.call_args.args[0]
@@ -263,28 +285,59 @@ class TestProvisionCA(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIn("update-ca-certificates", script)
         self.assertEqual("root", bottle.exec.call_args.kwargs.get("user"))
 
-    def test_retries_smolvm_sigkill_during_update_ca(self):
-        plan = _plan(egress_ca_path=self.egress_ca)
-        killed = ExecResult(
-            returncode=137,
-            stdout="Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs...\n",
-            stderr="",
-        )
-        bottle = _make_bottle()
-        bottle.exec.side_effect = [killed, self._UPDATE_OK]
-        with patch(
-            "bot_bottle.backend.smolmachines.provision.ca.time.sleep"
-        ) as sleep:
-            _ca.provision_ca(plan, bottle)
-
-        self.assertEqual(2, bottle.exec.call_count)
-        sleep.assert_called_once_with(1.0)
-
     def test_dies_when_egress_cert_missing(self):
         plan = _plan(egress_ca_path=self.tmp / "does-not-exist.pem")
         bottle = _make_bottle()
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-            _ca.provision_ca(plan, bottle)
+            _PROVIDER.provision_ca(bottle, plan)
+
+
+class TestSmolmachinesBottleExec(unittest.TestCase):
+    """SmolmachinesBottle.exec retries once on SIGKILL (exit 137)."""
+
+    _SIGKILL = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+        args=[], returncode=137, stdout="", stderr="",
+    )
+    _SUCCESS = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+        args=[], returncode=0, stdout="done", stderr="",
+    )
+
+    def test_retries_on_sigkill(self):
+        bottle = SmolmachinesBottle("test-machine")
+        with patch(
+            "bot_bottle.backend.smolmachines.bottle.subprocess.run",
+            side_effect=[self._SIGKILL, self._SUCCESS],
+        ) as mock_run, patch(
+            "bot_bottle.backend.smolmachines.bottle.time.sleep"
+        ) as mock_sleep:
+            result = bottle.exec("echo hi")
+
+        self.assertEqual(0, result.returncode)
+        self.assertEqual(2, mock_run.call_count)
+        mock_sleep.assert_called_once_with(1.0)
+
+    def test_no_retry_on_success(self):
+        bottle = SmolmachinesBottle("test-machine")
+        with patch(
+            "bot_bottle.backend.smolmachines.bottle.subprocess.run",
+            return_value=self._SUCCESS,
+        ) as mock_run:
+            result = bottle.exec("echo hi")
+
+        self.assertEqual(0, result.returncode)
+        self.assertEqual(1, mock_run.call_count)
+
+    def test_no_retry_on_other_error(self):
+        fail = subprocess.CompletedProcess(args=[], returncode=1, stdout="", stderr="err")
+        bottle = SmolmachinesBottle("test-machine")
+        with patch(
+            "bot_bottle.backend.smolmachines.bottle.subprocess.run",
+            return_value=fail,
+        ) as mock_run:
+            result = bottle.exec("bad-cmd")
+
+        self.assertEqual(1, result.returncode)
+        self.assertEqual(1, mock_run.call_count)
 
 
 class TestProvisionGit(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -301,20 +354,20 @@ class TestProvisionGit(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_noop_when_no_cwd_and_no_git_entries(self):
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git.provision_git(_plan(stage_dir=self.stage), bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, _plan(stage_dir=self.stage))
         bottle.cp_in.assert_not_called()
         bottle.exec.assert_not_called()
 
     def test_copies_cwd_git_when_copy_cwd_and_git_present(self):
         # Stage a fake host .git dir under user_cwd so the path-
-        # check in _provision_cwd_git fires.
+        # check in provision_git fires.
         cwd = self.stage / "cwd"
         (cwd / ".git").mkdir(parents=True)
         plan = _plan(
             copy_cwd=True, user_cwd=str(cwd), stage_dir=self.stage,
         )
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git.provision_git(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         bottle.cp_in.assert_called_once_with(
             f"{cwd}/.git",
             "/home/node/workspace/.git",
@@ -330,7 +383,7 @@ class TestProvisionGit(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_skips_cwd_when_copy_cwd_false(self):
         plan = _plan(copy_cwd=False, stage_dir=self.stage)
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git.provision_git(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         bottle.cp_in.assert_not_called()
 
     def test_writes_gitconfig_with_ip_port_form_for_smolmachines(self):
@@ -348,7 +401,7 @@ class TestProvisionGit(unittest.TestCase):
             agent_git_gate_host="127.0.0.1:9418",
         )
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git.provision_git(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         # The staged gitconfig path is whatever NamedTemporaryFile
         # picked; we read its contents.
         cp_call = bottle.cp_in.call_args
@@ -392,7 +445,7 @@ class TestBundleLaunchSpec(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
-    """`_provision_git_user` runs `git config --global` inside the
+    """`provision_git` runs `git config --global` inside the
     guest as the node user. SmolmachinesBottle.exec sets HOME and
     USER automatically for the requested user, so --global lands
     in /home/node/.gitconfig. No-op when the bottle didn't declare
@@ -411,7 +464,7 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_noop_when_no_git_user(self):
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git._provision_git_user(_plan(), bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, _plan())
         self.assertEqual([], self._git_config_calls(bottle))
 
     def test_sets_name_and_email_as_node(self):
@@ -420,7 +473,7 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
             "email": "eric@dideric.is",
         })
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git._provision_git_user(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         calls = self._git_config_calls(bottle)
         self.assertEqual(2, len(calls))
         # Both run as node so SmolmachinesBottle.exec sets HOME=/home/node
@@ -436,7 +489,7 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_name_only(self):
         plan = _plan(git_user={"name": "Bot"})
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git._provision_git_user(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         calls = self._git_config_calls(bottle)
         self.assertEqual(1, len(calls))
         self.assertIn("user.name", calls[0][0])
@@ -445,7 +498,7 @@ class TestProvisionGitUser(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_email_only(self):
         plan = _plan(git_user={"email": "bot@example.com"})
         bottle = _make_bottle()
-        _git._provision_git_user(plan, bottle)
+        _PROVIDER.provision_git(bottle, plan)
         calls = self._git_config_calls(bottle)
         self.assertEqual(1, len(calls))
         self.assertIn("user.email", calls[0][0])