feat(macos): consolidated per-host gateway for the Apple backend (PRD 0070)

Re-enables the macos-container backend on the shared per-host orchestrator +
gateway, replacing the per-bottle companion container removed in #385. This is
the last backend in PRD 0070's roadmap.

Apple Container 1.0.0 forced three departures from the docker shape, each
verified against the live CLI (findings recorded in the networking spike):

- No `--ip`. The address is DHCP-assigned and knowable only once the container
  runs, so the order inverts: gateway up -> run agent -> read its address ->
  register. The identity token is minted by registration and therefore cannot
  be in the agent's run-time env; it rides the proxy URL applied at
  `container exec` time (bare `--env` names keep it off argv).
- No container DNS. The gateway can only be handed the control plane's IP, so
  the orchestrator starts first and the gateway is pointed at its address.
- No `network connect`. Networks are fixed at run time, so the shared host-only
  network is created up front; per-bottle networks would restart the gateway
  on every launch and defeat the consolidation.

The agent runs with `--cap-drop CAP_NET_RAW`: Apple grants NET_RAW by default,
which would let an agent forge a neighbour's source address on the shared
segment. NET_ADMIN is already absent, so this closes the source-address half of
PRD 0070's attribution invariant.

Verified end-to-end on real Apple Container 1.0.0: both images build, the
control plane comes up healthy, the gateway reaches it by IP, and a registered
agent gets 200 for a host in its routes and 403 for one outside them. Bring-up
is idempotent — a second launch does not churn the singletons.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/bottle.py

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ class MacosContainerBottle(Bottle):
         terminal_title: str = "",
         terminal_color: str = "",
         agent_workdir: str = "/home/node",
+        exec_env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
     ):
         self.name = container
         self._teardown = teardown
@@ -62,6 +63,15 @@ class MacosContainerBottle(Bottle):
         self.terminal_color = terminal_color
         self.agent_provider_template = agent_provider_template
         self.agent_workdir = agent_workdir
+        # Env applied to the agent process at `container exec` time, on top of
+        # what the container was run with. This is how the identity token
+        # reaches the agent (PRD 0070): registration mints it *after* the
+        # container exists — its source IP is the registration key and Apple
+        # Container assigns that by DHCP — so it cannot be in the run-time env
+        # the way docker's compose spec does it. `container exec --env` wins
+        # over the run-time value, so the token-bearing proxy URL set here
+        # supersedes the token-less one baked in at launch.
+        self._exec_env = dict(exec_env or {})
         self._closed = False
 
     def agent_argv(self, argv: list[str], *, tty: bool = True) -> list[str]:
@@ -74,6 +84,12 @@ class MacosContainerBottle(Bottle):
             )
         )
         container_exec = ["container", "exec"]
+        # Bare env names, same rule as the terminal hints below: the value
+        # stays in the child env `exec_agent` builds and never reaches argv —
+        # the proxy URL here carries the identity token, which `ps` would
+        # otherwise expose to every process on the host.
+        for name in sorted(self._exec_env):
+            container_exec.extend(["--env", name])
         if tty:
             container_exec.extend(["--interactive", "--tty"])
             # Forward terminal capability hints so TUIs can enable modified-key
@@ -94,21 +110,33 @@ class MacosContainerBottle(Bottle):
 
     def exec_agent(self, argv: list[str], *, tty: bool = True) -> int:
         agent_argv = self.agent_argv(argv, tty=tty)
+        # The values behind the bare `--env` names in `agent_argv`. `sh -lc`
+        # below is in this process tree, so the child env reaches `container
+        # exec` either way.
+        env = {**os.environ, **self._exec_env} if self._exec_env else None
         script = (
             exec_shell_script(agent_argv, self.terminal_title, self.terminal_color)
             if tty else None
         )
         if script is None:
-            return subprocess.run(agent_argv, check=False).returncode
-        return subprocess.run(["sh", "-lc", script], check=False).returncode
+            return subprocess.run(agent_argv, env=env, check=False).returncode
+        return subprocess.run(["sh", "-lc", script], env=env, check=False).returncode
 
     def exec(self, script: str, *, user: str = "node") -> ExecResult:
+        # Carry the same exec env the agent gets: provisioning steps run
+        # through here, and a provider whose provision step fetches anything
+        # would egress without the identity token and be denied by /resolve.
+        # Bare `--env NAME` again, so the token stays off argv.
+        argv = ["container", "exec", "--user", user, "--interactive"]
+        for name in sorted(self._exec_env):
+            argv.extend(["--env", name])
+        argv.extend([self.name, "sh", "-s"])
         result = subprocess.run(
-            ["container", "exec", "--user", user, "--interactive",
-             self.name, "sh", "-s"],
+            argv,
             input=script,
             capture_output=True,
             text=True,
+            env={**os.environ, **self._exec_env} if self._exec_env else None,
             check=False,
         )
         return ExecResult(

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/consolidated_launch.py

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+"""Consolidated bottle launch sequence for the macOS backend (PRD 0070).
+
+The docker backend allocates a free address, pins the agent to it with
+`--ip`, registers it, *then* starts the agent — registration precedes launch
+because the pinned address is known up front.
+
+**Apple Container 1.0.0 has no `--ip`.** The `--network` flag takes only
+`<name>[,mac=…][,mtu=…]`; the address is assigned by vmnet's DHCP and is
+knowable only once the container is running. So the macOS order inverts:
+
+    ensure_gateway()  ->  caller starts the agent  ->  register_agent(source_ip)
+
+That is why this module exposes two functions where docker has one — the
+caller has to start the agent in between. `ensure_gateway` runs first because
+the agent's proxy env needs the gateway's address at `container run` time; the
+agent's *own* address (the attribution key) only exists afterwards.
+
+The consequence for the identity token: it is minted by registration, i.e.
+*after* the agent container exists, so it cannot be baked into the run-time
+env the way docker's compose spec does. It is delivered at `container exec`
+time instead — see `bottle.MacosContainerBottle`.
+
+That delivery is load-bearing, not a nicety: `/resolve` requires a matching
+`(source_ip, identity_token)` pair and fail-closes with no source-IP-only
+fallback (#366). So egress that does not carry the token is denied — which is
+the safe direction, and is why the agent's init process is a bare `sleep` and
+every real command arrives through `container exec`.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from ...egress import EgressPlan
+from ...git_gate import GitGatePlan
+from ...orchestrator.client import OrchestratorClient
+from ...orchestrator.registration import registration_inputs
+from ..docker.gateway_provision import deprovision_git_gate, provision_git_gate
+from .gateway import GATEWAY_NETWORK
+from .gateway_provision import AppleGatewayTransport
+from .orchestrator_service import MacosOrchestratorService, OrchestratorStartError
+
+
+class ConsolidatedLaunchError(RuntimeError):
+    """The consolidated register/provision sequence could not complete."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class GatewayEndpoint:
+    """What the agent `container run` needs to reach the shared gateway."""
+
+    orchestrator_url: str
+    gateway_ip: str         # the gateway's address — the agent's proxy target
+    gateway_ca_pem: str     # the shared CA the provisioner installs
+    network: str            # the shared host-only network to attach to
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class LaunchContext:
+    """What the running agent needs once it has been registered."""
+
+    bottle_id: str
+    identity_token: str
+    source_ip: str          # the agent's DHCP-assigned address (attribution key)
+    gateway_ip: str
+    network: str
+    orchestrator_url: str
+
+
+def ensure_gateway(
+    *, service: MacosOrchestratorService | None = None,
+) -> GatewayEndpoint:
+    """Ensure the orchestrator control plane + shared gateway are up, and
+    report how to reach them. Idempotent — both are per-host singletons, so N
+    bottle launches share the one pair. Call before starting the agent
+    container: the agent's proxy env needs `gateway_ip` at run time."""
+    service = service or MacosOrchestratorService()
+    url = service.ensure_running()
+    gateway = service.gateway(url)
+    return GatewayEndpoint(
+        orchestrator_url=url,
+        gateway_ip=gateway.ip_on_shared_network(),
+        gateway_ca_pem=gateway.ca_cert_pem(),
+        network=service.network,
+    )
+
+
+def register_agent(
+    egress_plan: EgressPlan,
+    git_gate_plan: GitGatePlan,
+    *,
+    source_ip: str,
+    endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
+    image_ref: str = "",
+    tokens: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+) -> LaunchContext:
+    """Register the (already running) agent by its address and provision its
+    git-gate state into the gateway. `source_ip` must be read from the live
+    container — it is the attribution key the gateway resolves policy by.
+    Raises on failure; the caller tears down."""
+    client = OrchestratorClient(endpoint.orchestrator_url)
+    inputs = registration_inputs(egress_plan)
+    reg = client.register_bottle(
+        source_ip, image_ref=image_ref, policy=inputs.policy,
+        metadata=inputs.metadata, tokens=tokens,
+    )
+    try:
+        provision_git_gate(AppleGatewayTransport(), reg.bottle_id, git_gate_plan)
+    except Exception:
+        # Roll the registration back so a provisioning failure leaves no orphan.
+        client.teardown_bottle(reg.bottle_id)
+        raise
+    return LaunchContext(
+        bottle_id=reg.bottle_id,
+        identity_token=reg.identity_token,
+        source_ip=source_ip,
+        gateway_ip=endpoint.gateway_ip,
+        network=endpoint.network,
+        orchestrator_url=endpoint.orchestrator_url,
+    )
+
+
+def teardown_consolidated(bottle_id: str, *, orchestrator_url: str) -> None:
+    """Deregister the bottle and remove its git-gate state from the gateway.
+    Both steps are idempotent so this is safe from a cleanup trap. Does NOT
+    stop the gateway — it's a persistent per-host singleton."""
+    OrchestratorClient(orchestrator_url).teardown_bottle(bottle_id)
+    deprovision_git_gate(AppleGatewayTransport(), bottle_id)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GatewayEndpoint",
+    "LaunchContext",
+    "ensure_gateway",
+    "register_agent",
+    "teardown_consolidated",
+    "ConsolidatedLaunchError",
+    "OrchestratorStartError",
+    "GATEWAY_NETWORK",
+]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/egress_apply.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 """Host-side egress route-apply for the macos-container backend.
 
 The per-bottle companion container this used to signal (`container kill
---signal HUP <container>`) was removed in the companion-container removal (#385),
-along with the disabled macOS launch path. Fails closed until the macOS
-backend grows the consolidated gateway.
+--signal HUP <container>`) was removed in the companion-container removal
+(#385). In the consolidated model the shared gateway resolves egress policy
+per-request against the orchestrator rather than reloading a per-bottle routes
+file, so the live per-bottle reload is not supported here and fails closed
+until the gateway-side apply lands — same posture as the docker backend.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -16,8 +18,8 @@ class MacOSContainerEgressApplicator(EgressApplicator):
         del slug
         raise EgressApplyError(
             "live egress route-apply was removed with the per-bottle "
-            "companion container (#385); the macos-container backend is "
-            "disabled until it uses the consolidated gateway."
+            "companion container (#385); route changes will flow through "
+            "the consolidated gateway in a follow-up."
         )
 
 

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/enumerate.py

@@ -1,14 +1,43 @@
-"""Active-agent enumeration for the macOS Apple Container backend.
-
-The backend is disabled during the companion-container removal (#385) — it can't
-launch bottles, so there are none to enumerate. Enumeration returns when
-the backend grows the consolidated gateway.
-"""
+"""Active-agent enumeration for the macOS Apple Container backend."""
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import subprocess
+
+from ...bottle_state import read_metadata
 from .. import ActiveAgent
+from .gateway import GATEWAY_NAME
+from .orchestrator_service import ORCHESTRATOR_NAME
+
+_PREFIX = "bot-bottle-"
+# The shared per-host singletons carry the same prefix as agent containers but
+# are infrastructure, not bottles — one gateway and one control plane serve
+# every agent, so listing them as agents would invent one per host.
+_INFRA_NAMES = frozenset({GATEWAY_NAME, ORCHESTRATOR_NAME})
 
 
 def enumerate_active() -> list[ActiveAgent]:
-    return []
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["container", "list", "--quiet"],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        check=False,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        return []
+    out: list[ActiveAgent] = []
+    for name in sorted(line.strip() for line in result.stdout.splitlines()):
+        if not name.startswith(_PREFIX) or name in _INFRA_NAMES:
+            continue
+        slug = name[len(_PREFIX):]
+        metadata = read_metadata(slug)
+        out.append(ActiveAgent(
+            backend_name="macos-container",
+            slug=slug,
+            agent_name=metadata.agent_name if metadata else "?",
+            started_at=metadata.started_at if metadata else "",
+            services=(),
+            label=metadata.label if metadata else "",
+            color=metadata.color if metadata else "",
+        ))
+    return out

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/gateway.py

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+"""The consolidated per-host gateway as an Apple container (PRD 0070).
+
+The macOS counterpart of `orchestrator.gateway.DockerGateway`: one persistent
+gateway per host, shared by every bottle, attributing each request to a bottle
+by its source IP on the shared host-only network.
+
+Two Apple Container 1.0.0 constraints shape this and make it *not* a
+transliteration of the docker gateway:
+
+- **No container DNS.** Containers cannot resolve each other by name (the
+  host-only network's resolver refuses the query), so the gateway reaches the
+  control plane by **IP**, not by name as the docker gateway does. The
+  orchestrator must therefore be started *before* the gateway — see
+  `orchestrator_service`.
+- **Networks are fixed at `container run`.** There is no `network connect`,
+  so a network cannot be attached to a running container. The gateway must sit
+  on one shared, up-front network for the lifetime of the process; per-bottle
+  networks would mean restarting the gateway on every launch, which defeats the
+  consolidation.
+
+The gateway is dual-homed, **NAT network first**: Apple Container makes the
+first `--network` the default route, so the egress network must lead or the
+gateway has no route to the internet.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ...orchestrator.gateway import (
+    GATEWAY_CA_CERT,
+    GATEWAY_DOCKERFILE,
+    MITMPROXY_HOME,
+    Gateway,
+    GatewayError,
+)
+from ...paths import host_db_path
+from ...supervise import DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER
+from . import util as container_mod
+
+# Distinct from the docker gateway's names so both backends' gateways can
+# coexist on one host (a macOS host can run the docker backend too).
+GATEWAY_NAME = "bot-bottle-mac-gateway"
+# The shared host-only network the gateway and every agent bottle sit on. The
+# agent's address here is the attribution key.
+GATEWAY_NETWORK = "bot-bottle-mac-gateway"
+# The NAT network that gives the gateway (and only the gateway) a route out.
+GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK = "bot-bottle-mac-egress"
+
+GATEWAY_IMAGE = os.environ.get("BOT_BOTTLE_GATEWAY_IMAGE", "bot-bottle-gateway:latest")
+
+_REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+
+_SUPERVISE_DB_DIR_IN_CONTAINER = os.path.dirname(DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER)
+
+# mitmproxy writes its CA a beat after start; reads poll rather than assume.
+_CA_POLL_SECONDS = 0.5
+DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30.0
+
+
+def gateway_ca_dir() -> Path:
+    """Host dir bind-mounted as mitmproxy's home, keeping the gateway's
+    self-generated CA **stable across container recreation** — every agent
+    installs this one CA to trust the shared gateway's TLS interception, so it
+    must not rotate when the gateway restarts.
+
+    The docker gateway uses a named volume for this; a plain host dir is the
+    same guarantee with fewer moving parts, and it lets `ca_cert_pem` read the
+    PEM straight off the host instead of shelling into the container."""
+    path = host_db_path().parent / "mac-gateway-ca"
+    path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    return path
+
+
+def ensure_networks(
+    network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK, egress_network: str = GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK,
+) -> None:
+    """Create the shared host-only network + the gateway's NAT network.
+    Idempotent — `create_network` tolerates 'already exists'.
+
+    Module-level rather than a gateway method because the **orchestrator**
+    needs the shared network too, and it starts first (Apple has no container
+    DNS, so the gateway must be handed the control plane's IP). Both callers
+    ensure the networks; whoever runs first wins."""
+    container_mod.create_network(egress_network)
+    container_mod.create_network(network, internal=True)
+
+
+def _host_db_dir() -> str:
+    db_dir = host_db_path().parent
+    db_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    return str(db_dir)
+
+
+def _mount(source: str, target: str, *, readonly: bool = False) -> str:
+    spec = f"type=bind,source={source},target={target}"
+    if readonly:
+        spec += ",readonly"
+    return spec
+
+
+class AppleGateway(Gateway):
+    """The consolidated gateway as a single, fixed-name Apple container."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        image_ref: str = GATEWAY_IMAGE,
+        *,
+        name: str = GATEWAY_NAME,
+        network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+        egress_network: str = GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK,
+        orchestrator_url: str = "",
+        build_context: Path | None = None,
+        dockerfile: str | None = GATEWAY_DOCKERFILE,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.image_ref = image_ref
+        self.name = name
+        self.network = network
+        self.egress_network = egress_network
+        # Reached by IP (no container DNS on Apple) — the caller resolves the
+        # orchestrator's address before constructing this. Empty → single-tenant.
+        self._orchestrator_url = orchestrator_url
+        self._build_context = build_context or _REPO_ROOT
+        self._dockerfile = dockerfile
+
+    def ensure_built(self) -> None:
+        """Build the gateway data-plane image from its Dockerfile. Builds every
+        time (cache-aware, so it's cheap when nothing changed): a stale image
+        silently runs the OLD single-tenant daemons. Mirrors `DockerGateway`."""
+        if self._dockerfile is None:
+            return
+        container_mod.build_image(
+            self.image_ref, str(self._build_context), dockerfile=self._dockerfile,
+        )
+
+    def is_running(self) -> bool:
+        return container_mod.container_is_running(self.name)
+
+    def _running_image_is_current(self) -> bool:
+        """True iff the running gateway was created from the *current*
+        `image_ref`. `ensure_built` rebuilding the image is not enough on its
+        own — the running container still holds the OLD image, so this
+        mismatch check is what makes a rebuild take effect."""
+        running = container_mod.container_image_digest(self.name)
+        current = container_mod.image_digest(self.image_ref)
+        if not running or not current:
+            return True  # can't compare → don't churn a working container
+        return running == current
+
+    def _running_control_plane_is_current(self) -> bool:
+        """True iff the running gateway points at the control plane we would
+        pass today.
+
+        Docker gets this for free — it hands the gateway a container *name*,
+        which survives the orchestrator being recreated. Apple has no container
+        DNS, so the URL is an **IP baked into the gateway's env at run time**,
+        and a recreated orchestrator can come back on a different DHCP address.
+        Without this check the gateway would keep pointing at the old address
+        and every `/resolve` would fail — denying egress for *every* bottle on
+        the host until something else happened to recreate the gateway."""
+        if not self._orchestrator_url:
+            return True
+        env = container_mod.container_env(self.name)
+        if not env:
+            return True  # can't compare → don't churn a working container
+        return env.get("BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_URL") == self._orchestrator_url
+
+    def ensure_running(self) -> None:
+        if (self.is_running()
+                and self._running_image_is_current()
+                and self._running_control_plane_is_current()):
+            return
+        ensure_networks(self.network, self.egress_network)
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self.name)
+        argv = [
+            "container", "run", "--detach",
+            "--name", self.name,
+            "--label", "bot-bottle.backend=macos-container",
+            "--label", "bot-bottle-mac-gateway=1",
+            # NAT network FIRST: Apple Container takes the first --network as
+            # the default route, so this ordering is what gives the gateway a
+            # route out. Reversing it silently blackholes egress.
+            "--network", self.egress_network,
+            "--network", self.network,
+            # The NAT gateway routes but does not resolve, so DNS is explicit.
+            "--dns", container_mod.dns_server(),
+            "--mount", _mount(str(gateway_ca_dir()), MITMPROXY_HOME),
+            "--mount", _mount(_host_db_dir(), _SUPERVISE_DB_DIR_IN_CONTAINER),
+            "--env", f"SUPERVISE_DB_PATH={DB_PATH_IN_CONTAINER}",
+        ]
+        if self._orchestrator_url:
+            # Makes the data plane multi-tenant: each request resolves
+            # source-IP → policy against the control plane.
+            argv += ["--env", f"BOT_BOTTLE_ORCHESTRATOR_URL={self._orchestrator_url}"]
+        argv.append(self.image_ref)
+        result = container_mod.run_container_argv(argv)
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            raise GatewayError(
+                f"gateway failed to start: "
+                f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+            )
+
+    def ip_on_shared_network(self) -> str:
+        """The gateway's address on the shared host-only network — what agents
+        point their proxy / git-http / supervise URLs at."""
+        return container_mod.container_ipv4_on_network(self.name, self.network)
+
+    def ca_cert_pem(self, *, timeout: float = DEFAULT_CA_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) -> str:
+        """The gateway's CA certificate (PEM) that agents install to trust its
+        TLS interception. Polls: mitmproxy generates it a moment after start.
+        Read from the host bind-mount, so no exec into the container."""
+        ca_path = gateway_ca_dir() / os.path.basename(GATEWAY_CA_CERT)
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
+        while True:
+            try:
+                pem = ca_path.read_text()
+                if pem.strip():
+                    return pem
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+            if time.monotonic() >= deadline:
+                raise GatewayError(
+                    f"gateway CA cert not available at {ca_path} after {timeout:g}s"
+                )
+            time.sleep(_CA_POLL_SECONDS)
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self.name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AppleGateway",
+    "GatewayError",
+    "GATEWAY_NAME",
+    "GATEWAY_NETWORK",
+    "GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK",
+    "GATEWAY_IMAGE",
+    "gateway_ca_dir",
+]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/gateway_provision.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""`GatewayTransport` for the Apple gateway container (PRD 0070).
+
+The provisioning *logic* (per-bottle creds dirs, namespaced repo init) is
+backend-neutral and lives in `backend.docker.gateway_provision`; this is only
+the transport — how files and commands reach the running gateway. Docker uses
+`docker exec`/`docker cp` and Firecracker uses SSH; Apple uses the `container`
+CLI's equivalents.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ..docker.gateway_provision import GatewayProvisionError
+from . import util as container_mod
+from .gateway import GATEWAY_NAME
+
+
+class AppleGatewayTransport:
+    """`GatewayTransport` for the gateway as an Apple container."""
+
+    def __init__(self, gateway: str = GATEWAY_NAME) -> None:
+        self.gateway = gateway
+
+    def exec(self, argv: list[str]) -> None:
+        result = container_mod.run_container_argv(
+            ["container", "exec", self.gateway, *argv]
+        )
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            raise GatewayProvisionError(
+                f"gateway exec {argv!r} failed: "
+                f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+            )
+
+    def cp_into(self, src: str, dest: str) -> None:
+        result = container_mod.run_container_argv(
+            ["container", "cp", src, f"{self.gateway}:{dest}"]
+        )
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            raise GatewayProvisionError(
+                f"gateway cp {src} -> {dest} failed: "
+                f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+            )
+
+
+__all__ = ["AppleGatewayTransport", "GatewayProvisionError"]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/launch.py

@@ -1,24 +1,74 @@
-"""Launch flow for the macOS Apple Container backend — disabled (#385).
+"""Launch flow for the macOS Apple Container backend (PRD 0070).
 
-This backend launched a per-bottle companion container (the egress /
-git-gate / supervise data plane) alongside the agent container, with the
-agent's proxy env pointed at the companion's host-only IP. That
-per-bottle-companion architecture was removed in the companion-container removal;
-the macOS backend will be re-enabled once it grows the consolidated
-per-host gateway the docker backend already uses.
+The agent container attaches to the **shared host-only gateway network** and
+proxies egress through the one per-host gateway, replacing the per-bottle
+companion container removed in #385.
 
-Until then, launching a macOS bottle fails closed. `prepare` / `status`
-/ cleanup still work.
+The order differs from docker's, forced by Apple Container 1.0.0 having no
+`--ip` (see `consolidated_launch`): the agent is started *before* it is
+registered, because its DHCP-assigned address — the attribution key — does not
+exist until then.
+
+    gateway up -> run agent -> read its IP -> register it -> provision
+
+Two things follow from that inversion:
+
+- The **identity token** is minted by registration and so cannot be in the
+  agent's run-time env; it rides the proxy URL applied at `container exec`
+  time (`bottle.MacosContainerBottle`). `/resolve` requires it (#366), so
+  egress without it is denied — hence the bare `sleep` init: every real agent
+  command goes through exec and therefore carries the token.
+- The agent is run with `--cap-drop CAP_NET_RAW`. Apple Container grants
+  NET_RAW by default, which would let an agent open a raw socket and forge a
+  neighbour's source address on the shared segment. NET_ADMIN is already
+  absent (the agent cannot change its own address or route), so dropping
+  NET_RAW is what closes the source-address half of PRD 0070's invariant:
+  "a packet's source address, as seen by the orchestrator, provably identifies
+  the originating bottle." The identity token is the other half — an attacker
+  would need to forge the address *and* steal the token — but the invariant is
+  a stated precondition of consolidation, so it is enforced on its own terms
+  rather than left to the token.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager
+import dataclasses
+import os
+import subprocess
+from contextlib import ExitStack, contextmanager
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Callable, Generator
 
-from ...log import die
+from ...bottle_state import (
+    egress_state_dir,
+    git_gate_state_dir,
+    read_committed_image,
+)
+from ...egress import (
+    egress_agent_env_entries,
+    egress_resolve_token_values,
+)
+from ...git_gate import (
+    provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys,
+    revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys,
+)
+from ...log import die, info, warn
+from ...supervise import SUPERVISE_PORT
+from ..docker.egress import EGRESS_PORT
+from ..util import AGENT_CA_BUNDLE, AGENT_CA_PATH
+from . import util as container_mod
 from .bottle import MacosContainerBottle
 from .bottle_plan import MacosContainerBottlePlan
+from .consolidated_launch import (
+    GatewayEndpoint,
+    ensure_gateway,
+    register_agent,
+    teardown_consolidated,
+)
+
+_REPO_DIR = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent.parent)
+_AGENT_SLEEP_SECONDS = "2147483647"
+_GIT_HTTP_PORT = 9420
 
 
 @contextmanager
@@ -27,13 +77,260 @@ def launch(
     *,
     provision: Callable[[MacosContainerBottlePlan, "MacosContainerBottle"], str | None],
 ) -> Generator[MacosContainerBottle, None, None]:
-    """Fail closed: the macOS backend is disabled until it grows the
-    consolidated per-host gateway (the companion-container path it used
-    was removed in #385)."""
-    del plan, provision
-    die(
-        "the macos-container backend is temporarily disabled during the "
-        "companion-container removal (#385); it will return once it uses "
-        "the consolidated gateway. Use --backend=docker for now."
+    """Build, run, register, provision, and yield an Apple Container bottle on
+    the shared per-host gateway."""
+    stack = ExitStack()
+    bottle_for_revoke = plan.manifest.bottle
+    git_gate_dir_for_revoke = git_gate_state_dir(plan.slug)
+
+    def teardown() -> None:
+        teardown_exc: BaseException | None = None
+        try:
+            stack.close()
+        except BaseException as exc:  # noqa: W0718 - teardown must continue
+            teardown_exc = exc
+            warn(f"macos-container teardown failed: {exc!r}")
+        revoke_git_gate_provisioned_keys(bottle_for_revoke, git_gate_dir_for_revoke)
+        if teardown_exc is not None:
+            raise teardown_exc
+
+    try:
+        plan = _build_images(plan)
+
+        # Step 1: the per-host singletons. Must precede the agent run — its
+        # proxy env needs the gateway's address at `container run` time.
+        endpoint = ensure_gateway()
+
+        # Step 2: mint this bottle's deploy keys, then point it at the SHARED
+        # gateway's CA + git-http/supervise ports.
+        plan = _provision_git_gate_keys(plan)
+        plan = _install_gateway_ca(plan, endpoint)
+        plan = _stamp_agent_urls(plan, endpoint)
+
+        # Step 3: run the agent. It has no identity token yet — registration
+        # needs the address this run assigns.
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(plan.container_name)
+        _start_agent(plan, endpoint)
+        stack.callback(container_mod.force_remove_container, plan.container_name)
+
+        # Step 4: read the assigned address and register by it. This is the
+        # attribution key; `--cap-drop CAP_NET_RAW` at run is what makes it
+        # unforgeable.
+        source_ip = container_mod.container_ipv4_on_network(
+            plan.container_name, endpoint.network,
+        )
+        effective_env = {**os.environ, **plan.agent_provision.provisioned_env}
+        token_values = egress_resolve_token_values(
+            plan.egress_plan.token_env_map, effective_env,
+        )
+        ctx = register_agent(
+            plan.egress_plan,
+            plan.git_gate_plan,
+            source_ip=source_ip,
+            endpoint=endpoint,
+            image_ref=plan.image,
+            tokens=token_values,
+        )
+        stack.callback(
+            teardown_consolidated, ctx.bottle_id,
+            orchestrator_url=ctx.orchestrator_url,
+        )
+        info(
+            f"agent {plan.container_name} registered "
+            f"(gateway {endpoint.gateway_ip}, ip {source_ip})"
+        )
+
+        bottle = MacosContainerBottle(
+            plan.container_name,
+            teardown,
+            None,
+            agent_command=plan.agent_command,
+            agent_prompt_mode=plan.agent_prompt_mode,
+            agent_provider_template=plan.agent_provider_template,
+            terminal_title=(
+                f"{plan.spec.label} ({plan.spec.agent_name})"
+                if plan.spec.label else plan.spec.agent_name
+            ),
+            terminal_color=plan.spec.color,
+            agent_workdir=plan.workspace_plan.workdir,
+            exec_env=_identity_proxy_env(endpoint, ctx.identity_token),
+        )
+        bottle.prompt_path = provision(plan, bottle)
+
+        yield bottle
+    finally:
+        teardown()
+
+
+def _build_images(plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan) -> MacosContainerBottlePlan:
+    """Build the agent image. The gateway's own image is built by
+    `ensure_gateway` — it belongs to the shared singleton, not to a bottle."""
+    committed = read_committed_image(plan.slug)
+    if committed and container_mod.image_exists(committed):
+        info(f"using committed image {committed!r}")
+        return dataclasses.replace(
+            plan,
+            agent_provision=dataclasses.replace(
+                plan.agent_provision, image=committed,
+            ),
+        )
+    container_mod.build_image(
+        plan.image, _REPO_DIR, dockerfile=plan.dockerfile_path,
     )
-    yield  # unreachable — `die` raises; keeps this a generator/contextmanager
+    return plan
+
+
+def _provision_git_gate_keys(
+    plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan,
+) -> MacosContainerBottlePlan:
+    if not plan.git_gate_plan.upstreams:
+        return plan
+    git_gate_plan = provision_git_gate_dynamic_keys(
+        plan.manifest.bottle,
+        plan.git_gate_plan,
+        git_gate_state_dir(plan.slug),
+    )
+    return dataclasses.replace(plan, git_gate_plan=git_gate_plan)
+
+
+def _install_gateway_ca(
+    plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan, endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
+) -> MacosContainerBottlePlan:
+    """Stage the SHARED gateway's CA for the provisioner to install, replacing
+    the per-bottle CA the companion container used to mint. Every bottle on
+    this host trusts this one CA."""
+    ca_dir = egress_state_dir(plan.slug) / "gateway-ca"
+    ca_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    ca_file = ca_dir / "gateway-ca.pem"
+    ca_file.write_text(endpoint.gateway_ca_pem)
+    egress_plan = dataclasses.replace(
+        plan.egress_plan,
+        mitmproxy_ca_host_path=ca_file,
+        mitmproxy_ca_cert_only_host_path=ca_file,
+    )
+    return dataclasses.replace(plan, egress_plan=egress_plan)
+
+
+def _stamp_agent_urls(
+    plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan, endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
+) -> MacosContainerBottlePlan:
+    """Point the agent's git-gate insteadOf rewrites + supervise MCP at the
+    shared gateway's ports. Both bypass the egress proxy (NO_PROXY covers the
+    gateway address)."""
+    git_gate_url = (
+        f"http://{endpoint.gateway_ip}:{_GIT_HTTP_PORT}"
+        if plan.git_gate_plan.upstreams else ""
+    )
+    supervise_url = (
+        f"http://{endpoint.gateway_ip}:{SUPERVISE_PORT}/"
+        if plan.supervise_plan is not None else ""
+    )
+    return dataclasses.replace(
+        plan,
+        agent_proxy_url=f"http://{endpoint.gateway_ip}:{EGRESS_PORT}",
+        agent_git_gate_url=git_gate_url,
+        agent_supervise_url=supervise_url,
+    )
+
+
+def _proxy_url(gateway_ip: str, identity_token: str = "") -> str:
+    """The agent's egress proxy URL. The identity token rides as proxy
+    credentials — the gateway reads Proxy-Authorization, resolves the
+    (source_ip, token) pair against the control plane, and strips it before
+    upstream. Without a valid pair `/resolve` denies the request (#366)."""
+    cred = f"bottle:{identity_token}@" if identity_token else ""
+    return f"http://{cred}{gateway_ip}:{EGRESS_PORT}"
+
+
+def _no_proxy(gateway_ip: str) -> str:
+    # git-http + supervise live on the gateway and must NOT go through the
+    # egress proxy — the agent reaches them directly by its address.
+    return f"localhost,127.0.0.1,{gateway_ip}"
+
+
+def _identity_proxy_env(
+    endpoint: GatewayEndpoint, identity_token: str,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """The token-bearing proxy env applied at `container exec`. It supersedes
+    the token-less run-time value (exec `--env` wins), which is the only way to
+    get the token in: it does not exist until after the container runs."""
+    if not identity_token:
+        return {}
+    url = _proxy_url(endpoint.gateway_ip, identity_token)
+    return {
+        "HTTPS_PROXY": url, "HTTP_PROXY": url,
+        "https_proxy": url, "http_proxy": url,
+    }
+
+
+def _start_agent(plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan, endpoint: GatewayEndpoint) -> None:
+    argv = _agent_run_argv(plan, endpoint)
+    env = {**os.environ, **plan.forwarded_env}
+    info(f"container run agent {plan.container_name}")
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        argv, capture_output=True, text=True, env=env, check=False,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        die(
+            f"container run for agent {plan.container_name} failed: "
+            f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+        )
+
+
+def _agent_run_argv(
+    plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan, endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
+) -> list[str]:
+    argv = [
+        "container", "run",
+        "--name", plan.container_name,
+        "--detach",
+        "--label", "bot-bottle.backend=macos-container",
+        "--network", endpoint.network,
+        # The attribution invariant: without NET_RAW the agent cannot open a
+        # raw socket, so it cannot source-IP-spoof its neighbours on the shared
+        # segment. NET_ADMIN is not granted by default, so its address and
+        # route are already fixed. See the module docstring.
+        "--cap-drop", "CAP_NET_RAW",
+    ]
+    for entry in _agent_env_entries(plan, endpoint):
+        argv += ["--env", entry]
+    # The init process is a no-op: every agent command arrives via
+    # `container exec`, which is also how the identity token gets in.
+    argv += [plan.image, "sleep", _AGENT_SLEEP_SECONDS]
+    return argv
+
+
+def _agent_env_entries(
+    plan: MacosContainerBottlePlan, endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    # Token-less at run time — the token does not exist yet (see
+    # `_identity_proxy_env`). Anything egressing before the exec-time override
+    # is denied by `/resolve`, which is the safe direction.
+    proxy_url = _proxy_url(endpoint.gateway_ip)
+    no_proxy = _no_proxy(endpoint.gateway_ip)
+    env = [
+        f"HTTPS_PROXY={proxy_url}",
+        f"HTTP_PROXY={proxy_url}",
+        f"https_proxy={proxy_url}",
+        f"http_proxy={proxy_url}",
+        f"NO_PROXY={no_proxy}",
+        f"no_proxy={no_proxy}",
+        f"NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS={AGENT_CA_PATH}",
+        f"SSL_CERT_FILE={AGENT_CA_BUNDLE}",
+        f"REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE={AGENT_CA_BUNDLE}",
+    ]
+    if plan.agent_git_gate_url:
+        env.append(f"GIT_GATE_URL={plan.agent_git_gate_url}")
+    if plan.agent_supervise_url:
+        env.append(f"MCP_SUPERVISE_URL={plan.agent_supervise_url}")
+    for name, value in sorted(plan.agent_provision.guest_env.items()):
+        env.append(f"{name}={value}")
+    # Forwarded vars: bare name → inherits from the `container run` process env
+    # so the secret value never lands on argv.
+    for name in sorted(plan.forwarded_env.keys()):
+        env.append(name)
+    env.extend(egress_agent_env_entries(plan.egress_plan))
+    return tuple(env)
+
+
+__all__ = ["launch"]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/orchestrator_service.py

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+"""Orchestrator + gateway lifecycle for the macOS backend (PRD 0070).
+
+The macOS counterpart of `orchestrator.lifecycle.OrchestratorService`. Same
+shape — an idempotent singleton that brings up the control plane and the shared
+gateway and hands back the control-plane URL — but the startup **order is
+reversed**, and the reason is a real Apple Container constraint rather than a
+stylistic choice:
+
+- Docker starts the gateway first and lets it find the control plane by
+  *container name* over docker DNS.
+- Apple Container 1.0.0 has **no container DNS** (see `gateway`), so the
+  gateway can only be handed an **IP**. That IP does not exist until the
+  orchestrator container is running — hence: orchestrator first, read its
+  address, then start the gateway pointed at it.
+
+The second difference: no published port. Apple Container puts every container
+on a host-reachable address, and the host can reach the host-only network
+directly, so the host CLI and the gateway use the **same** URL — the
+orchestrator's address on the shared network. Docker needs a
+`--publish 127.0.0.1:…` hop plus a separate `internal_url` for the same job.
+
+Like the docker service this runs the **register-only broker**: the backend
+launches agent containers, so the control plane needs no privileged socket.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ... import log
+from ...orchestrator.lifecycle import (
+    DEFAULT_PORT,
+    DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_DOCKERFILE,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE,
+    ORCHESTRATOR_SOURCE_HASH_LABEL,
+    OrchestratorStartError,
+    source_hash,
+)
+from ...paths import bot_bottle_root
+from . import util as container_mod
+from .gateway import (
+    GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK,
+    GATEWAY_IMAGE,
+    GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+    AppleGateway,
+    ensure_networks,
+)
+
+# Distinct from the docker backend's container name so both can run on one host.
+ORCHESTRATOR_NAME = "bot-bottle-mac-orchestrator"
+
+_REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+_APP_DIR = "/app"
+_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER = "/bot-bottle-root"
+
+_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS = 0.25
+_HEALTH_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 1.0
+
+
+def _mount(source: str, target: str, *, readonly: bool = False) -> str:
+    spec = f"type=bind,source={source},target={target}"
+    if readonly:
+        spec += ",readonly"
+    return spec
+
+
+class MacosOrchestratorService:
+    """Manages the orchestrator control-plane container + the shared Apple
+    gateway. Callers only need `ensure_running()`, which returns the URL."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port: int = DEFAULT_PORT,
+        network: str = GATEWAY_NETWORK,
+        egress_network: str = GATEWAY_EGRESS_NETWORK,
+        image: str = ORCHESTRATOR_IMAGE,
+        gateway_image: str = GATEWAY_IMAGE,
+        repo_root: Path = _REPO_ROOT,
+        host_root: Path | None = None,
+        orchestrator_name: str = ORCHESTRATOR_NAME,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.port = port
+        self.network = network
+        self.egress_network = egress_network
+        self.image = image
+        self._gateway_image = gateway_image
+        self._repo_root = repo_root
+        self._host_root = host_root or bot_bottle_root()
+        self._orchestrator_name = orchestrator_name
+        # Resolved once the container is up — there is no name to fall back on.
+        self._url = ""
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        """The control-plane URL, or "" before the container is up. One URL for
+        both the host CLI and the gateway (see the module docstring)."""
+        return self._url
+
+    def _resolve_url(self) -> str:
+        """The control-plane URL, or "" while the container has no address."""
+        ip = container_mod.try_container_ipv4_on_network(
+            self._orchestrator_name, self.network,
+        )
+        return f"http://{ip}:{self.port}" if ip else ""
+
+    def is_healthy(
+        self, url: str = "", *, timeout: float = _HEALTH_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ) -> bool:
+        target = url or self._url
+        if not target:
+            return False
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(f"{target}/health", timeout=timeout) as resp:
+                return resp.status == 200
+        except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError, OSError):
+            return False
+
+    def _ensure_orchestrator_image(self) -> None:
+        """Build the lean control-plane image when missing. Build-if-missing,
+        not build-every-time: the control plane bind-mounts its source, so a
+        code change is caught by the source-hash recreate, not a rebuild."""
+        if container_mod.image_exists(self.image):
+            return
+        container_mod.build_image(
+            self.image, str(self._repo_root), dockerfile=ORCHESTRATOR_DOCKERFILE,
+        )
+
+    def _orchestrator_source_current(self, current_hash: str) -> bool:
+        """True iff the running orchestrator was created from the *current*
+        bind-mounted source. The process loaded that code at startup and won't
+        reload it, so a stale container would keep serving OLD control-plane
+        code."""
+        if not container_mod.container_is_running(self._orchestrator_name):
+            return False
+        data = container_mod.inspect_container(self._orchestrator_name)
+        config = data.get("configuration")
+        labels = config.get("labels") if isinstance(config, dict) else None
+        if not isinstance(labels, dict):
+            return True  # can't compare → don't churn a working container
+        return labels.get(ORCHESTRATOR_SOURCE_HASH_LABEL) == current_hash
+
+    def _run_orchestrator_container(self, current_hash: str) -> None:
+        # The orchestrator is the first thing on the shared network, so it —
+        # not the gateway — is what has to bring the network into existence.
+        ensure_networks(self.network, self.egress_network)
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self._orchestrator_name)
+        argv = [
+            "container", "run", "--detach",
+            "--name", self._orchestrator_name,
+            "--label", "bot-bottle.backend=macos-container",
+            "--label", f"{ORCHESTRATOR_SOURCE_HASH_LABEL}={current_hash}",
+            # Host-only network only: the control plane needs no route out, and
+            # the host reaches it here directly (no --publish needed).
+            "--network", self.network,
+            "--mount", _mount(str(self._repo_root), _APP_DIR, readonly=True),
+            "--workdir", _APP_DIR,
+            # Persist the registry DB on the host (sole-owner: only the
+            # orchestrator opens bot-bottle.db).
+            "--mount", _mount(str(self._host_root), _ROOT_IN_CONTAINER),
+            "--env", f"BOT_BOTTLE_ROOT={_ROOT_IN_CONTAINER}",
+            "--entrypoint", "python3",
+            self.image,
+            "-m", "bot_bottle.orchestrator",
+            "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", str(self.port), "--broker", "stub",
+        ]
+        result = container_mod.run_container_argv(argv)
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            raise OrchestratorStartError(
+                f"orchestrator container failed to start: "
+                f"{(result.stderr or '').strip() or '<no stderr>'}"
+            )
+
+    def gateway(self, orchestrator_url: str) -> AppleGateway:
+        """The shared gateway, pointed at the control plane at
+        `orchestrator_url` (by IP — Apple has no container DNS)."""
+        return AppleGateway(
+            self._gateway_image,
+            network=self.network,
+            egress_network=self.egress_network,
+            orchestrator_url=orchestrator_url,
+        )
+
+    def ensure_running(
+        self, *, startup_timeout: float = DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Ensure the control plane + shared gateway are up; return the
+        control-plane URL. Idempotent — a healthy control plane running current
+        code and a running gateway are left untouched."""
+        current_hash = source_hash(self._repo_root)
+        if not self._orchestrator_source_current(current_hash):
+            self._ensure_orchestrator_image()
+            log.info(
+                "starting orchestrator container",
+                context={"name": self._orchestrator_name},
+            )
+            self._run_orchestrator_container(current_hash)
+
+        url = self._wait_healthy(startup_timeout)
+        self._url = url
+
+        # Gateway second: it can only reach the control plane by IP, which does
+        # not exist until the orchestrator container is up (see the docstring).
+        gateway = self.gateway(url)
+        gateway.ensure_built()
+        gateway.ensure_running()
+        return url
+
+    def _wait_healthy(self, startup_timeout: float) -> str:
+        """Poll until the control plane answers /health, resolving its address
+        each time: the container is up before it has an IP, and it has an IP
+        before the server binds."""
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + startup_timeout
+        while True:
+            url = self._resolve_url()
+            if url and self.is_healthy(url):
+                log.info("orchestrator healthy", context={"url": url})
+                return url
+            if time.monotonic() >= deadline:
+                raise OrchestratorStartError(
+                    f"orchestrator did not become healthy within "
+                    f"{startup_timeout:g}s"
+                )
+            time.sleep(_HEALTH_POLL_SECONDS)
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the orchestrator + gateway containers (idempotent)."""
+        container_mod.force_remove_container(self._orchestrator_name)
+        self.gateway("").stop()
+        self._url = ""
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MacosOrchestratorService",
+    "OrchestratorStartError",
+    "ORCHESTRATOR_NAME",
+]

bot_bottle/backend/macos_container/util.py

@@ -437,22 +437,131 @@ def inspect_container(name: str) -> dict[str, object]:
 
 
 def container_ipv4_on_network(name: str, network: str) -> str:
-    data = inspect_container(name)
+    """The container's IPv4 address on `network`. Fatal if absent — callers
+    that can tolerate "not yet" want `try_container_ipv4_on_network`."""
+    ip = try_container_ipv4_on_network(name, network)
+    if not ip:
+        die(f"container {name} has no IPv4 address on {network}")
+    return ip
+
+
+def run_container_argv(argv: list[str]) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    """Run a `container` command, returning the result for the caller to
+    interpret. Unlike the `die`-on-failure helpers above, this lets callers
+    that raise their own typed errors (the gateway / orchestrator lifecycle)
+    keep control of the failure path."""
+    return subprocess.run(argv, capture_output=True, text=True, check=False)
+
+
+def _normalize_digest(value: str) -> str:
+    return value.split(":", 1)[1] if ":" in value else value
+
+
+def image_digest(ref: str) -> str:
+    """The digest of image `ref`, or "" if it can't be read. Empty is a
+    'don't know' signal — callers treat it as "don't churn a working
+    container" rather than as a mismatch."""
+    result = run_container_argv([_CONTAINER, "image", "inspect", ref])
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        return ""
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(result.stdout or "{}")
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        return ""
+    if isinstance(data, list) and data:
+        data = data[0]
+    if not isinstance(data, dict):
+        return ""
+    config = data.get("configuration")
+    if isinstance(config, dict):
+        descriptor = config.get("descriptor")
+        if isinstance(descriptor, dict) and descriptor.get("digest"):
+            return _normalize_digest(str(descriptor["digest"]))
+    value = data.get("id")
+    return _normalize_digest(str(value)) if value else ""
+
+
+def container_image_digest(name: str) -> str:
+    """The digest of the image container `name` was created from, or "" if it
+    can't be read. Compare with `image_digest(ref)` to tell whether a running
+    container predates an image rebuild."""
+    result = run_container_argv([_CONTAINER, "inspect", name])
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        return ""
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(result.stdout or "[]")
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        return ""
+    if isinstance(data, list) and data:
+        data = data[0]
+    if not isinstance(data, dict):
+        return ""
+    config = data.get("configuration")
+    if not isinstance(config, dict):
+        return ""
+    image = config.get("image")
+    if not isinstance(image, dict):
+        return ""
+    descriptor = image.get("descriptor")
+    if isinstance(descriptor, dict) and descriptor.get("digest"):
+        return _normalize_digest(str(descriptor["digest"]))
+    return ""
+
+
+def container_env(name: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """The env container `name` was started with, or {} if unreadable. Lets a
+    caller tell whether a running container's baked-in configuration still
+    matches what it would pass today."""
+    result = run_container_argv([_CONTAINER, "inspect", name])
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        return {}
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(result.stdout or "[]")
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        return {}
+    if isinstance(data, list) and data:
+        data = data[0]
+    if not isinstance(data, dict):
+        return {}
+    config = data.get("configuration")
+    init = config.get("initProcess") if isinstance(config, dict) else None
+    entries = init.get("environment") if isinstance(init, dict) else None
+    if not isinstance(entries, list):
+        return {}
+    env: dict[str, str] = {}
+    for entry in entries:
+        if isinstance(entry, str) and "=" in entry:
+            key, value = entry.split("=", 1)
+            env[key] = value
+    return env
+
+
+def try_container_ipv4_on_network(name: str, network: str) -> str:
+    """`container_ipv4_on_network` without the fatal exit: "" when the address
+    isn't readable yet. For pollers — a container is created before it has an
+    address, so "not yet" is an expected state there, not an error."""
+    result = run_container_argv([_CONTAINER, "inspect", name])
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        return ""
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(result.stdout or "[]")
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        return ""
+    if isinstance(data, list) and data:
+        data = data[0]
+    if not isinstance(data, dict):
+        return ""
     status = data.get("status")
     networks = status.get("networks") if isinstance(status, dict) else None
     if not isinstance(networks, list):
-        die(f"container inspect {name} did not include status.networks")
+        return ""
     for entry in networks:
-        if not isinstance(entry, dict):
-            continue
-        if entry.get("network") != network:
+        if not isinstance(entry, dict) or entry.get("network") != network:
             continue
         raw = entry.get("ipv4Address")
-        if not isinstance(raw, str) or not raw:
-            die(f"container {name} has no IPv4 address on {network}")
-        return raw.split("/", 1)[0]
-    die(f"container {name} is not attached to network {network}")
-    raise AssertionError("unreachable")
+        if isinstance(raw, str) and raw:
+            return raw.split("/", 1)[0]
+    return ""
 
 
 def image_id(ref: str) -> str: